한국사회의 연령집단에 대한 유능함과 따뜻함 지각: 내집단 편향효과를 중심으로

박기완 ( Kiwan Park ),양혜경 ( Hae Kyung Yang ),옥경영 ( Kyungyoung Ohk ),주소현 ( So Hyun Joo ) 한국소비자학회 2015 소비자학연구 Vol.26 No.4

본 연구에서는 고정관념 내용 모델(stereotype content model)을 활용하여 한국사회의 연령집단에 대한 고정관 념 내용을 분석하였다. 각 연령집단에 대한 고정관념을 지적 특성인 유능함(competence)과 사회적 특성인 따뜻함 (warmth)의 2차원으로 분석하였는데, 특히 사회정체성 이론(social identity theory)에 근거하여 평가대상이 되는 연령집단이 내집단(in-groups)인 경우 내집단 편향효과(in-group bias)가 나타나는지를 가설화하고 검증하였다. 실증연구 결과, 연령집단에 대한 유능함과 따뜻함을 평정함에 있어 평가자집단과 평가대상집단 간 일치 여부가 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 평가대상집단이 내집단일 경우 유능함과 따뜻함을 보다 호의적으로 평가하는 내집단 편향현상이 나타났으며, 이러한 편향된 평가경향은 평가대상집단에 대한 동일시(identification) 수준이 높아지기때문인 것으로 매개효과 분석에서 검증되었다. 종합토론에서는 연구결과 요약 및 해석과 함께 이론적ㆍ실무적ㆍ정책적 시사점을 논의하고 있다. 본 연구는 연령집단을 연구 대상으로 함으로써 고정관념 내용 모델을 보다 폭넓게 이해할 수 있는 기회를 제공하는 한편, 내ㆍ외집단에 대한 고정관념의 차이와 그 심리적 기제를 밝힘으로써 사회정체성 이론을 확장하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. 또한, 연령집단에 대한 고정관념 및 내ㆍ외집단 간 차이 분석은 특정분야에서의 미시적 소비자 행동을 이해하고 연령집단이 중요한 상황에서의 마케팅 전략을 수립하는 데 이론적 기초를 제공할 것이다. 최근 한국사회에서 연령집단 간 갈등이 고조되고 있는 상황을 감안할 때, 연령집단에 대한 인식과 고정관념을 정확하게 이해하는 작업은 정책적인 차원에서도 매우 의미 있고 시사하는 바가 클 것이다. In this research, we investigated whether in-group bias would occur in perceiving competence and warmth about age groups in the Korean society. According to the stereotype content model (e.g., Cuddy, Fiske, and Glick 2008; Fiske, Cuddy, and Glick 2007; Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, and Xu 2002), the stereotype contents regarding social groups are systematically and succinctly captured by two dimensions, competence and warmth. To empirically uncover the stereotype contents about age groups in the Korean society, we measured perceived competence and warmth about the young (in their 20s and 30s), the middle-aged (in their 40s and 50s), and the elderly (in the 60s and older). Drawing on social identity theory (Brown 2000; Tajfel 1982; Tajfel and Turner 1986) that proposes self-categorization and its motivational consequences, we hypothesized that the respondents would exhibit more favorable perceptions of competence and warmth about their in-groups than about their out-groups, and that the biased perceptions would be explained by the level of the respondents’ identification with the age groups. We recruited 910 participants in their 20s to 60s from five major cities in Korea and administered a survey that consisted of a series of questions to measure demographic variables (such as age, occupation, education, and income), perceived competence and warmth about the three age groups, the perception of relative status and competition, and finally the level of identification with the groups. Perceived competence and warmth were measured on 5-point scales (1 = not at all; 5 = extremely): how [competent or warm] are members of [the young, the middle-aged, or the elderly]? (Cuddy, Fiske, and Glick 2007; Fiske et al. 2002). The relative status and competition (Fiske et al. 2002) were also measured on 5-point scales (status: how well-educated are members of [the young, the middle-aged, or the elderly]?; competition: if members of [the young, the middle-aged, or the elderly] get special breaks (such as preference in hiring decisions), this is likely to make things more difficult for people who belong to the same age group as me). The level of cognitive identification with the age groups was measured on a 7-point pictorial scale which had two circles varying in the extent of the overlap between the two (Bergami and Bagozzi 2000). The one circle represented the self and the other represented each of the rated age groups. After responding to the demographic variables, the participants answered to which age groups they belonged. We eliminated those participants whose selfreported in-groups were different from their real in-groups based on their age and entered 801 participants to subsequent analyses. The participants provided all ratings about the young first, then the middle-aged, and finally the elderly. First, we found that perceived competence was highest for the middle-aged, followed by the young and the elderly, while perceived warmth was highest for the elderly, followed by the middle-aged and the young. Second, to test hypothesis 1, we conducted 3 (target: the young, the middle-age, or the elderly) × 3 (evaluator: the young, the middle-age, or the elderly) mixed analyses of variance on competence and warmth respectively, treating the former as a withinparticipants factor and the latter as a between-participants factor. The two-way interaction was significant in both analyses (competence: F(4, 1596) = 2.93, p = 0.0198; warmth: F(4, 1596) = 12.49, p < 0.0001). Overall, the perceptions of competence and warmth were higher when the evaluators provided ratings for their in-groups than for their out-groups. Third, to test hypothesis 2, we conducted the same 3 (target: the young, the middle-age, or the elderly) × 3 (evaluator: the young, the middle-age, or the elderly) mixed analyses of variance on identification. The two-way interaction between the two factors was also significant (F(4, 1596) = 167.30, p < 0.0001), revealing that overall, the level of identification with the in-groups was higher than with the out-groups. Finally, we investigated whether the level of identification with age groups would account for in-group bias observed in perceptions of competence and warmth about the groups. The mediational analyses using a bootstrapping procedure confirmed the statistical significance of the indirect effect of the evaluator groups on perceived competence and warmth via identification. This research is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of the stereotype content model by expanding its scope to age groups and integrating the phenomenon of in-group bias to the stereotyping of social groups. It also widens the applicability of social identity theory by focusing on age-based social identity. The findings of this research offer important future research directions and implications to consumer research topics such as social exclusion and intergroup helping, to effective marketing strategies of services, media, and brands in relation to age-based segmentation, and to policies to address inter-group conflicts that have recently emerged in many areas in the Korean society.

