중국 발전모델의 특징 - 동아시아 발전 모델과의 유사성과 차이점 분석

이민자(李民子) 신아시아연구소(구 신아세아질서연구회) 2008 신아세아 Vol.15 No.1

  그동안 중국 국내외에서 개혁기 중국 경제발전 방식은 기존 경험과 얼마나 유사하며, 다른가라는 논쟁이 제기되었다. 중국 발전모델은 동아시아 발전모델의 또 다른 한 형태라는 주장이 제기된 바 있다. 그러나 2004년 베이징 컨센서스(Beijing Consensus) 개념이 제기된 후, 새로운 ‘중국 발전모델’의 출현에 관한 논의가 주목받고 있다. 이 연구에서는 중국 발전모델을 ‘동아시아 발전모델’과 비교하여 그 유사성과 차이점을 분석함으로써 중국 발전모델의 적실성 혹은 실체를 밝히고자 했다. 연구결과에 의하면, 중국 발전모델은 동아시아 발전모델과 유사성을 지님과 동시에 동아시아 발전모델로는 설명할 수 없는 중국적 특수성이 있다. 따라서 동아시아 모델과의 유사성 및 중국적 특수성이 공존하는 혼합적 발전 방식이 바로 ‘중국 발전모델의 특징이라 설명했다.   There have been debates over Chinese economic development pattern whether it is similar with former development pattern of other countries or not. Some scholars contended that Chinese development model is another version of East Asian development model. Since the concept of "Beijing Consensus" was presented in 2004, however, scholars have given attention to the new Chinese Development Model.<BR>  The purpose of this research is to examine the similarity and difference between Chinese Development Model and East Asian development model. The findings are Chinese Development Model has its own particularity which cannot be explained by East Asian Development model although it has some similarity. Consequently, Chinese Development Model is a mixed model where Chinese distinctiveness and general aspect of East Asian Development model coexist.

풍화와 침식에 의한 암석의 변화를 설명하는 모델 개발 수업안에 나타난 초등교사의 교수전략 특징

김한솔,양일호 학습자중심교과교육학회 2024 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.24 No.4

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of elementary school teachers' instructional strategies in developing a model to explain the changes in rocks due to weathering and erosion. Methods For this purpose, 11 elementary school teachers with experience in teaching science were recruited. The data collected are lesson plans and interviews with primary school teachers. The researcher categorized the teaching strategies used by the teachers based on the activities and utterances in the lesson plans. The purpose, content, and tools of the teaching strategies were then coded by comparing them to the interview transcripts. The coded data were analyzed qualitatively through an inductive categorization process. Results Based on the time of model development, the pre-model development course utilized the following teaching strategies: “Remind students of scientific concepts necessary for model development,” “Observe the phenomenon presented,” “Conduct model experiments before developing a model,” and “Present conditions to consider when developing a model.” The mid-model development course utilized the following strategies: “Suggest preparations and representations for model development,” and “Draw a model design”. Conclusions First, elementary teachers utilized a strategy of providing a variety of resources for students to develop models. Second, we found that elementary teachers' awareness of models and model development was low. Third, they identified strategies for checking for problems that students might encounter while developing their own models.

