辰國·辰王 기록과 ‘辰’의 명칭

전진국(Jeon, Jin-kook) 한국고대사탐구학회 2017 한국고대사탐구 Vol.27 No.-

이 글에서는 진국과 진왕이 등장하는 기록을 검토하여 기록의 사실성과 대상의 실상을 살펴보았다. 그리고 그 논의를 바탕으로 ‘辰’의 의미와 명칭 기원을 추정하였다. 진국이 처음 등장하는 기록은 『한서』 조선전인데 그 기사는 사실의 역사를 수록한 것이라 보기 어렵다. 潢이 위만조선을 침공하는 명분을 제공하고 자국의 위엄을 높이기 위한 찬자의 윤문이라 판단한다. 『위략』에서 진국은 위만조선 주민이 옮겨간 지역이고, 『삼국지』에서는 진한의 과거라 하였다. 진한은 위만조선 주민이 옮겨 오면서 형성하였다. 이상의 기록을 종합해 보면, 진국은 위만조선 유민의 남하에 의해 진한이 형성되기 이전으로, 오늘날의 한반도 중부 지역에 해당한다. 진왕은 『후한서』와 『삼국지』에만 등장한다. 『후한서』에서 진왕은 삼한 전체의 왕이라 하였는데, 이는 後潢 때의 사정을 반영한 것이라 보기 어렵다. 『삼국지』에서 마한 목지국의 진왕과 진한 12국의 진왕은 각각 다른 존재이다. 진한 12국의 진왕은 원문을 ‘진한왕’으로 바꾸어 볼 수 없다. 별개의 실체를 똑같이 진왕으로 표기한 이유는 ‘辰’이라는 명칭의 의미를 파악해 봄으로써 짐작해 볼 수 있다. 진국과 진왕은 실존의 명칭이라 보기 어렵다. 史家에 의해 작위적으로 쓰인 표현이며 그 기사 자체 또한 사실의 내용으로 신뢰하기 어려운 경우가 많다. 그러나 그 속에서 ‘辰’의 명칭에 담긴 의미를 파악할 수 있다. ‘辰’의 명칭은 삼한 지역 전체를 포괄하는 전통적인 대명사의 성격을 지닌다. 그러한 특성을 통해서 보면, 고대 중국인들이 동쪽의 먼 번방을 辰(震)으로 표기할 수 있다는 문자에 대한 관념에서 비롯되었다고 판단한다. This study examines the meaning of ‘Jin(辰)’and its origin through the review of historical records about the Jin state(辰國) and the king of Jin(辰王), verifying the facts and reality of the records. The first record of the Jin state was written in Hanshu(漢書) Joseon chapter(朝鮮傳). But this record is considered the manipulated sentence to provide the reason for Han(漢)"s invasion of the Wiman Joseon(衛滿朝鮮) and to increase the dignity of his country. In the Weilue(魏略), the Jin state refers to the area where Wiman Joseon residents moved. According to Sanguozhi(三國志), the Jinhan(辰韓) was called the Jin state in the past because the Wiman Joseon residents had formed Jinhan after Jin state. In this context, the Jin state refered to the central region of the Korean peninsula. The records of king of Jin appears only in the Sanguozhi and the Houhanshu(後漢書). In the Houhanshu, the king of jin is called the king of entire Samhan(三韓), which does not seem to have reflected the situation of the Eastern Han(後漢) period. In the Sanguozhi, the king of Jin in the state of the Mokchi(目支國) and the king of Jin in the Jinhan(辰韓) of twelve countries indicate different kings although they have same name. The king of Jin in the Jinhan of twelve countries does not mean the King of Jinhan(辰韓王). The reason that this two different kings were represented as same name can be understood by examining the meaning of the name "Jin(辰)". As a conclusion, the name ‘Jin state’ and ‘the king of Jin’ in the records did not indicate real state or king. These expressions were made by history writer for certain reason, and it is hard to think the records were historical fact. Nevertheless, through these records it is possible to understand the meaning contained in the name of "Jin". There was a common perception of "Jin", which refers to the Samhan(三韓) area. This perception originated from the notion that ancient Chinese used the word "Jin" when they referred to the eastern region.