몬테소리 유치원에서 유아의 단일연령집단과 혼합연령집단 구성에 대한 어머니의 인식

김미숙 한국아동교육학회 2004 아동교육 Vol.13 No.2

몬테소리는 한마디로 아동기의 교육을 중요,시하는 교목 사상가로서 자연주의적인 자유주의에 바탕은 두되 감각으로부터 관념이 형성되는 교육원리를 활용한 실천가로서 확고한 위치를 갖는 사람이다. 한국의 유치원은 비롯한 초등교육에서 몬테소리 이름이 자주 거명되고 있으며 교구 제작과 교육방법, 학교 운영 측면에서도 몬테소리 이름이 자주 등장하고 있지만 실지로 몬테소리 교육을 적용함에 있어 혼합연령집단이 단일연령집단보다 교육적 효과가 훨씬 더 높다. 그럼에도 불구하고 현 실정에서는 혼합연령으로 구성되어 몬테소리수업은 진행하는 유치원보다는 단일연령집단으로 구성되어져서 수업이 이루어지고 있는 유치원이 훨씬 많다. 따라서 본 연구는 몬테소리 유치원에서 혼합연령집단으로 구성된 유치원과 단일연령집단으로 구성된 유치원의 어머니들은 혼합연령집단 구성에 대해 어떻게 인식하고 있는지를 알아보고자 한다. The purpose of this study is to survey and compare the opinions of different mothers to Montessori educational activities within a mixed age group, insofar as the Montessori kindergartens are composed of mixed age groups and same age groups. The research questions of this thesis are focused on the followings: 1. What are the different opinions about the Montessori educational activities, according to the mixed age group composition, between mothers whose children go to kindergartens composed of the mixed age groups and same age groups. 2. What are the different opinions about the mixed age group composition between the mothers based on the pros and cons of the mixed age group composition. The study used the questionnaire method. For the study, 135 of 240 questionnaires were given to the mothers whose children belong to the mixed age group, and the rest to the mothers having children in the same age group in the Montessori program kindergartens in the urban area of Kumi. The response rate was 95.4%. The chi-square test was performed for the questions with nominal variable using the Statistical Product & Service Solutions (SPSS) package for the analysis. The results of the analyses can be summarized as follows: 1. In the mixed age group composition, the mothers of those children are more positive about their classroom activities, thinking those are effective for early children's social and self development, acceptance of individual difference, decrease of competitive spirit, etc than mothers of children in the same age group. 2. According to their different view based on the pros and cons of the mixed group composition, mothers agreeable to it think that children can help one another by taking care of younger ones and can benefit from learning activities with the older ones, which, likewise is considered a shortcoming by the mothers who don't agree with it. This shows the difference of opinion between mothers, that is, those who think mixed age group composition is desirable for children's social development and the others who think it is harmful to children in each age.

