법의 한계에 대한 시론(試論)적 고찰

오세혁(Se Hyuk Oh) 중앙법학회 2012 中央法學 Vol.14 No.4

Law attempts to dominate our whole lives. Some legal philosophers think law has omnipotent power over human behaviors and affairs. The optimistic view contradicts the common knowledge that law can`t meet every need of men and societies. Does law have enough power to regulate all of the members in a society? It leaves room for doubts. Law reaches the limits in the realms of Is(Sein) and Ought-to(Sollen). There is no doubt that law should not violate the individual freedom and rights nowadays. Notwithstanding, law often infringes on individual rights. How far can exercise legally the state power over individual freedom and rights. It is classic question of political philosophy and social philosophy. The normative limits of law i.e. the limits of law in the viewpoint of legitimacy of law relates to the nature of law. If law is considered as a mechanism of protecting individual freedom and rights, the limits of law enter another phase. How far can law protect the individual freedom and rights? It does not focus on the legitimacy, but the effectiveness of law. In this context, the practical limits of law relates to the functions of law. Furthermore, law consists of legal norms. In principle, it only regulates the members of the legal community. The constitutive limit of law relates to the legality of law. In sum, the questions about the limits of law relate to the all kind of validity including effectiveness, legality, and legitimacy of law. So, the discourse on the nature of law`s limits requires the reflections on the nature, functions and validity of law. It is necessary to elucidate an indeterminacy of the meaning of law`s limits in order to discuss types and remedies of law`s limits. The limits of law have three different meaning: practical, normative, and constitutive limit. These meanings cross over each other in some real cases. While it causes a conceptual confusion, it also reflects the interrelationship among the meanings of law`s limits.

The Effect of Community-Based Services on Functional Limitations of American Older Adults in Retirement Community

박소정(So jung Park),김민희(Min hee Kim) 연세대학교 사회복지연구소 2014 한국사회복지조사연구 Vol.40 No.-

노화에 대한 담론과 더불어 독립적인 노년기를 위한 다양한 환경적 요소들이 논의되고 있는 가운데, 본 연구는 미국 노인의 지역사회서비스 사용과 건강 간의 관련성을 검토하였다. 이 둘간의 관련성을 탐색하는 기존 연구는 취약노인층에 한정되어 검토되는 경우가 대부분이며, 다수가 개별적인 서비스의 효과성에 초점을 두고 있다. 본 연구는Health and Retirement Study (1998~2008)의 패널자료를 사용해 개인의 서비스 사용패턴을 도출하고, 서비스 사용패턴과 건강 추이의 관련성을 검토하였다. 또한 비공식적 자원과 의료서비스 사용의 영향이 서비스이용- 건강 간의 관련성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지도 함께 분석하였다. 분석은 지역사회서비스에 대한 정보가 있는 시니어하우징 거주 노인으로 한정하였으며, 건강 수준 및 추이는 (도구적) 일상생활능력정도 점수를 사용하였다. 군집분석을 통해 지역사회의 공식서비스 (가사, 간병, 돌봄, 교통, 식사)에 대한 사용패턴을 구성한 결과 다수의 노인이 모든 서비스를 이용하지 않았으며 (집단1), 그 외에 모든 서비스를 이용하는 노인 (집단 2), 세부의 성격을 다르지만 대부분의 서비스를 사용하는 노인 (집단 3과 4)으로 구분할 수 있었다. 성장곡선모델(Growth Curve Model)을 통해 서비스 이용과 건강의 관련성을 분석한 결과, 모든 서비스를 이용한 집단의 경우 서비스를 전혀 사용하지 않은 집단에 비하여 건강이 악화되는 경향을 보였다. 하지만 이들이 주위의 비공식적 자원을 활용하는 경우 가파른 건강 악화가 완화되는 추이를 나타냈다. 본 연구는 지역사회서비스 사용이 건강을 유지하는데 도움을 주고 있는지, 그렇다면 그 정도는 어떠한 지에 대한 주요한 근거를 제시하는데 그 의의가 있다. 무엇보다 지역사회 서비스의 영향을 검토하는데 있어 서비스 및 의료 영역에서의 비공식적, 공식적 자원의 효과를 통합적으로 고찰할 필요성을 시사한다. There is extremely limited empirical evidence to support the relationship between community based service use and functional health. In examining the effect of community based formal service use, we argue a range of services should be considered together in their use rather than examining an individual effect. Also, other service use including informal support and health service also should be considered together. Purpose: First, it looked at the trajectory of functional health of community-dwelling older adults over time. Second, we derived the empirical use pattern of five services including meal service, transportation services, PCS services, and in-home nursing service, chore service. Third, it looked at how the community based formal service use affect their functional health. In doing so, the focus will be on how the formal services use affect the functional limitation in combination of the informal support and health services. Method: First, in order to examine the pattern of different service use combination, we first derive the empirical pattern of service use with clustering analysis. Second, in order to examine the association between the different combination of service uses and the functional health status over time, growth curve modeling was conducted with a longitudinal data from the year 1998 through 2008 in a national sample. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), an analytic sample (N=6210) was drawn from six waves (1998-2008) of data, focusing on non-institutionalized older adults aged 65 and older who reside in senior housing that provided relevant long term care services. Functional health status was measured by a sum of ADL and IADL limitations. Uses of long term care services, including group meals, chore service, personal care services(PSC), transportation were measured dichotomously. Hospitalization was measured dichotomously whether the respondent had hospitalized in the past 2 years. For informal support, the number of days of help and the number of helpers the respondent receives for ADL and IADL limitations. Results: Functional impairment at the mean age of 73 of follow- up was .32 out of a total 10 points and it increased over time (a linear slope of .02 , p<.0001). Second, four groups of service uses were identifid: in No Users group (cluster 1), most of individuals do not use any of services, while All Users (cluster 2) stands out with members using most of the services, followed by Trans_Chore_Nursing group (cluster 3) and Most_No PAS group (cluster 4) both of which members use four out of five services. Compared to the cluster of least service users, No Users, All Users of the most service users showed that informal support is significantly associated with lower functional impairment by .72 (p<.0001) while other cluster does not show any effect. Implications: It provides important information as to whether and to what extent long-term care services have a beneficial effect on health outcomes when older adults use health services within the community. This finding can serve as meaningful background knowledge in designing a more efficient provision of community based services that aim to help seniors age in place.