여자 테니스 선수의 양손 백핸드 스트로크 동작시 상지의 근전도 분석

유국종,서국웅,윤양진,이훈식,정미라,서국은 한국운동역학회 2000 한국운동역학회지 Vol.9 No.2

This study analzed AEMG, muscle activity duration time, peak value and work load of six high school student players, three college student players, three business team players in order to analyze Arm's EMG when they play games with two-handed backhand stroke. The instruments of measuring EMG are muscle tester ME3000p. And measured parts of muscle are the triceps brachii, biceps brachii, brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis of body left and right arm. The following is the result according to the analysis of raw data and statistics. 1. The AEMG of trained group was higher than the untrained. In both groups AEMG of right arm was higher than left one. And AEMG of forearm was higher than upperarm. The order of high AEMG among the trained is as followed ; right biceps brachii, left brachii, right brachioradialis. Among the untrained ; right brachioradialis, left brachioradialis, biceps brachii. 2. The muscle activity duration time of the trained group was totally shorter than the untrained. In both groups muscle activity duration time of the right arm was shorter than the left one. As to trained muscle activity duration time of upperarm is shorter than the forearm. Contrarily, as to untrained muscle activity duration time forearm is shorter than the upperarm. The order of short muscle activity duration time among the trained is as followed ; right biceps brachii, triceps brachii, left flexor carpi radialis. 3. The peak value of trained group was higher than the untrained. In body groups peak value of the right arm was higher than the left one. As to the trained the peak of the upperarm is higher than the forearm. Contrarily, as to the untrained, the peak value of the forearm was higher the upperarm. The order of high peak value among the trained is as followed ; right biceps brachii, left biceps brachii, right brachioradialis. Among the untrained, right brachioradialis, left biceps brachii, brachioradialis.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