기업체에서의 역량모델 개발과 활용실태 분석

주인중,김덕기,정종태,김호현,최선아 한국직업교육학회 2010 職業 敎育 硏究 Vol.29 No.3

Under the global economic competition, company competitiveness depends on creating high performance through effective human development. It is also a tendency to analyze organization members'competencies and outcomes, develop competency model, and apply the model to developing and managing human resource in each organization. Therefore, this study figures out the present condition of development of competency model and its application to examine the degree to which the competency model, which has been introduced to Korean companies for the use of competency diagnosis of members, is being utilized. For this purpose, survey items were created by expert council and advisory committee and survey was conducted for Korean corporations. The result shows that most of the companies, regardless of size and type, develop their own model by referring to outside models, or use models developed by consulting company lead. Therefore, it is urgent for the companies to develop model appropriate for the peculiarity of each company. Second, while the main reason to introduce competency model was to reinforce workers' competency, models developed have not widely utilized in HRM overall. There is a need to overcome a limit of utilization of models. Third, Majority responded that they, regardless of size and type, upgraded models or did not upgrade at all due to change of work environment. There is also a need to systematize follow-up care of the models. This is a primary research to examine the present condition of development of competency model and its application in company so that it can be used as springboard to study in-depth inside condition of Korean company using competency model and condition of particular positions of company members. 글로벌 경제 전쟁 하에서 각 기업의 경쟁력은 효율적 인재개발에 의한 고성과 창출에 있다. 이에 최근 규모가 있는 선진화된 기업을 중심으로 기업의 비전과 전략에 기반한 구성원의 역량과 성과를 분석하고 역량모델을 개발하여 기업 내 인적자원 개발과 관리에 적극 도입하고 있는 추세다. 따라서 본 연구는 조직 구성원 역량진단을 위해 국내 기업에 도입되고 있는 역량모델에 대한 활용 정도를 살펴보기 위해 기업체에서의 역량모델의 개발 및 활용 실태 파악을 목적으로 설정하였다. 이를 위해 관련 전문가협의회, 자문위원회를 통해 설문 항목을 구성하여, 국내 기업들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 조사결과, 첫째 대부분의 기업들이 규모나 업종에 관계없이 주로 외부 모델을 벤치마킹하여 자체개발하거나, 외부컨설팅사의 부분적인 주도하에 개발된 역량모델을 사용하고 있어 기업특성에 맞는 역량모델 개발의 중요성이 시급하였다. 둘째는 역량모델 도입계기의 주요 이유가 근로자 역량강화에 있음에도 불구하고 개발된 역량모델을 인적자원관리 전 분야에 활용하지 못하고 있는 실정이므로, 역량모델 활용에 대한 한계를 극복할 수 있는 방안 마련이 필요하였다. 셋째는 기업의 역량모델 사후관리의 체계화에 대한 중요성이다. 이는 기업의 규모와 업종에 관계없이 다수의 기업이 업무환경 변화로 인하여 역량모델을 업그레이드 하거나, 또는 개발된 역량 모델을 아예 업그레이드 하지 않는 것으로 나타난 결과에서 찾아볼 수 있었다. 이 연구는 기업 현장에서 역량모델이 개발되고 활용되는 실태에 대한 초기연구인 만큼, 역량모델을 활용하고 있는 국내 기업의 내부 상황이나 조직 구성원의 특정 직급에 따른 심층 연구의 초석이 될 것이다.

향진기업과 중국의 경제발전 모형—— 노동력 이동과 관련하여

임반석 중국학연구회 2013 중국학연구 Vol.- No.65

By now, study about the TVEs of China has been executed from several aspects. Among them, the main stream was the efforts to explain the TVEs by applying the traditional development model focusing on the labour flow phenomenon. Representative traditional development models were provided by Nurkse, Lewis, and Todaro, and we call them each Nurkse model, Lewis model, and Todaro model respectively. Nurkse model is the first development model interested in labour flow phenomenon in developing countries. which try to explain pecularities of post-reform China from the viewpoint of dual sector as such ;subsistence sector[agriculture]-advanced sector[urban industries], is the evolved form of the Nurkse model for enhancing its persuasing power. Lewisian dual sector model was developed by Todaro. Todaro model, called a tri-sector model, consists of agricultural, urban traditional, and urban modern sector. We, however, suppose that the models have limitation in describing the TVEs phenomena regardless of dual- or tri-sector model. TVEs’ contributions to the process of economic growth, especially in growth rate, employment, and tax, in post-reform China are too big to ignore. But the traditional development model, even the Todaro’s tri-sector model, do not have room for including the TVEs even though its great contribution. We think, therefore, we need to develop the traditional model above mentioned once more. Besides, the forthcoming model have to include the pecular ‘urban dural structure’ such as:nongmingong[農民工] and urban citizen sector. So, we have on but to point out traditional development model can not explain the TVEs‘s role in the process of economic development of post-reform China, This survey suggest to create a transformed Todaro model as new three-plus-two model including another sector. The three-plus-two model contains some another sector: agriculture-rural industries[TVEs]-urban industries (nongmingong and citizen sector).