Reliability index for non-normal distributions of limit state functions

Seyed Hooman Ghasemi,Andrzej S. Nowak 국제구조공학회 2017 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.62 No.3

Reliability analysis is a probabilistic approach to determine a safety level of a system. Reliability is defined as a probability of a system (or a structure, in structural engineering) to functionally perform under given conditions. In the 1960s, Basler defined the reliability index as a measure to elucidate the safety level of the system, which until today is a commonly used parameter. However, the reliability index has been formulated based on the pivotal assumption which assumed that the considered limit state function is normally distributed. Nevertheless, it is not guaranteed that the limit state function of systems follow as normal distributions; therefore, there is a need to define a new reliability index for no-normal distributions. The main contribution of this paper is to define a sophisticated reliability index for limit state functions which their distributions are nonnormal. To do so, the new definition of reliability index is introduced for non-normal limit state functions according to the probability functions which are calculated based on the convolution theory. Eventually, as the state of the art, this paper introduces a simplified method to calculate the reliability index for non-normal distributions. The simplified method is developed to generate non-normal limit state in terms of normal distributions using series of Gaussian functions.

매체언어의 사용 양상 연구 -인터넷 지식 검색의 질문 사용 양상을 중심으로

이지영 ( Jee Young Lee ) 한국어교육학회(구 한국국어교육연구회) 2009 국어교육 Vol.0 No.130

The purpose of this study is to analyze form and aspects of use in media language. For this purpose, this study examine the types of form and function of question start expression. The form of question start expression has been classified into word form, phrases and clauses form, sentence form, discourse form. The function of question start expression has been classified question function, request function, wish function, explain function, greeting function, time limitation function, compensation offer function, interesting function, discourse start function. The composition methods of question start expression consist of lexical composition method and expression composition method. The lexical composition method include mimetic word, homonym, coined word. The expression composition method consist of ellipsis, intertextuality, symbols.