진도견(珍島犬)의 혈액상(血液像)과 혈액단백질형(血液蛋白質型)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) I. 진도견(珍島犬)의 혈액상(血液像)

김우권,한방근,김자숙,Kim, Woo-kwon,Han, Bang-keun,Kim, Ja-suk 대한수의학회 1988 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.28 No.2

The present study was conducted in order to get the normal hematologic values of Korean Jindo dogs. Blood samples were taken from 328(♂ 92, ♂ 236) healthy Jindo dogs in Jindo area. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follows: 1. The mean values of red blood cell(RBC) count, hemoglobin(Hb) content and packed cell volume(PCV) in the age group of less than one year were 6.77(♂ 6.80, ♂ 6.76)${\times}10^6/{\mu}l$, 13.14 (♂ 13.53, ♂ 12.99)g/100ml and 43.28(♂ 44.47, ♂ 42.79)ml/100ml, respectively, whereas the RBC count, Hb content and PCV in the age group of one year and more were 7.42(♂ 7.44, ♂ 7.42)${\times}10^6/{\mu}l$, 14.98(♂ 15.56, ♂ 14.76)g/100ml and 47.18 (♂ 48.43, ♂ 46.71)ml/100ml, respectively. The values of RBC count, Hb content and PCV appeared to be higher in the male than in the female and it increased with aging in the age group of less than one year. 2. The mean values of mean corpuscular volume(MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin content(MCHC) in the age group of less than one year were 63.93(♂ 65.40, ♂ 63.30)fl, 19.41(♂ 19.90, ♂ 19.22) pg and 30.36(♂ 30.43, ♂ 30.36)g/100ml respectively, whereas the MCV, MCH and MCHC in the age group of one year and more were 63.58(♂ 65.09, ♂ 62.95)fl, 20. 19(♂ 20.91, ♂ 19.89) pg and 31.75(♂ 32.13, ♂ 31.60)g/100ml respectively. The values of MCV, MCH and MCHC appeared to be higher in the male than in the female. No differences were found in the MCV and MCH between age groups. The MCHC appeared to be higher in older age group. 3. The mean values of white blood cell(WBC) count in the age group of less than one year were 14,356(♂ 13,878, ♂ 14,551)/${\mu}l$, whereas the values of WBC count in the age group of one year and more were 13,394(♂ 12,656, ♂ 13,672)/${\mu}l$. The WBC count appeared to be higher in the female than in the male. No differences were found between age groups in the WBC count. 4. In WBC differential count the mean percentage of lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil and eosinophil of the age group less than one year were 33.45(♂ 31. 64, ♂ 34.18), 2.77(♂ 3.00, ♂ 2.68), 57.40(♂ 58.18, ♂ 57.08) and 6.38(♂ 7.18, ♂ 6.06)% respectively, while those of the age group one year and more were 30. 22(♂ 28.38, ♂ 30.90), 3.03(♂ 3.23, ♂ 2.95), 60.93(♂ 63.34, ♂ 60.03) and 5.82(♂ 5.04, ♂ 6.11)% respectively. Lymphocyte count appeared to be higher in the female and in the age group below one year than in the male and in the age group of one year and more, whereas the reverse was the case with neutrophil and monocyte counts. 5. Mean platelet count in the age group of less than one year was 377,391(♂ 398,778, ♂ 368,721)/${\mu}l$, whereas mean platelet count in the age group of one year and more was 354,657 (♂ 373,660, ♂ 347,512)/${\mu}l$. The platelet count appeared to be higher in the male than in the female and especially lower in the age group of three years and more($305,513/{\mu}l$) than in the other age groups.