교육과정 적용을 위한 새로운 교원 연수 모형으로서의 해석적 교원 연수 모형

김평국 ( Pyeong Gook Kim ) 한국교육과정학회 2003 교육과정연구 Vol.21 No.2

The framework for the 7th Korean national curriculum adopts a less centralized approach to curriculum development and implementation than the previous ones, having the government, provinces, school districts, and individual schools share decision making on the curriculum. Thus, under this framework, individual schools are to make discretionary judgments in developing different ways to implement the centrally developed curriculum as well as the school-based curriculum. This changed role by the school requires a different approach to staff development. However, as exemplified in those of Incheon Staff Development Center, staff development strategies at the provincial level still follow the traditional technical staff development model. Preferring a top-down approach to staff development, this technical model centralizes resources and decision making with regard to the content and format of professional development. Premised on the assumption that teachers in any school can successfully implement a new curriculum, developed by specialists, when they are given basic information and knowledge about the new curriculum, this model adopts a service-delivery mode in which teachers are cast in a fundamentally passive role. Thus, even after participating in staff development programmes led by sophisticated presenters, teachers have difficulty in developing their capacity and expertise to make informed discretionary judgments in creating ways to implement the centrally developed curriculum as well as the school-based curriculum in their classrooms. In contrast to the technical model, the hermeneutic staff development model, first, takes into account the teacher`s purpose, advocating listening actively to the teacher`s voice and establishing opportunities for teachers to confront the assumptions and beliefs of favored new instructional strategies. Second, this model respects the teacher as a person, understanding that age, stage of career, life experiences, and gender factors-things that make up the total person-affect people`s interest in and response to innovation and their motivation to seek improvement. Third, the hermeneutic model recognizes the impact of the real world context in which teachers work on the implementation of a new curriculum. Fourth, the model values the collaborative culture of teaching which helps teachers trust, value, and legitimize sharing expertise, seeking advice, and giving help both inside and outside the school; plan together and share resources and supplies; and thrash issues out in reaching a common focus. Taking into account the four main elements, the hermeneutic model supports small-group activities led by either a specialist or a group of teachers inside and outside the school; collaborative work for planning, implementing, and evaluating the curriculum; mutual classroom observations and discussion among teachers; workshops, experimentation, and study groups initiated and led by a group of teachers. In order to better support teachers for developing various ways to implement the national curriculum and the school-based curriculum, policy makers and other administrators at the provincial level need to create an administrative and legal support system that decentralizes the resources and decision making centered around staff development centers to allot more financial resources for small group activities inside a school or among a group of schools.

