백서에서 비스테로이드성 항염제에 의한 장관 손상, 장내세균 과증식, 장내세균전위 및 장기의 무게 변화

김은정 ( Eun Jeong Kim ),김정욱 ( Jeong Wook Kim ) 대한장연구학회 2006 Intestinal Research Vol.4 No.1

목적: 비스테로이드성 항염제는 장관장벽의 손상과 장내세균의 과증식을 유발하여 장관의 손상과 장내세균전위를 유발하며 간비대를 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있으나 약물의 투여용량 증가에 따른 변화에 대해서는 알려지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 비스테로이드성 항염제의 투여용량에 따른 장관손상, 장내세균의 과증식 및 장내세균전위의 변화 및 각 장기의 무게변화를 알아보았다. 대상 및 방법 : 백서를 대조군, diclofenac 60 mg/kg 투여군, diclofenac 120 mg/kg 투여군 및 diclofenac 180 mg/kg 투여군으로 나누었다. 비스테로이드성 항염제에 의한 장손상은 diclofenac을 경구 투여하여 유발하였으며 대조군에는 생리식염수를 투여하였다. Diclofenac 투여 48시간 후에 20시간 동안 pheonolsulfonphthalein을 이용한 장투과성 검사를 실시하였다. 장투과성 검사 후에 백서를 해부하여 장관의 유착도와 원위부 회장 및 맹장에서의 장내 세균수 측정을 하였으며 장간막 림프절, 간, 비장, 신장 및 심장에서의 장내세균전위 변화를 관찰하였다. 또한 간, 비장, 신장 및 심장의 무게 변화를 관찰하였다. 결과: 비스테로이드성 항염제 투여에 의해 대조군에 비해 장투과성 및 장관유착이 증가하였으며 배변수가 감소하였다. 원위부 회장 및 맹장에서의 장내세균수도 증가하였으며 장간막 림프절, 간, 비장, 신장 및 심장에서의 장내세균전위도 증가하였다. 비장, 신장 및 심장의 무게는 변화가 없었고 간은 무게가 중가하였다. 결론: 비스테로이드성 항염제는 투여는 장관손상, 장내세균 과증식 및 장내세균전위 및 간비대를 유발한다. Background/Aims: NSAIDs induce gut damage throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract and bacterial translocation. The aim of this study was to exam the change of NSAID induced gut damage, enteric bacterial overgrowth, bacterial translocation and organ weight in the animals. Methods: Rats were utilized in 4 group; control group, diclofenac 60 mg/kg group, diclofenac 120 mg/kg group and diclofenac 60 mg/kg group. Gut injury was induced by oral administration of a single dose of diclofenac Intestinal permeability (24 hour urinary excretion of pheonolsulfonphthalein), intestinal adhesion and number of stool pallet were measured to evaluate gut injury. Enteric aerobic total and gram negative bacterial counts in distal ileum and cecum were measured to evaluate enteric bacterial overgrowth. Bacterial counts of gram negatives in mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, kidney and heart were measured to evaluate bacterial translocation. Also, the organ weight change of liver, spleen, kidney and heart was measured. Results: Diclofenac caused the increase in intestinal permeability, intestinal adhesion, enteric bacterial numbers, bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, kidney and heart and hepatomegaly, and the decrease in numbers of stool pellet. Conclusions: Diclofenac induced gut damage, enteric bacterial overgrowth, bacterial translocation and hepatomegaly. (Intestinal Research 2006;4:45-52)