3-5세 혼합연령과 단일연령 자유선택활동이 유아의 언어능력과 인지능력에 미치는 효과 비교

지성애,정진화 한국열린유아교육학회 2016 열린유아교육연구 Vol.21 No.6

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a mixed-age group to same-age groups within a free choice activity on young children's language and cognitive ability. The subjects in this study were 80 young children who were divided into four groups. The groups consisted of two same-age groups(3- and 5-year-olds were segregated by age) and two mixed-age groups(3- and 5-year-olds played together). The study used the 'Verbal Sentence Comprehension Ability Inventory' and 'K-ABC' in collection of data. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA. Results are as follows. The scores of 3-year-old children in mixed-age groups' total verbal sentence comprehension ability, meaning and also total cognitive ability, sequential processing and simultaneous processing were significantly higher than the scores of 3-year-old children in same-age groups. In addition, the scores of 5-year-old children in mixed-age groups' total verbal sentence comprehension ability, meaning and also total cognitive ability, sequential processing and simultaneous processing were significantly higher than the scores of 5-year-old children in same-age groups. The results of this study suggest that children participating in mixed-age group within free choice activities are more effectively enhancing their language and cognitive ability than children in same-age groups. 본 연구는 3-5세 혼합연령과 단일연령 자유선택활동이 유아의 언어능력과 인지능력에 미치는 효과를 비교・분석하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 만3세 40명, 만5세 40명으로 총 80명이었으며 3세와 5세 혼합연령 두 집단 각 20명, 3세 및 5세 단일연령집단 각 20명으로 집단을 구성하고 자유선택활동에 참여하도록 하였다. ‘구문이해력’과 ‘K-ABC’ 검사도구를 사용하여 유아의 언어능력과 인지능력을 측정하였으며, 수집된 연구자료는 ANCOVA를 통해 혼합연령과 단일연령 집단 간의 차이를 분석하였다. 연구결과, 혼합연령 자유선택활동에 참여한 3세 유아들이 단일연령 집단에 참여한 3세 유아들보다 전체 언어능력과 구문구조와 의미 그리고 전체 인지능력과 순처처리 및 동시처리 점수가 유의미하게 증진된 것으로 나타났다. 또한 혼합연령 자유선택활동에 참여한 5세 유아들이 단일연령 집단에 참여한 5세 유아들보다 전체 언어능력과 문법형태소, 구문구조, 의미 그리고 전체 인지능력과 순처처리 및 동시처리 점수가 유의미하게 증진된 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 본 연구결과는 혼합연령 자유선택활동이 단일연령 자유선택활동 보다 3세와 5세 유아들의 언어능력과 인지능력 함양에 효과적임을 시사하는 것으로 볼 수 있다,

유니버설디자인 개발연구를 위한 고령화 집단 세분화

김장수(Jang Su Kim),김은주(Eun Ju Kim),김하나(Ha Na Kim) 한국디자인문화학회 2011 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.17 No.1