발달적 모델 중심 유치원-초등학교 연계교육 프로그램 개발

지성애 한국영유아교원교육학회 2009 유아교육학논집 Vol.13 No.4

The purpose of this study was to develop the Development Model-centered kindergarten-elementary school linkage education program and to analyze the effects of that program on children’s elementary school adjustment. The Development Model centered kindergarten-elementary school linkage education program maintained objective, content, teaching-learning method, evaluation system and four areas of elementary school adjustment (academic performance, peer relation, teacher relation, school life). It also developed kindergarten-elementary linkage education activities based on the kindergarten life subject. The subjects used in this experimental study were 59 five-year-old children from two classes in a kindergarten in S city to prove validity of early childhood practice application of the Development Model-centered kindergarten-elementary school linkage education program. Two classes were assigned to an experimental group and a control group. Finally, the positive effects of the Development Model-centered kindergarten-elementary school linkage education program on children’s elementary school adjustment were revealed. These results proved validity of early childhood practice application of the Development Model-centered kindergarten-elementary school linkage education program developed in this study. 본 연구는 발달적 모델 중심 유치원-초등학교 연계교육 프로그램을 개발하고, 개발한 프로그램이 유아의 초등학교 적응에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 유아교육 현장 적용 타당성을 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 발달적 모델 중심 유치원-초등학교 연계교육 프로그램 체계는 목표, 내용, 전개절차, 교수-학습방법 및 평가로 구성되었으며, ‘학업수행적응’, ‘또래적응’, ‘교사적응’, ‘학교생활적응’으로 프로그램의 내용 영역을 구분하고 유치원 생활주제에 맞춰 유치원-초등학교 연계교육 활동을 개발하였다. 실험연구를 통해 프로그램의 유아교육 현장 적용 타당성을 검증한 결과, 발달적 모델 중심 유치원-초등학교 연계교육 프로그램은 초등학교 입학 후 아동의 학교적응에 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

모델 검증 시스템을 활용한 함정전투체계 소프트웨어에 일관된 UML 모델 적용 방법에 관한 연구

정승모(Seung-Mo Jung),이우진(Woo-Jin Lee) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2022 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지 Vol.27 No.5

Recently, a model-based development method centered on highly readable and standardized UML (Unified Modeling Language) models has been applied to solve unclear communications in large-scale software development. However, it is difficult to apply consistent UML models depending on software developers’ proficiency, understanding of models and modeling tools. In this paper, we propose a method for developing a Model Verification System to apply an consistent UML model to software development. Then, the developed Model Verification System is partially applied to the Naval Combat System Software development to prove its function. The Model Verification System provides automatic verification of models created by developers according to domain characteristics. If the Model Verification System proposed in this paper is used, It has the advantage of being able to apply the consistent UML model more easily to Naval Combat System Software Development.

임상정보모델 개발원칙의 개발과 적용

안선주(Ahn, Sun-Ju) 한국산학기술학회 2010 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.11 No.8

임상정보모델이 전자건강기록시스템에서 활용되는 임상정보의 의미적 호환성을 보장하기 위해서는 그 목적 과 기능이 반영된 개발원칙이 필요하다. 본 연구는 임상정보모델의 개발원칙을 개발하고, 이 원칙을 적용하여 임상정 보모델인 임상콘텐츠모형을 평가하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 개발원칙의 정의를 위한 연구대상은 ①정의 ②기능 ③품질 요건을 고찰하고, ④선진 모델의 구성 요소와 같은 선행 연구였으며, 연구기간은 ‘08년 11월부터 ’09년 3월까 지였다. 본 연구는 3단계로 진행되었으며 개발단계에서는 선행 연구 문헌에서 주제어와 주제어구를 도출하고, 이의 임상적, 기능적 중요도와 빈도를 기준으로 개발원칙을 확정하였다. 적용단계에서 개발원칙을 이용하여 임상콘텐츠모 형 30개를 임상정보모델 전문가 3인이 평가하였다. 환류단계에서 평가 대상 중 오류가 발견된 임상콘텐츠모형이 수정 되었다. 연구 결과 구조, 과정, 내용의 3개 범주로 구성된 18개의 개발원칙이 도출되었다. 임상콘텐츠모형을 평가한 결과 개발원칙을 준수하지 않은 것은 총 17개였다. 환류 과정에서 개발원칙의 심화교육, 개발원칙을 이용한 정기적 질 향상 전략이 수립의 필요성이 제기되었다. 본 개발원칙은 개발자에는 모델 개발 기준으로, 평가자에게는 모델의 질 평가기준으로도 활용될 수 있으며, 궁극적으로는 임상정보모델의 질 향상에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. To be applicable under electronic health record system in order to ensure semantic interoperability of clinical information, the development principle for clinical information model to reflect objective and function is required. The aim of this study is to develop the development principles for clinical information model and evaluate the Clinical Contents Model. In order to develop the principle, from November 2008 to March 2009, the surveys about 1) definition, 2) function and 3) quality criteria were done, and 4) the components of advanced model were analyzed. The study was processed in 3 levels. Firstly in the development level, key words and key words-paragraph were driven from the references, and the principles were drawn based on the clinical or functional importance and frequency. In the application level, the 3 experts of clinical information model assessed 30 Clinical Contents Models by applying it. In the feedback level, the Clinical Contents Model in which errors were found was modified. As the results, 18 development principles were derived with 3 categories which were structure, process and contents. The Clinical Contents Models were assessed with the principles, and the 17 models were found that they did not follow it. During the feedback process, the necessity of the advanced education of the principle and the establishment of the regular quality improvement strategy to use it is raised. The proposed development principle supports the consistent model-development between clinical information model developers, and could be used as evaluation criteria.