백서에서 Methotrexate에 의하여 유발된 장관장벽손상 및 장내세균전위와 중량 변화에 대한 글루타민의 효과

김은정,김정욱,Kim, Eun-Jeong,Kim, Jeong-Wook 대한약학회 2007 약학회지 Vol.51 No.1

The aim of this study was to examine whether administration of glutamine are able to prevent the methotrexate induced gut barrier damage, bacterial translocation, and weight changes. The animals with glutamine were fed with L-glutamine (1.2 and 2.4 mg/kg/day) for 7 days before methotrexate administration (20 mg/kg orally). 48 hour after methotrexate administration, intestinal permeability were measured for an assessment of the gut barrier dysfunction. Also, enteric aerobic bacterial counts, number of gram-negatives in mesenteric lymph node (MLN), liver spleen, kidney and heart were measured for an assessment of the enteric bacterial number and bacterial translocation. Amounts of food intake, body weight changes and organ weight changes of liver spleen, kidney and heart were measured. Methotrexate administration caused body and liver weight loss regardless amounts of food intakes. Methotrexate induced increasing intestinal permeability, enteric bacterial undergrowth and bacterial translocation to MLN, liver and spleen, but not kidney and heart. The supplements with glutamine reduced the intestinal permeability bacterial translocation, and not influences enteric bacterial number, and body and liver weight changes. This study suggested that glutamine might effectively reduce methotrexate induced intestinal damage and bacterial translocation, but not influence body and organ weight loss.

화상을 입은 백서에서 식이의 성분이 세균전위에 미친 영향

이광만,이경근,조지현 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 1997 圓光醫科學 Vol.13 No.1-2

Bacterial translocation means the passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to normally sterile tissues such as the mesenteric lymph nodes and other internal organs. It is now clear that translocation is increased in bums and in injury including hemorrhagic shock. Total parenteral nutrition and elemental enteral diets are thought to be associated with atrophy of the intestinal mucosa and increased translocation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the composition of nutrients effects on bacterial translocation in normal and burned rats. 54 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to 3 groups of 18 animals each. Group Ⅰ was non-burned control rats, and group Ⅱ and Ⅲ were burned rats. Rats in group Ⅱ and Ⅲ were subjected to contact dermal bum of 10% and 20% each of their body surface area. All 3 groups were re-randomized to 3 subgroups of 6 animals each; subgroup 1 fed rat chow, subgroup 2 fed elemental diet(Energen®) and subgroup 3 fed oral TPN solution. Animals were fed respective diets ad libitum for 2 weeks, and then mesenteric lymph nodes, portal vein blood, and cecal content were aseptically obtained for culture. Bacterial count in mesenteric lymph nodes(MLN) of burned rats was significantly increased than that of non-burned rats(p=0.033). In burned rats, MLN bacterial count was the highest in the rats fed oral TPN (566.1±870.5/g vs. 270.1±382.4/g in the rats fed elemental diet and 164.9±184.7/g in the rats fed chow). Cecal culture in burned rats revealed a statistically significant increase in the cecal anaerobic count in the rats fed oral TPN when compared to the rats fed chow or elemental diet(p=0.003). There was close correlation between MLN bacterial count and cecal aerobes count(r=0.843, p=0.001). In conclusion, the type of nutrients had influence on bacterial translocation in burned animals partly by increasing the cecal bacterial population.

간장 ( 肝臟 ) , 담도 ( 膽道 ) 및 췌장 ( 膵臟 ) : 백서에서 담도폐색이 장내세균의 전위에 미치는 효과

이상전(Sang Jeon Lee),김주섭(Joo Seop Kim) 대한소화기학회 1991 대한소화기학회지 Vol.23 No.3

N/A This experiment was performed to determine whether absence of bile within the intestinal tract promotes enteric bacterial translocation. Two groups of rats were studied: sham operation (n=2O) and CBD-ligated (n=30). Ten days after the operation the rats were sacrificed and the livers, mesenteric lymph nodes and a portion of ileocecum were harvested for microbiology and histopathology. The results were as follows: 1) The bilirubin levels of the CBD-ligated group were much elevated than those of the sham operation group. 2) The incidence of translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes was significatnly higher in the CBD-ligated group than that of the sham operation group, but there was no difference between the two groups in magnitude of translocation per positive mesenteric lymph node. 3) The levels of G (-) enteric bacilli in the cecum in CBD-ligated group were significantly higher than those in sham operation group, and also significantly higher in translocated group than in non-translocated group. 4) The histopathology of the terminal ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes in most translocated group showed the appearance of ileitis and reactive hyperplasia respectively, suggesting destruction of the mucosal barrier and bacterial invasion of the lymph nodes. In conclusion, biliary obstruction allows enteric bacterial overgrowth and impairment of intestinal mucosal barrier which appears to promote bacterial translocation.