고령화는 세계적인 경향에 처했으며, 특히 우리나라는 고령화추이가 가장 빠른 나라이다. 65세 이상 인구는 2010년 530만 명으로 추계되었으며 이러한 고령화 현상의 중심인 고령화 집단에 대해 집중 조명되고 있다. 대부분의 선진국에서는 고령집단에 대한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있으며 그에 따른 행정적인 시책이 행해지고 있다. 우리나라 또한 고령화 집단을 위한 다각적인 접근이 필요하며 특히 고령친화산업에 내포된 유니버설 디자인을 연구 개발하는 것이 시급하다. 고령화 시대에 더욱 각광받는 유니버설 디자인은 세대를 초월하는 디자인, 포괄적인 디자인 대상의 범주에 속한다. 늘어가는 고령자들은 시력을 시작으로 온 몸에 기능이 저하되면서 일상생활이 위험으로 다가온다. 따라서 고령자의 입장에서 접근하는 기술개발, 즉 유니버설 디자인의 적극개발이 필요한 시점이다. 이를 위해, 먼저 고령화 집단을 세분화하는 것이 행해져야 할 것이다. 고령화집단을 세분화하기 위해 인구통계학적변수, 라이프스타일 변수를 이용하여 유형화한다. 심리 분석적 방법인 라이프스타일 연구는 미국 마케팅학회에 처음 소개되어 소비자 연구에 적합한 연구이다. 특히 유니버설 디자인과 같은 감각적인 예측을 위해서는 고령소비자들을 가치 중심 라이프스타일척도인 VALS(Value and Lifestyle survey)를 사용하여 세분화하는 것이 더 적합하다. VALS는 미국의 소비자집단을 세분화한 프로그램으로 비교대상이 있다는 장점이 있고, 전체적인 라이프스타일을 파악하기 용이하다. 이에 고령화 집단의 세분화는 VALS 라이프스타일 척도를 이용하도록 한다. 본 연구를 위해 사회조사방법론의 양적 자료 분석 방법인 설문지법을 사용하여 연구대상인 1940년~1960년대 출생자들을 바탕으로 2010년 10월30일부터 11월30일까지 한 달간 설문조사가 진행되었다. 자료의 분석은 SPSS 통계 패키지를 사용하였다. 연구결과 고령자를 중심으로 사용자의 다양한 요구조건에 만족하는 제품 및 서비스를 개발할 수 있도록 유니버설 디자인 관점에서 고령자 집단이 라이프스타일을 바탕으로 세분화되었다. 고령자 집단은 라이프스타일을 중심으로 성취집단, 소극 집단, 적극 집단, 보수 집단으로 나타났다. 더불어 인구통계학적, 소비가치, 유니버설디자인 평가를 함께 적용하여 고령소비자들을 유형화하였다. 이를 통해 고령소비자 세분화 모형을 도출하고, 이에 대한 ``사용성(Usability)`` 측면에서의 활용가능 방안의 제시와 유니버설 디자인 시 디자이너가 고려해야 할 사항에 대해 논의하면서 유니버설 디자인의 발전을 예측하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 유니버설 디자인 관점에서 고령자 중심의 사용자 분석과 사용자 평가에 대한 기반기술을 구축하는데 상당히 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 판단된다. Aging is a global trend, and Korea is one of the fastest aging country in the world. The population of seniors aged 65 and over was estimated to be 5.3 million in 2010, and much attentions have been recently paid on these aging groups, who are in the center of aging trend. In most developed countries, studies on the aging group have been actively conducted, and various administrative policy have been implemented accordingly. Korea also needs a multilateral approach to the aging group, and studies on universal design, which is embedded in senior-friendly industry, are in urgent need. The universal design, which is coming into spotlight in aging society, belongs to a category of comprehensive designing subjects that go beyond generation. For the growing senior population, a daily life can be a danger as their body function goes down, starting from eyesight. Therefore, now is an appropriate time to actively develop the universal design, which is a technology that considers the seniors` situation. For this purpose, the aging group should be broken down. In order to break down the aging group, a classification is made using demographic variable and lifestyle variable. A lifestyle research, which was first introduced at the American Marketing Association, is a method of psychology analysis and suiTable for a consumer research. In particular, for the sensible prediction, like universal design, it is more appropriate to break down the senior consumers using Value and Lifestyle Survey (VALS), a value-oriented lifestyle scale. VALS is a program that divides the American consumer group, and thus having the advantage of comparison subjects, and it is easy to identify the overall lifestyle. Accordingly, the VALS lifestyle scale is used for the segmentation of the aging group. In this study, a survey was conducted for 1 month between October 30 and November 30, 2010, with the subjects who were born between 1940 and 1960, using questionnaire method, which is a quantitative data analysis in a social survey. A statistical package SPSS was used for the analysis of data. From this study, the aging group was broken down in terms of universal design based on their lifestyles to develop products and services that meet the various demands by such users as seniors. The aging group was broken down into achieving group, passive group, active group, and conservative group based on their lifestyles. In addition, the senior consumers were classified by applying both demographic consumption value and universal design evaluation together. Through this classification, a prediction on the development of universal design was made by drawing a segmentation model of senior consumers, and suggesting a utilization plan for the model in terms of ``usability``, and discussing the items to be considered by the designer of universal design. We believe that the findings of this study will provide useful information in the future for the establishment of underlying techniques in terms of universal design for the senior-oriented user analysis and evaluation.

소집단 읽어주기 상황에서 연령, 집단구성, 그리고 반복일기가 유아의 반응과 이해도에 미치는 영향

마송희 한국유아교육학회 2002 유아교육연구 Vol.22 No.4

선행연구들에 의하면, 유아들에게 책을 읽어줄 때 소집단으로 읽어주거나 반복해서 읽어줄 때 유아들의 반응이 많아지고 종류도 다양해진다고 한다. 본 연구에서는 4-6세 유아 48명을 12집단으로 구성하되, 6 집단은 단일연령 집단으로, 6집단은 혼합연령 집단으로 구성하였다. 12집단의 유아들에게 같은 책을 3회 반복해서 들려줌으로써 유아반응에 미치는 읽어주는 횟수와 집단구성 및 연령에 따른 주효과와 횟수, 집단구성, 연령간의 상호작용 효과를 알아보았으며, 집단구성 및 연령에 따른 이해도 차이를 알아보았다. 반복해서 들려줄수록 유아반응이 증가되었으며, 특히 '함께 읽기' 반응이 증가했다. 자신보다 어린 유아와 함께 있을 때 자발적 반응이 많았으나 이해도는 집단구성에 따라 차이가 나지 않았다. The value of reading in a small group and repeated readings in eliciting responses from young children has been much discussed in previous studies. This study explores the effect of group composition(single age vs. mixed age grouping), age on young children's responses and comprehension in a small group reading. It also explores the changes in young children's responses to repeated readings. Forty eight preschoolers aged 4 to 6 were read a story three times by their teacher in small groups each composed of four children. Six groups were composed of children who were all the same age, and the other six groups were mixed age groups. Children's responses at each reading were noted. After three readings, they were tested free and probed recall comprehension. Results show that total responses increased when they listened to repeated readings of the same story. While all types of child responses increased at the second reading, only the 'joining in reading with their teacher' increased at the third reading. Children in the same age groups and older children responded more to teacher's questions and comments than did their counterparts. Interactions among the reading times, age, and group composition were discussed. Although older children were found to comprehend the story better than younger ones as expected, no significant differences were found in the children's comprehension according to group composition or according to interaction between group composition and age.