‘발전국가모델’에서 ‘신자유주의모델’로: ‘한국발전모델’ 논쟁에 대한 비판적 평가

문돈,정진영 경희대학교(국제캠퍼스) 국제지역연구원 2014 아태연구 Vol.21 No.2

This paper critically reviews debates over Korean development model, which attracts increasing attention in academia as well as policy circles. We classify various debates into three categories. The first debate is about the Korean model from mid-1960s to 80s called ‘East Asian developmental state,’ and there has been a consensus that the key characteristics of the model fit well with Korean experiences of state-centric economic developments, export-oriented industrialization strategies, etc. The second debate is about the properties of ‘post-developmental state,’ and this debate is directly related to how we understand the drastic changes of the Korean political, economic, social system after the 1997-98 East Asian Financial Crises. In spite of disagreements among scholars, it is fair to define the current political/economic/social system as a neoliberal system. As for the final debate, the future development model of Korea, we examine the three most representative development models. Among the neo-developmental state model, the corporatist social-democratic welfare state model, and the regulatory state model, we find the last one is the most realistic and politically viable option, given political, economic, social, and cultural constraints and conditions under which a future model should be operative. 이 글의 목적은 한국발전모델을 둘러싼 이론적 쟁점들을 다음의 세 논쟁을 중심으로 정리하고 평가하는 것이다. 첫째의 논쟁은 60년대 중반부터 80년대 후반까지 성공적으로 작동했던 ‘발전국가모델’을 둘러싼 논쟁이다. 한국은 ‘동아시아 발전국가모델’의 전형에 가깝다고 볼 수 있는데, 정부의 압도적인 주도력하에 일사분란한 산업정책, 통상정책, 거시경제정책이 실행되었으며, 그 결과 수출주도형, 대외의존형, 고도성장형 경제체제 성립을 특징으로 한다. 97-98년 외환위기는 이 발전국가의 내부적 모순과 한계에 의해 배태된 것이며 발전국가체제의 해제를 가져온 결정적 계기가 되었다. 둘째의 논쟁은 ‘포스트발전국가’ 논쟁으로서, 외환위기 이후 성립된 한국 정치경제사회체제의 성격을 규정하는 문제이다. 발전국가의 유산, 상반된 여러 정책에도 불구하고, 국가의 축소와 자본의 권력강화, 무역과 투자자유화, 규제완화와 민영화, 구조조정의 실시와 노동시장 유연화 등 그 핵심적인 성격에 있어 신자유주의체제로 규정하는 것이 타당하다 할 것이다. 미래의 한국발전모델에 대한 논쟁, 즉 ‘대안모델’ 논쟁은 (신)발전국가형 발전모델, 조합주의/사민주의적 발전모델, 규제국가형 발전모델의 세 가지 일반모델을 중심으로 진행되어 왔다. 신자유주의체제의 문제점과 심화된 경제적 불평등을 제어하는 가장 현실적이고 설득력 있는 대안모델로서 이 글은 ‘규제국가형 발전모델’을 주장한다.