학교수학과 학문수학에서의 연속성 개념 정의의 분석

김진환,박교식 대한수학교육학회 2017 수학교육학연구 Vol.27 No.3

The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference and inter-connectivity between the definition of continuity in school mathematics and the definition of academic mathematics in four perspectives. These difference and inter-connectivity have not analyzed in previous papers. According to this study, the definition of 'continuity and discontinuity at one point' in school mathematics depends on the limit processing but in academic mathematics it depends on the topology of the domain. The target function of the continuous function in school mathematics is a function whose domain is limited to an interval or a union of intervals, but the target function of the continuous function in academic mathematics is all functions. Based on these results, the following two opinions are given in relation to the concept of continuity in school mathematics. First, since the notion of local continuity in school mathematics is based on limit processing, the contents of 2009-revised textbooks that deal with discontinuity at special point not belonging to the domain is appropriate. Here the discontinuity appears as types of infinite discontinuity, removable discontinuity, and step discontinuity. Second, the definition of a general continuous function is proposed to “if there is no discontinuity point in the domain of a function , we call the function a continuous function.” This definition allows the discontinuity at special point in non-domain, but is consistent with the definition in academic mathematics. 본 연구에서는 연속성 개념에 대한 학교수학에서의 정의와 학문수학에서의 정의 사이의 차별성과 상호연결성을 네 가지 관점에서 분석하고 있다. 이에 따르면, ‘한 점에서의 연속ㆍ불연속’의 정의가 학교수학에서는 극한 과정에 의존하고 있고, 학문수학에서는 정의역의 위상에 의존하고 있다. 학교수학에서는 정의역이 하나의 구간이나 구간들의 합집합인 함수에 한하여 연속함수인가를 판정할 수 있으나, 학문수학에서는 어떠한 함수에 대해서도 연속함수인가를 판정할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 결과에 근거하여, 학교수학에서의 연속성 개념 취급과 관련하여 다음 두 가지 의견을 제시한다. 첫째, 극한 과정을 기반으로 한 학교수학에서의 국소적 연속성 개념으로 볼 때, 2009 개정 교과서에서 함수의 정의역에 속하지 않는 특정한 점에서 불연속을 취급하는 것은 적절하다. 이때 불연속점으로 무한 불연속점, 제거 가능한 불연속점과 도약 불연속점의 유형이 나타난다. 둘째, 일반적인 연속함수의 정의로 “함수 y=f(x)에서 정의역에 불연속점이 없으면, f를 연속함수라 한다.”를 제안한다. 이 정의는 정의역에 속하지 않은 점에서의 불연속성의 판정을 허용하면서, 학문수학에서의 정의와 일관되게 연결된다.

기능제한(Functional Limitation) 관점에서 본 뇌성마비인의 일상생활수행능력과 취업여부의 관계에 대한 연구

김정우(Kim Jung-Woo),김봉선(Kim Bong-Sun) 한국사회복지학회 2007 한국사회복지학 Vol.59 No.1

본 연구는 개인에 대한 직업재활서비스의 적격성이 장애 등급만으로 결정될 수 있는지를 탐색하기 위해 수행되었다. 이론적 검토를 통해 ‘기능제한(functional limitation)'개념이 이에 대한 대안이 될 수 있음을 확인하였고 변형바델지수(Modified Barthel Index)를 이용하여 기능제한 정도를 측정하였다. 전체 381명의 뇌성마비인을 대상으로 신체적 손상(impairment)과 기능제한 그리고 취업여부의 관계를 파악한 결과, 뇌성마비유형과 부위 등 신체적 손상과 관련된 변인은 취업여부에 직?간접적 영향을 미치지 않았으나 통증문제와 이동능력은 간접적인 경로를 통해, 자기관리능력은 직접적인 경로를 통해 취업여부에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과를 통해 향후 각종 장애관련 연구나 서비스 전달체계의 적격성을 파악하는 과정에서 무엇을 ‘장애’로 규정할 것인지에 대해 고민해야 하며, 그 대안으로 신체적 ‘기능제한’정도를 개념화 하는 것에 대한 추가적인 연구가 수행되어야 함을 알 수 있었다. This study is intended to investigate if the standard of vocational rehabilitation service could be solely determined by medical standard for disability definement and to find out what alternatives are available to resolve practical problems for those who are not identified as the severely disabled by the disability definement but do experience severe handicaps at work. Through the literature review, the researcher argued that the concept of 'functional limitation' would be a criteria, and thereby applied Modified Barthel Index to measure the degree of functional limitation. In view of researching the relationship among physical impairment, functional limitation, and job status based on 381 cerebral palsied, variables such as the type of cerebral palsy and the part of paralysis, have neither direct nor indirect influence to the job status; however, the pain and the mobility have indirect effects, and the ability of self-management has direct effect on the job status. The researcher concluded that future research about disabilities needs to provide a serious thought on what it is to be defined as 'disabilities', as well as to focus on further research conceptualizing the degree of physical 'functional limitation'.