2005년과 2015년 인구 총조사 결과 비교를 통해서 본 불교, 개신교, 천주교 인구 변동의 특징 - 연령과 행정구역을 중심으로

장형철 21세기기독교사회문화아카데미 2018 신학과 사회 Vol.32 No.1

This study aims to understand the change of religious population (Buddhism, Protestantism, and Catholicism) in Korea by means of comparatively analyzing the result from the national census in 2005 and 2015 in terms of age groups and administrative divisions. The change can be characterized into five points. Firstly, the non-religious took over the religious. The result of 2015 census shows that there are more the non-religious than the religious. Since the decrease of religious infant, child, youth (20s and 30s) and middle aged (40s) groups is larger than the increase of the religious in prime aged (50s) and elderly (over 60s) groups. This change can be considered as a secularization phenomenon. Secondly, the increase and decrease of the religious can be considered from the perspective of age groups. The Buddhist population was rapidly decreased in general. Since the decrease of Buddhist in infant, child, youth, and the middle aged groups is larger than the increase of Buddhist in the prime aged and elderly groups. The Protestant population was increased in general. Since the increase of Protestant in the middle aged, the prime aged, and elderly groups is larger than the decrease of Protestant in infant, child, and youth groups. The Protestant population begins to increase in the age group of 40-44 years old. However, the population of other religions does not begin to increase at this age. This increase may have an implication to rational choice theory. And it can be conceived as a phenomenon of de-secularization or re-sacralization within secularization of Korean society. Catholic population was decreased in general, because the decrease of Catholic in infant, child, youth, and the middle aged groups is larger than the increase of Catholic in the prime aged and elderly groups. Thirdly, from the perspective of administrative division (Myeon, Eup, and Dong), the non-religious took over the religious. Also, the religious were decreased more in cities than provinces. In tandem with, the non-religious were increased more in cities than provinces. Buddhism remains strong in rural areas (Myeons and Eups). However, it decreased in rural as well as urban areas. Meanwhile, the Protestant population was increased in urban and rural area. Protestantism remains strong in urban areas (Dongs). This indicates that Protestantism is predominant in urban areas. The Catholic population was decreased in rural and urban areas. But there are more Catholics in urban areas than rural areas. Fourthly, it is still worth to note that Buddhism is strong in eastern part of Korea, whilst Protestantism is strong western part of Korea. However, it is important to note that Buddhist population was decreased in every cities and provinces. Especially the decrease of Buddhist population took place in Youngnam area including Daegu, Ulsan, Busan, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Gyeongsangbuk-do. They are cities and provinces where Buddhism has been strong. But Protestant population from 2005 to 2015 was increased in those cities and provinces. Finally, in capital area including Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do, there are more non-religious than the religious. Also, it is clear that Protestant population was increased in capital area between 2005 and 2015 meanwhile Buddhist and Catholic population in capital area were decreased in same period. 이 연구는 2005년과 2015년 인구 총조사 결과를 비교·분석하여 종교인구의 변화를 구체적으로 파악하려 한다. 이 연구는 연령과 행정구역(동부, 면부, 읍부, 시, 도)을중심으로 2005년과 2015년 인구 총조사에서 나타난 종교인(종교 있음), 비종교인(종교없음), 불교인, 개신교인, 천주교인의 분포와 변화를 비교·분석하였다. 분석결과 나타난 특징은 다섯 가지로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 첫째로 무종교인이 종교인보다 많아졌다. 연령대를 나누어 보았을 때 영·유아층, 아동층, 청소년층, 청년층, 그리고 중년층의종교인구 감소가 장년층과 노년층의 종교인구 증가보다 크다. 이러한 무종교인의 증가는 세속화 현상으로 볼 수 있다. 둘째로 각 종교인구의 증가와 감소를 연령대를 나누어 볼 수 있다. 불교 인구는 영·유아층, 아동층, 청소년층, 청년층 그리고 중년층의감소가 장년층과 노년층의 증가보다 크다. 이것이 결국 전체적으로 불교 인구가 많이감소하였던 원인으로 볼 수 있다. 개신교 인구는 영·유아층, 아동층, 청소년층과 청년층 연령대에서 감소하고 중년층, 장년층 그리고 노년층에서 증가하였다. 개신교 인구는 전체적으로 증가하였다. 왜냐하면, 개신교 인구는 불교와 천주교보다 빠른 연령층인 중년층부터 증가하기 때문이다. 이러한 개신교 인구의 증가는 전체 종교인구 감소라는 세속화 현상 가운데 나타나는 탈세속화 또는 재성화 현상으로 볼 수 있다. 천주교 인구는 영·유아층, 아동층, 청소년층 그리고 청년층의 감소가 장년층과 노년층의증가보다 더 커서 전체적으로 감소한 것으로 보인다. 셋째로 동부와 읍부 그리고 면부모두에서 무종교인 비율은 종교인 비율을 추월하였다. 그리고 종교인은 도보다는 시에서 더 많이 감소하였고 무종교인은 시에서 더 많이 증가하였다. 불교는 다른 종교와 비교하여 여전히 읍부와 면부에서 강세이지만 감소하였다. 반면에 개신교는 동부 읍부 면부 모두에서 증가하였고 동부에서 비율이 높아졌다. 이는 개신교가 농어촌보다는 도시에서 강세라는 것을 보여 준다. 천주교인 비율은 동부 읍부 면부 모두에서 감소하였다. 동부의 천주교 인구 비율은 읍부와 면부보다 높다. 넷째로 이른바 동불서기(東佛西 基) 즉 영남권의 불교와 호남권의 개신교의 강세는 여전히 존재한다. 그런데 불교 인구는 모든 시와 도에서 감소하였다. 특히 영남권에서 불교의 감소와 개신교의 증가가주목할 만한 특이 사항이다. 개신교 인구는 모든 시와 도에서 증가하였다. 천주교 인구는 모든 시와 도에서 감소하였다. 다섯째로 2005년과 2015년 결과를 서울과 인천그리고 경기도를 포함하여 수도권을 중심으로 비교하여 보면 무종교인이 종교인보다많아졌고 개신교의 증가와 불교, 천주교의 감소가 뚜렷하다.