Impacts of Host Immunization on the Translocation of Intestinal Bacteria and Growth Performance in Weanling Piglets

Moon, H.K.,Hanz, In K.,Gentry, J.L.,Parmentier, H.K.,Schrama, J.W. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.2

Effects of host immunization on bacterial translocation and growth performance in weanling piglets were studied. Twenty four barrows were assigned to one of two immunization treatments: Control group (CON: immunized with placebo) or Immunization group [IMMU: immunized with Antigen cocktail; Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), Ovalbumin (OA), and Tetanus toxoid (TT)]. On d0, piglets were weaned and intramuscularly immunized with 2 ml of placebo or Antigen cocktail, respectively. Antigen-specific Ig titers were determined by ELISA (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay). Ig titers to E. coli-derived lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were measured as the indicator of bacterial translocation. Ig titers to LPS were higher (p<0.10, 0.05 or 0.01) in CON group before immunization (d0), but the difference disappeared with time and IgA titers to LPS became higher (p<0.05) in IMMU group on d39. In IMMU group, IgG titers to LPS from d28 onwards showed positive correlations (p<0.10, 0.05, 0.01 or 0.001) with IgG titers to KLH from d11 onwards and with IgM titers to KLH from d7 onwards. Generally, growth performance was negatively related to IgG titers to LPS. Average daily gain for d28 to d35 showed negative correlations (p<0.10, 0.05, or 0.01) with IgG titers to LPS on d28 onwards in immunization group. These results reveal some evidences that host immunization might facilitate bacterial translocation and high humoral immune responses to LPS are negatively related with the growth performance.

비스테로이드 항염제에 의한 장내세균전위에 대한 글루타민의 효과

안지용 ( Ji Yong Ann ),김상중 ( Sang Jung Kim ),한상표 ( Sang Pyo Han ),김정욱 ( Jeong Wook Kim ),김형준 ( Hyung Joon Kim ),도재혁 ( Jae Hyuk Do ),김재규 ( Jae Gyu Kim ),장세경 ( Sae Kyung Chang ),전우규 ( Woo Kyu Jeon ) 대한소화기학회 2004 대한소화기학회지 Vol.44 No.5

Background/Aims: NSAIDs induce gut damage throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract and bacterial translocation. The aim of this study was to examine if administration of glutamine was able to prevent the NSAID-induced gut damages and bacterial translo

Safety Evaluation of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei LC-01,a Probiotic Bacterium

Hao Zhang,Yu Wang,Jing Sun,Zirui Guo,Huiyuan Guo,Fazheng Ren 한국미생물학회 2013 The journal of microbiology Vol.51 No.5

The safety of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei LC-01was evaluated for its use as a potential probiotic. In our in vitro study, the antibiotic resistance and the ability to produce biogenic amine were determined. The results showed that the strain was sensitive to all tested antibiotics and did not produce biogenic amine except for tyramine. The oral toxicity of this strain was evaluated in Balb/C mice. One hundred mice were divided into 10 groups. Four groups were administered 0, 108, 109, or 1010 CFU/mouse per day dissolved in saline solution respectively, for 28 days. Three groups were injected intraperitoneally with 109 CFU/mouse dissolved in saline solution, and were killed 2, 5, and 10 days after injection. The last 3 groups were injected with the vehicle as controls respectively. The results showed that oral administration of the strain had no adverse effects on mouse body weight and that there was no treatment-associated bacterial translocation. Intraperitoneal administration caused a significant translocation to liver, spleen and kidney. However,this translocation did not cause illness or death throughout the experiment. The results suggest that L. paracasei subsp. paracasei LC-01 is likely to be safe for human consumption.