극한 문제의 풀이 과정에서 대수적 절차와 그래프를 이용한 방식의 연결에 대한 사례연구

이동근 한국수학교육학회 2019 수학교육 Vol.58 No.1

This study is a study to collect information about ‘Limitations of functions’ related learning. Especially, this study was conducted on three students who can find answers by algebraic procedure in the process of extreme problem solving. Students have had the experience of converting from their algebraic procedures to graphical expressions. This shows how they reflect on their algebraic procedures. This study is a study that observes these parts. To accomplish this, twelfth were teaching experiment in three high school students. And we analyzed the contents related to the research topic of this study. Through this, students showed the difference of expressions in the method of finding limits by using algebraic interpretation methods and graphs. In addition, we examined the connectivity of the limitations of functions problem solving process of functions using algebraic procedures and graphs in the process of converting algebraic expressions to graph expressions. This study is a study of how students construct limit concepts. As in this study, it is meaningful to accumulate practical information about students' limit conceptual composition. We hope that this study will help students to study limit concept development process for students who have no limit learning experience in the future.

기소가 제한된 범죄에 대한 수사 가능성과 한계

양천수(Chun-Soo Yang) 전남대학교 공익인권법센터 2020 인권법평론 Vol.- No.25

형사절차는 크게 수사절차와 공판절차로 구성된다. 수사절차는 기소를 통해 공판절차로 전환된다. 그 점에서 검사에 의해 이루어지는 기소는 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 그런데 특정한 경우에는 검사가 기소를 하는 것이 제약된다. 공소시효가 만료한 경우나 피해자 혹은 전속고발인이 고소 또는 고발을 해야만 기소를 할 수 있는 경우가 바로 이러한 예에 해당한다. 특정 범죄에 대해 검사가 기소를 할 수 없다는 것은 그 범죄에 대해 형사재판을 진행시킬 수 없다는 것을 뜻한다. 여기서 다음과 같은 문제가 등장한다. 여러 사정으로 기소가 제약되는 경우에 수사기관은 해당 범죄를 수사할 수 있을까? 만약 수사할 수 있다면 그 구체적인 범위와 방법은 무엇일까? 이러한 문제의식에서 이 글은 기소가 제한된 범죄를 수사할 수 있는지, 만약 가능하다면 그 범위와 한계는 어디까지인지의 문제를 다룬다. 이를 위해 이 글은 형사소송법학의 논의뿐만 아니라 법사회학 및 법학방법론의 관점 역시 원용한다. 이를 통해 이 글은 다음과 같은 결론을 이끌어낸다. 먼저 기소가 제한된 범죄에 대해서도 기소가 가능하지 않다는 점이 확실한 경우를 제외하고는 원칙적으로 수사가 가능하다고 보아야 한다. 이 점에서 이 글은 제한적 허용설을 지지한다. 다만 이를 원칙으로 하면서도 각 친고죄 범죄가 지닌 다원적 성격을 감안할 필요가 있다고 주장한다. 이는 특히 친고죄 범죄에 대해 강제수사를 할 때 고려되어야 한다. 그러나 극히 예외적인 경우에는 기소가 객관적으로 불가능한 경우에도 수사가 가능하다고 주장한다. 예를 들어 공소시효가 만료되어 기소가 불가능한 경우에도 중대한 범죄의 경우에는 진실을 밝힌다는 측면에서 그리고 시민들의 알권리를 충족시킨다는 측면에서 예외적으로 수사가 가능하다고 주장한다. 다만 이 경우에는 임의수사만이 허용된다. Criminal proceedings are largely composed of investigation proceedings and trial proceedings. The investigation proceedings are transformed into the trial proceedings through prosecutions. In that respect, the prosecutions by prosecutors have an important meaning. However, in certain cases, prosecutions are restricted. This is the case when the statute of limitations has expired, or prosecutions are allowed only if victims make a complaint. The inability of prosecutors to prosecute a particular crime means that criminal proceedings cannot be conducted. Here comes the following problem. If a prosecution is restricted due to various circumstances, can an investigating agency investigate crimes with limited prosecution? If that is allowed, what is its specific scope and method? In this consciousness of the problem, this article addresses the question of whether prosecutors can investigate crimes with limited prosecution and, if possible, its extent and limitations. To this end, this article uses not only the discussions of criminal procedure law, but also the perspectives of legal sociology and legal methodology. Through this, this article draws the following conclusions. First, it should be considered that investigations are possible in principle, except in cases where it is clear that prosecutions are not allowed in the case of crimes with limited prosecution. However, it is argued that it is necessary to take into account the pluralistic nature of each crime with limited prosecution. This should be taken into account, especially in forced investigations of offenses. However, in extremely exceptional cases, it is argued that investigations are allowed even when prosecutions are objectively impossible. For example, even if the statute of limitations has expired and then prosecutions are impossible, it is argued that investigations are allowed in the case of serious crimes in terms of revealing the truth and in terms of satisfying citizen’s right to know. In this case, however, only not forced investigations are permitted.