연령에 적합한 종이접기 조형활동이 혼합연령반 유아의 자기조절능력에 미치는 영향

조세진(Sae Jin Jo),김승희(Seung Hee Kim) 한국열린유아교육학회 2014 열린유아교육연구 Vol.19 No.5

본 연구의 목적은 연령에 적합한 종이접기 조형활동이 혼합연령반 유아의 자기조절능력에 미치는 영향을 살펴보는 것이다. 연구 대상은 전라남도에 소재한 4곳의 초등학교 병설유치원 혼합연령반에 재원 중인 3, 4, 5세 유아 58명(실험집단 29명, 비교집단 29명)이었다. 실험집단은 오후 자유선택활동 시간에 종이접기 활동을, 비교집단은 미술개별활동을 실시하였다. 실험집단과 비교집단 모두 연령별로 묶인 소집단으로 활동하였으며, 실험집단은 주제는 같지만 연령에 따라 종이접기 난이도가 다른 종이접기작품을 완성하였다. 연구 결과, 연령에 적합한 종이접기 조형활동을 실시한 실험집단 유아의 자기조절능력이 모든 연령에서 비교집단 유아보다 유의하게 향상되었다. 또한 연령이 증가할수록 자기조절능력 점수가 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 실험집단 유아의 자기조절능력 점수에서 연령 간 차이는 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 연령에 적합한 종이접기 조형활동이 혼합연령반 유아의 자기조절능력 향상에 기여함을 보여줌으로써 혼합연령반에서 활용될 수 있는 효과적인 교수학습방법의 기초자료를 제공하고 있다. This study investigates how age-appropriate paper-folding activities influence young children’s self-regulation in a mixed-age group. Participants consisted of 58 young children (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds) in four kindergartens attached to an elementary school in Jeonnam province. Half of them belonged to the experimental group and the other half to the control group. The experimental group conducted age-appropriate paper-folding activities and the control group carried out art individual activities during afternoon free playtime. Each group was divided, according to age, into three small groups; the groups of the experimental group did paper-folding tasks having the same theme, but a difficulty level that varied for each age group. The results of this study show that the young children’s self-regulation in the experimental group, at every age, improved meaningfully. As the children’s age increased, so did the self-regulation score, but the difference between the ages was not meaningful. Therefore, this study provides basic information for effective teaching-learning methods that can be used in a mixed-age group, by verifying that age-appropriate paper-folding activities contribute to improving young children’s self-regulation in a mixed-age group.