중국모델의 세계화 가능성에 대한 탐구

국민호(Kuk Min ho) 동양사회사상학회 2017 사회사상과 문화 Vol.20 No.1

중국모델은 독자적으로 존재하며 나아가 다른 제3세계에서도 채택될 수 있는 보편성을 지닌 모델이 될 수 있는가? 중국 내 많은 학자들은 현중국 체제는 중국이 수천 년 동안 축적한 역사적 경험에서 나오는 것으로 중국 현실에 가장 적절한 중국적 특색의 발전모델이라 보았다. 중국모델은 근본적으로 중국의 사회주의체제가 고도 경제성장을 이룬 결과를 설명하는 모델이다. 중국모델은 중국이 2008년 세계 경제위기를 슬기롭게 극복하고 지속적인 고도 경제성장을 기록함으로써 대안모델로 급부상하고 있다. 그러나 세계 경제위기가 장기간 계속됨에 따라 설비투자 증대를 통한 과잉 수출에 의존하던 중국의 경제성장은 한계를 보이고 있다. 중국모델은 근본적으로 중국의 경제성장을 전제로 하는 모델인 만큼 경제성장이 둔화되면 중국모델 신화도 사라질 가능성이 크다. 또한 중국 인민들이 정치적 자유가 제한됨에도 크게 반발하지 않는 이유는 권위주의적인 공산당 일당 통제 하에서 중국이 지속적으로 고도 경제성장을 이룩하여 인민들의 물질적 생활 향상을 지속해왔기 때문이다. 그러나 중국의 경제성장이 멈출 때 중국모델의 지속 가능성은 시험대에 오르게 될 것이다. 현재 중국모델이 주장하는 권위주의적 정부와 시장경제의 결합은 아직 완성된 대안모델이라기 보다는 진행형의 모델이다. 권위주의적 사회주의 체제에서의 시장경제 발전은 완성된 체제이기보다는 더 나은 체제로 가기 위한 과도기적 체제일 가능성이 크다. 아직 고도경제성장이 지속되는 현 시점에서 정치개혁을 추진하여 정치적 민주화를 이룩하는 것이 차후에 중국의 경제성장이 멈추어 설 때 나타날 수 있는 정치·경제적 혼란을 줄일 수 있는 최선책일 것이다. Does a Chinese model exist and is it possible to be applied the Third World as a general development model? Many of the Chinese scholars claim that the present Chinese system has arizen from the long-standing cultural experiences being accumulated through the long history and is the most suitable development model to China today representing the unique Chinese characteristics. But it has the alternative to be criticized just to support the authoritarian regime dominated by the Communist Party that had achieved rapid and long-standing economic development without political democratization. Beijing Consensus raised Chinese model as an alternative model replacing the failed Washington Consensus of the neoliberalism. Thereafter Chinese model has developed as an alternative development model replacing the Western experience of modernization. But the Chinese model is not unchangeable. The major characteristics of Chinese model have been revised and changed endlessly through the change of global situations, international relations, and that of power relations inside of China. The Chinese model is basically a model being developed through the development with the Chinese economy. Chinese economy dealt successfully with the world recession in the first few years by enhancing equipment investment to increase export. But as the world recession has continued a long term Chinese economic growth showed its limit. As the Chinese model was fundamentally premised on the sustaining China’s economic growth the recession of Chinese economy might have the chance to disappear the myth of Chinese model. The conjunction of the authoritarian government with the market economy in the Chinese model is not yet firmly completed but is still progressive. The development of market economy under the authoritarian socialist regime might be a transitional system to go for a better system. But trying to achieve the political democratization would be the best choice to reduce the economic and political confusion in the future when the Chinese economy comes to a halt with recession.