The Effect of Health Insurance on Self-Rated Health: Evidence from Older Adults with Functional Limitation

이정택,김주연 한국보건경제정책학회 2022 보건경제와 정책연구 Vol.28 No.4

This study examines the health effect of health insurance, based on the disparity in self-rated health between those with and those without any daily-life limitation. We use the National Health Interview Survey to construct the sample of older adults aged between 60 to 69 years with the period between 2004 and 2013. To address omitted variable bias caused by unobserved characteristics, we use regression discontinuity design to estimate the causal effect of health insurance on self-rated health, which exploits the Medicare eligibility age as an instrumental variable. We find that when older adults with functional limitation reached the age of 65, their self-reported health improved more than those without any functional limitation. Improvements in self-rated health are immediately implemented at the age of 65 for those who have any functional limitation. Moreover, health care or preventive care services cannot be attributed to better health for older adults with functional limitation in the short run. Results imply that being able to use health care or preventive care services increases perception of well-being. Health insurance can play an important role in improving assurance in health-managing ability, which in turn influences self-rated health.

Effect of Airflow Limitation on Acute Exacerbations in Patients with Destroyed Lungs by Tuberculosis

김수정,이진우,박영식,이창훈,이상민,임재준,김영환,한성구,유철규 대한의학회 2015 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.30 No.6

History of treatment for tuberculosis (TB) is a risk factor for obstructive lung disease. However, it has been unclear whether the clinical characteristics of patients with destroyed lung by TB differ according to the presence or absence of airflow limitation. The objective of the study was to evaluate differences in acute exacerbations and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) decline in patients with destroyed lung by TB according to the presence or absence of airflow limitation. We performed a retrospective cohort study and enrolled patients with destroyed lung by TB. The presence of airflow limitation was defined as FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) < 0.7. One hundred and fifty-nine patients were enrolled, and 128 (80.5%) had airflow limitation. The proportion of patients who experienced acute exacerbation was higher in patients with airflow limitation compared to those without (89.1 vs. 67.7%, respectively; P = 0.009). The rate of acute exacerbation was higher in patients with airflow limitation (IRR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.11-1.27). Low body mass index (X vs. X + 1; HR, 0.944; 95% CI, 0.895-0.996) in addition to airflow limitation (HR, 1.634; 95% CI, 1.012-2.638), was an independent risk factor for acute exacerbation. The annual decline of FEV1 was 2 mL in patients with airflow limitation and 36 mL in those without (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the presence of airflow limitation is an independent risk factor for acute exacerbation in patients with the destroyed lung by TB.