조직내 세대갈등이 조직몰입에 미치는 영향: 연령통합인식의 매개효과와 연령집단간 차이를 중심으로

임정숙 ( Lim Jeung Suk ),김민경 ( Kim Min Kyoung ) 아시아문화학술원 2018 인문사회 21 Vol.9 No.2

본 연구는 조직 내 세대갈등과 조직몰입의 관계에서 연령통합인식의 매개효과를 확인하고, 이들 관계에서 연령집단 간 차이를 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 본 연구는 한국연구재단의 인문사회역량강화사업에서 진행된 ‘고령사회를 대비한 세대인식조사’에서 근로중이라고 응답한 586명을 대상으로 구조방정식모델의 다중집단 분석방법을 활용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 전체 집단에서 조직 내 세대갈등과 조직몰입의 관계에서 연령통합인식의 유의미한 매개효과가 검증되었다. 둘째, 연령집단에 따라 조직몰입에 미치는 영향에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 청년집단은 연령통합인식의 매개효과는 유의미하지 않은 반면, 중년집단에서는 연령통합인식의 부분매개효과가 검증되었다. 노년집단은 조직 내 세대갈등이 연령통합인식을 매개하여 영향을 미치는 완전매개효과가 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 조직 내 세대갈등으로 인한 조직몰입의 문제를 해결하는데 있어서 연령통합인식의 중요성 확인됨에 따라 연령집단 특성을 고려한 개입의 필요성을 제언하였다. The purpose of this study is to identify the mediating effects of age integration perception in the relationship between generation conflicts and organizational commitment and to examine the differences among age groups in these relationships. In this study, 586respondents, who answered that they are working, in the “Awareness Survey for the Elderly Society” conducted by the Korea Research Foundation`s Humanities and Social Capacity Enhancement Project were analyzed using the multiple group analysis method of the structural equation model. The results are as follows. First, significant mediating effect of age integration perception on the relationship between generational conflict and organizational commitment was verified in every age group. Second, differences among age groups were observed in the effect of organizational commitment. To be specific, mediating effect of age integration perception was not significant in the young group, but it was partial mediating effect of age integration was not significant in the young group, but it was partial mediating effect of age integration was significant in the middle age group. Moreover, The older age group showed complete mediating effect. These results demonstrate the importance of age integration perception in solving the problem of organizational commitment caused by generational conflict in organization settings. Also, the results suggest the necessity of designing distinct intervention method for each age group.

소아 외음부질염 원인균의 특성 : 1980 년대와 1990 년대의 비교 ( Etiologic Agents of Vulvovaginitis in Pediatric Age Group Comparison between 1981=1991 and 1992-1996 )

이재억(JA Lee),문형(H Moon),황윤영(YY Hwang),조수현(SH Cho),김진조(JJ Kim),한동익(DI Han) 대한산부인과학회 1996 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.39 No.10

This study was designed to evaluated a difference of the etiologic organisms of vulvovaginitis in pediatric age group in the 1980s and the 1990s. We compared the results of the culture for vaginal discharge and the antibiotics sensitivity test from 266 patients under the age of 18 who visitied the Hanyang University Hospital from March 1981 through March 1991(Group 1) with those from 56 patients under the age of 18 who visited the hospital from April 1991 through April 1996(Group 2). The prevalent age was from 2 to 10 in both group. The most commonly isolated etiologic organism in both groups was gram-positive coagulase negative staphylococcus(25.2% and 26.7%, respectively), and the second most commonly isolated etiologic organism was E.coli(20.1% and 16.9%, respectively).Candida albicans was isolated in 2.8% of patients in Group 2, whereas it was not detected in Group 1. In Group 2 the incidence of E.coli was significantly reduced (30.4% vs 8.7%, p=0.01), and the incidence of lactobacillus was increased(0.0% vs 8.7%, p=0.01) and Candida albicans(0.05% vs 18.2%, p=0.01) were increased in Group 2 in age group of 11 to 18. amikacin was the most sensitive antibiotics for Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms in both groups, gentamicin for Gram-negative organism in Group 1, and chloramphenicol for Gram-negative in Group 2. These results indicate that E.coli infection in pediatric age group of 2 to 5 was reduced in 1990s whereas Enterococci infection in pediatric age group of 11 to 18 was increased in 1990s. Therefore it is suggested that the improvement of the hygiene and sanitation of genital organ in pubertal girls is needed through education.