고관절 전치환술 후 합병된 비구 컵 해리와 동반된 활액낭종 : 증례보고 Case Report

성일보,정국진,박수철,김진호,정형진,황재광,염재광,정병현,안종국 대한고관절학회 2001 Hip and Pelvis Vol.13 No.1

아침형-저녁형의 측정을 위한 한국어판 조합척도의 교차 타당화

이형영,윤진상,국승희 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.2

연구목적 : 일주기 리듬의 유형을 분류하는 설문지는 일주기 리듬을 연구하고, 교대근무의 적응력을 예측하기 위해 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 Smith 등 (1989)의 조합척도를 한국어판으로 표준화한 윤진상 등(1997)의 한국어판 조합척도(Korean translation of Composite Scale : KtCS)를 실제 직장인들에게 적용할 수 있는 지를 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 간호사 115명(순환교대 근무자 85명, 주간고정 근무자 70명)과 여대생 247명을 대상으로 KtCS와 생활습관 설문지(Life Habit Questionnaire : LHQ)를 배포하였다. 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각에 대해 KtCS 점수의 분포도를 검증하고 백분위 10이하의 점수를 받은 군을 저녁형, 백분위 90이상의 점수를 받은 군을 아침형, 그 중간의 점수를 받은 군을 중간형으로 정의하였다. 두 군 각각에서 KtCS 점수의 내적 일치도를 구하고, 요인 분석을 하였으며, 일주기 리듬의 유형에 따른 생활습관의 차이를 분석하였다. 결 과 : 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각의 KtCS 점수는 부적으로 편포되어 있었으나 유의하지는 않았고, KtCS의 평균점수에서도 유의한 차이가 없었다. 간호사 군에서 Cronbach alpha는 .836이었으며, “취침과 가상의 선호시간”, “아침의 각성”, “기상시간”의 세 요인이 추출되었는데, 문항 11이 요인 1에 추가적으로 부하된 경우 외에는 본 연구의 여대생 군 및 윤진상 등 (1997)의 요인분석 결과와 거의 동일하였다. 여대생 군에서 KtCS의 내적 일치도는 Cronbach alpha .787이었고, “취침과 기상의 선호시각”, “기상시각”, “아침의 각성” 세 요인이 추출되었다. 또한 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각의 생활습관에서도 일주기 리듬간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 즉 각성, 수행, 업무 혹은 학습효과가 최고조에 이르는 시간대는 저녁형이 가장 늦고, 다음이 중간형, 아침형 순이었으며, 오전 학습효과는 아침형이, 저녁의 학습효과는 저녁형이 가장 높았으나, 오후의 학습효과에서는 저녁형과 아침형 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 취침시각과 기상시각은 저녁형이 가장 늦었지만, 총 수면시간에서는 저녁형, 중간형, 아침형 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 간호사에서 KtCS의 심리측정 속성은 여대생에서의 분포도, 내적 일치도, 타당도가 매우 유사하였고, 윤진상 등(1997)의 연구결과와도 유사하여서, KtCS 활용의 일반화 가능성이 시사된다. Objectives : It is necessary to develop a questionnaire to classify the circadian rhythm for studying circadian rhythms and predicting shift work adaptability. This study attempted to confirm the general applicability of “Korean translation of Composite Scale : KtCS)” by Jin-Sang Yoon et al(1997), a Korean version of Composite Scale(CS) by Smith et al(1989). Methods : KtCS and Life Questionnaire(LHQ) were administered to 155 nurses(65 rotating shift nurses,, 70 nurses on a fixed day schedule) and 247 female university students. We tested the distribution of KtCS scores and then subjects were categorized on the basis of their KtCS scores into evening(E), intermediate(I), and morning(M) types. Cut-off points for these categories were set at the 10th and 90th percentiles. We obtained the results of the internal consistency and the structure of factors of KtCS. We also compared the difference of life habits according to the circadian rhythm types. Results : In both groups, nurses and female university students, the distributions of KtCS score were negatively skewed but not significantly and the KtCS mean score was not significantly different. In nurses, Cronbach's alpha was 0.836, and three extracted factors were ‘preferred times of performance and going to bed’, ‘rising time’ and ‘morning alertness’. In female university students, Cronbach's alpha was 0.787, and the same three factors as nurses were confirmed. However, only item 11 was loaded to factor 1 for the nurse group, whereas it was loaded to factor 2 for the student group. Life habits significantly differed among the three circadian rhythm types. The time of perceived peak alertness(mental and physical) was the latest in the E-type. The quality of academic performance during the morning was the highest in the M-type, and during the evening it was the highest in the E-type, but during the afternoon there was no significant differences among the three types. The bedtime and the rising time were latest in E-type, but the sleep lengths were not significantly different among the three types in both groups. Conclusion : The psychometric properties of KtCS in nurses were very similar to those of female university students and the previous findings of Jin-Sang Yoon et al(1997). This result supports that KtCS can be generally applied.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