백서에서 비스테로이드성 항염제에 의한 장관 손상과 장내세균전위에 대한 마스틱의 예방효과

허채 ( Chae Heo ),김석원 ( Suk Won Kim ),김광진 ( Kwang Jin Kim ),김대원 ( Dae Won Kim ),김형준 ( Hyung Joon Kim ),도재혁 ( Jae Hyuk Do ),장세경 ( Sae Kyung Chang ) 대한내과학회 2006 대한내과학회지 Vol.71 No.4

Background: NSAIDs induce gut damage and bacterial translocation throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present study was to examine whether mastic, a natural resinous exudate obtained from the Pistacia lentiscus treetrees, can reduce diclofenac induce gut damage and bacterial translocation in rats. Methods: 32 SD rats were divided into four groups; a control group, diclofenac group, diclofenac with 0.3 cc/kg mastic group and diclofenac with 1.0 cc/kg mastic group. Mastic oils were administered 3 hours before diclofenac administration (100 mg/kg orally ×2 days). Intestinal permeability, enteric aerobic bacterial counts in the distal ileum and cecum, intestinal adhesion, lipid peroxidation of distal ileum, and bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, kidney and heart were measured, respectively Results: Diclofenac caused marked increase in intestinal permeability, enteric bacterial numbers in distal ileum and cecum, intestinal adhesion, lipid peroxidation of the distal ileum, and bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, kidney and heart of which event were reduced with Mostic coadminist. Howere mastic oil showed significant profect effects in 1.0 cc/kg dose. Conclusions: Mastic was proven to have beneficial effects on preventing NSAID induced gut injury and bacterial translocation in a rat model.(Korean J Med 71:354-361, 2006)

간경변증에서 세균감염의 병태생리

전대원 대한간학회 2012 간학회 싱글토픽 심포지움 Vol.2012 No.2

Bacterial infection is common in chronic liver disease. Numerous mechanisms caused immune dysfunction include impairment of macrophage Fcγ-receptor-mediated clearance of bacteria, decreased neutrophil phagocytic activity, decreased complement system activity, increased shunting of blood, and increased intestinal permeability. Interestingly cirrhotic patients showed more excessive pro-inflammatory response than in those without. This bacterial induced ``cytokine storm`` cause excessive anti-inflammatory response syndrome. It contributes to sepsis related organ failure and immune dysfunction. The possible etiology of increased intestinal permeability in liver cirrhosis is known as intestinal hypomotility and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Although the exact mechanism by bacterial translocation develop in cirrhotic patients is unknown, increased intestinal permeability may promote bacterial translocation (BT). BT was defined as the invasion of indigenous intestinal bacteria through the gut mucosa into normal sterile tissue for example intestinal lymph node, peripheral blood, ascites, and etc. BT acts infection source of infectious disease in cirrhotic patients especially in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

Bovine Colostrum Prevents Bacterial Translocation in an Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion-Injured Rat Model

Han Sung Choi,정경희,이승철,임성빈,Joo-Ho Chung,김윤화,정주호,홍훈표,Young Gwan Ko,김철호,장기효,Soon Ah Kang 한국식품영양과학회 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.1

This study evaluated whether or not bovine colostrum (BC) is able to treat or prevent intestinal barrier damage, bacterial translocation, and the related systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in an intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-injured rat model. Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The rats' intestinal I/R injuries were induced by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 30 minutes. After 3 hours of reperfusion and then twice daily reclamping during the experiment, the experimental group was given BC (4 mL/kg/day) perorally, and the other groups received 0.9% saline and low fat milk (LFM) after intestinal I/R injury. Seventy-two hours later we assessed (1) intestinal damage and intestinal permeability, (2) enteric bacterial count and bacterial translocation, (3) serum albumin, protein, and hepatic enzyme levels, (4) pathologic findings of ileum and lung, (5) activity of oxygen-free radical species, and (6) pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β). Intestinal damage, intestinal permeability, and bacterial translocation to other organs were significantly reduced in rats fed with BC after I/R when compared to rats fed LFM/saline after I/R (P < .05). In the evaluation of acute lung injury, neutrophils were found only in the lungs of the saline-fed group after I/R, and the wet/dry ratio of the lung tissue was significantly reduced in the BC-fed group after I/R compared to other I/R groups. A marked difference was found between LFM/saline-fed groups and BC-fed groups regarding malondialdehyde (P < .05) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (P < .01). In conclusion, BC may have beneficial effects in treating and preventing intestinal barrier damage, bacterial translocation and the related SIRS and MODS in the intestinal I/R-injured rat model.