한국 대학생을 대상으로 한 Holland 직업 흥미 모형의 구성 타당도 검증

탁진국 光云大學校 1995 인문사회과학논문집 Vol.24 No.-

Phospholipase A₂활성억제와 관련한 시호 물추출액 및 시호 약침액의 항염증효능에 관한 연구

문진영,남경수,임종국 동국대학교 경주대학 1997 東國論集 Vol.16 No.2

농도별 시호 약침액과 시호 물 추출액을 대상으로 phospholipase A_2(PLA_2)에 대한 시호의 영향을 알아보기 위하여, 1-stearoyl-2-[1-^14C]arachidonyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine을 기질로 하여 Ⅰ형 PLA_2(porcine pancreas) 및 Ⅱ형 PLA_2(Crotalus atrox)의 활성에 대한 효과를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) PLA_2 효소의 활성발현에 최적 배양시간이 어떠한지를 알아보기위해 pH 7.0에서 37℃에서 반응시간을 0분에서 180분간의 범위까지 기질의 농도를 20n㏖로 하여 porcine pancreas 및 Crotalus atrox 유래의 PLA_2를 대상으로 활성의 변화를 관찰한 결과, 반응시간이 길어질수록 두 효소의 활성이 점차로 증가하였다. 2) Porcine pancreas 유래의 Ⅰ형 PLA_2의 활성에 미치는 시호의 영향을 관찰한 결과, 시호 약침액은 최고 92%, 시호 물 추출액에서는 최고 94%의 PLA_2 활성 저해효과를 보였으며, 희석배수가 증가할수록 활성 저해효과는 감소하였다. 3) Crotalus atrox 유래의 Ⅱ형 PLA_2의 활성에 미치는 시호의 영향을 관찰한 결과, 시호 약침액은 최고 60%, 시호 물 추출액에서는 최고 55%의 PLA_2 활성 저해효과를 보였다. 또한 시호 약침액 및 물 추출액의 원액에서 4배 희석액까지는 40% 이상의 억제효능을 보인 반면, 8배 이상의 희석액부터는 활성 억제효능이 급격히 감소하였다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 볼 때 시호 약침액 및 시호 물 추출액은 모두 PLA_2에 대한 강한 억제활성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 PLA_2 효소의 유형별로 볼 때, 시호는 Ⅱ형 PLA_2에 대해서 보다 Ⅰ형 PLA_2에 대한 억제효능이 훨씬 강함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 시호 약침액과 시호 물 추출액을 비교해보면 Ⅰ형 PLA_2에 대해서는 시호 물 추출액이, Ⅱ형 PLA_2에 대해서는 시호 약침액이 상대적으로 다소 강한 억제효능이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과에서 시호는 그 효능적 측면에서 항 염증제, 특히 PLA_2 저해제로 개발될 수 있는 가능성이 제시된다. Phospholipase A_2(PLA_2) is a key enzyme that catalyze the hydrolysis of the ester at the sn-2 position of cell membrane phospholipid to produce a lysophospholipid and arachidonic acid. Lysophospholipid is the precursor of platelet-activating factor(PAF). And arachidonic acid is the substrate for cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase in the arachidonic acid cascade generating various eiconanoids such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes. Thus, PLA_2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammation. Recently, compounds that inhibit PLA_2 activity have been received considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of inflammation. Bupleury radix has been used as a natural drug for fever, inflammation and liver disease in traditional medicine. This study was performed in order to investigate the inhibitory effects of Bupleury radix aqueous extract(BRAE) and aqua-acupuncture solution(BRAA) on activities of two different types of PLA_2. BRAE showed about 94% inactivation of group Ⅰ PLA_2 from porcine pancreas, and 55% inactivation of group Ⅱ PLA_2 from Crotalus atrox ultimately. And BRAA exhibited about 92% inactivation of group Ⅰ PLA_2, and 60% inactivation of group Ⅱ PLA_2. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that Bupleury radix might play a anti-inflammatory role by a mechanism that probably involves inactivation of PLA_2.

약물 코팅 스텐트의 후기 재협착

전국진,김준홍,이한철 부산대학교 병원 암연구소 2009 부산대병원학술지 Vol.- No.25

解體主義 批評과 韓國文學 : A Deconstructive Analysis of Lee Sang's 「Wing」 李箱의 「날개」의 解體論的 接近

金鎭國 圓光大學校 1991 論文集 Vol.25 No.1

Ⅰ. Preface This study aims to understand the Deconstruction of Jacques Derrida, which is the most up to date theory of philosophy and Literature, and analyse Lee Sang's 「Wing」through the Deconstructive criticism in order to assess the ability and the possibility of it to Korean literature. Ⅱ. Theory of Deconstruction 1. The meaning of deconstruction Deconstruction does not show A new Truth. It is a new strategy of reading books. Derrida defines the traditional philosophies from Plato to Heidegger the Metaphysics of presence and tries to deconstruct all books which have been written on it. This deconstruction means overturning the hieraricl binary opposition (eg. nature/culture, mind/body, reason/emotion, object/subject, order/disorder, god/man, essence/phenomenon, /etc.) which are the ways of traditional metahpysics. It does not try, however, to make a new hirarical opposition system. 2. Deconstuction of structuralism 1) Deconstruction of Saussure's semiology. Derrida's deconstruction of Saussure's semiology is decisive position in all projects of deconstruction. Saussure criticize. Logocentrism through the arbitranic relation of signifier and signified. But he does not maintain his theory that signs have meanings in difference from other signs in a linguistic system to the end of his semiology. He thinks that there is a hierarical opposition between speech and writing. Derrida says both speech and writiong are the species of arch-ecriture in which differance operates between language and meaning. 2) deconstruction of Levi-Strauss's Structuralism Levis-Strauss perceived that the insights of structural linguistics could be applied to other languages or signifing systems in th effort to dlucidate their underlying codes. Derrida reads Levi-Strauss as an heir to both Sassure's phonocentrism and Roussean's hostalgic craving for origins and presence. Writing in Levi-Strauss's sense is a merely derivative activity which always supervenes upon a culture already written through theforms of social existence. In this case Deconstruction is the active accomplice of a repressed but already articulate writing. 3. Deconstruction of Phenomenology. 1) Deconstruction of Husserl's phenomenology. Husserl's phenomenology sets out to isolate those structures of experience and judgement which can not be doubted or called into question by even the most skeptical mind. Husserl believed that the onely valid foundation for knowledge was and attitude that accepted nothing on trust, rigorously suspending or bracketing all ideas and assumptions. What Derrida fastenes on to in Husser's various texts is the element of subjectivism which he sees still at work once the transcendental reduction has been carried through. His argument turns on Husserl's treatment of the relation between language and thought. Husserl draws a carkinal distinction between the indicative and the exprissive signs. Derrida deconsructs this distinction by showing the two signs are originaly and indicative sign. 2) Deconstruction of Heidegger's ontology. Martin Heidegger was German philosopher who exercised a powerful influence on modern existentialist and hermeneutic thought. One of Derrida's most typical strategies for achieving the suspention of concepts comes from Heidegger's textual practice This is the device of placing word sous rature. Thus Derrida and Heidegger seem to pursue very similar deconstructive end. Their difference opens up at the point where Heidegger locates the source and ground of anthentic though : that is, in the moment of Being or plenitude which precedes articulate discourse. For Derrida this can only represent another classic case of the familiar metaphysical hankering after thuth and origins. Heidegger's entire hermeneutic is founded on a notion of truth as self-presence which ultimately seeks to efface the play of signification. Ⅲ. Deconstructive Criticism 1. Deconstruction of the Traditional critical conceptions The notion of literature of literary discourse is involved in several of the hierarchical oppositions : serious/nonserious, literal/metaphorical, truth/fiction. philosophy produces a purified language which it can hope to describe by rules that literature would disrupt if it had not been set a side. If serious language is a special case of the noserious, if truths are fictions whose fictionality has been forgotten, then literature is not a deviant, parasitical instance of Language. On the contrary, other discourses can be seen as cases of a generalized literature, or archi-literature. 2. Reading Strategies of Deconstruction. 1) The critic look out the asymetrical opposition or value-laden hierarchy, in which one term is promoted at the expense of the other. The question for the critic is the second term does not prove to be the condition of possibility of the first. 2) The critic look for points of condensation, where a single term brings together different lines of arguement or set of values. 3) The critic has an interest in anything in the text that counters an authoritative interpritation, including interpretations that the work appears most emphatically to encourage. 4) The critic has an interest in the way conflicts or dramas within the text are reproduced as conflicts in and between readings of the text. 5) The critic involves attention to the marginal, the unimportant elements in a text. Ⅳ. A Deconstructive Reading of「Wing」 1. Metaphysicality of the traditional Readings of「Wing」 The historical readings, the psychoanalytical analyses, The Formalistic analyses, and the thematic readings of「Wing」operated on the metaphysics of presence. 2. The Deconstructive writing of「Wing」 1) Disseminations of signs in「Wing」 The signs, <Dostoevski's mind>, <Hugo is a piece of Freuch bread>, <feeling is pose>, and <If a tape is broken blood flows>, in「Wing」are disseminating signs. we can not define the meanings of them. They are the indeterminable signs. 2) The series of tellings and showings of「Wing」is a constant seqeence fo overturnings. The author deconstructs a textual element by a following textual elements. For example, <I sleep night and day> ?? <I see the night is much luxurious than the day>, <I am embrassed> ?? <I am happy>. This device of writing comes from the intertion of the author that he does not want it to be work of logocentrism.