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밀랍을 이용한 금속활자의 대량주조법과 주형토의 물리적 특성에 대한 실험연구
이승철 한국서지학회 2007 서지학연구 Vol.37 No.-
This study, following the previous research on the test for the soil of mold in lost-wax casting method (published in June 2006), analyzed the method of mass production for casting metal movable types using beeswax and the physical characteristics of casting materials.It is too early to argue that the method of lost-wax casting is successfully restored, even though we find the casting materials. For instance, there are some questions to be answered regarding how much beeswax was required, and whether it is indeed economical to make types using beeswax. Even though the beeswax was easily available and used commonly for casting in those days, the huge amount of beeswax could have been needed for casting tens or dozens of thousands letters. Moreover, we have to find out the way for casting more movable metal types simultaneously rather than the casting method as presented in the previous experiments.In order to make the conditions of casting the types more objective, theorize the findings, and build the data more practically, all the conditions of the experiments such as the process of extracting beeswax and its required quantities, the quantity of types to be cast at once, the form of molds, and the physical characteristics of casting materials etc. are recorded and analyzed in this experiment.The conditions of this experiment are as follows: ① Letter types: more than 100 letters selected from Jikji ② Materials for making the mother letters & type-setting: natural beeswax ③ Mold materials: clay mixed with soft stone + yellow clay + sand ④ Metal materials: mixture-materials with bronze, tartar, lead ⑤ Used fuel: charcoal & boneblack ⑥ Experimental temperature and humidity: 20-30℃/40-70% ⑦ Place of experiment: Goesan-gun, Yeonpung-myeon. 본 연구는 이미 발표된 <밀랍주조법의 주물토에 관한 실험연구>(이승철, 서지학회, 2006.6.)에 이은 후속 실험연구로 밀랍을 이용한 금속활자의 대량주조 방법과 주형재료에 대한 물리적 특성을 분석한 것이다. 주형재료를 찾아낸 것만으로 밀랍주조법의 성공과 복원을 설명하기엔 아직 이르다. 예를 들면, 밀랍을 이용해 활자를 만들 때 밀랍의 소요량 정도와 그것이 과연 경제적이었냐 하는 것에 대한 문제를 생각해 볼 수 있다. 당시 밀랍을 쉽게 구할 수 있고 밀랍을 이용한 주물이 일반적이었다 하더라도 수만에서 수십만 자를 주조하기 위해 사용된 밀랍의 양은 엄청났을 것으로 추정되기 때문이다. 또한 책을 찍어내는 데 필요한 수십만 자의 활자를 주조하려면 기왕의 실험에서 제시한 주조법보다는 한 번에 더 많은 수의 활자를 주조할 수 있는 방법도 찾아져야 한다. 본 실험에서는 밀랍을 이용한 활자주조 조건을 보다 객관적이고 실제적으로 이론 및 자료화하기 위하여 밀랍추출 과정과 추출 및 소요량, 한 번에 주조 가능한 활자의 수량과 주형의 형태, 주형재료의 물리적 특성 등 각각의 조건들을 실험 과정별로 정리하고 분석한 것이다. 실험 환경과 조건은 다음과 같다.: ① 글자본: 직지에서 선정한 100여 字 ② 어미자 및 조판재료: 천연밀랍 ③ 주형재료: 석비레(이암)+황토+모래 ④ 금속재료: 청동, 주석, 납 등을 혼합한 母合金 ⑤ 사용연료: 숯 및 돌탄(곡수) ⑥ 실험온도 및 습도: 20-30℃/40-70% ⑦ 실험장소: 괴산군 연풍(임인호 작업실).
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Non-Fullerene Electron Transporting Material for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
이승철,허진혁,권오필,임상혁 한국공업화학회 2018 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2018 No.0
For highly efficient and thermally stable inverted-type perovskite solar cells, we have developed non-fullerene electron transporting material (ETM) based on the aromatic N-substituted naphthalene-diimide(NDI) semiconductor. The NDI-PM ETM, (N,N'-Bis(phenylmethyl)naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic diimide, exhibit comparable electron mobility and solubility compared to the fullerene based-PCBM ETM. Moreover, highly pure NDI-PM is cheaply synthesized by simple condensation reaction. The inverted-type perovskite solar cells with NDI-PM ETM were fabricated, i.e., glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite (MAPbI<sub>3</sub> or FAPbI<sub>3-x</sub>Br<sub>x</sub>)/NDI-PM/Al. The NDI-PM based-perovskite solar cells exhibit up to ~19.1 % power conversion efficiency (η) under forward scan condition and ~19.6 % η under reverse scan condition. Moreover, the perovskite solar cell with NDI-PM ETM retains almost an initial efficiency after 100 min heat-treatment at 90 °C.
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이승철,허진혁,권오필,임상혁 한국공업화학회 2017 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2017 No.1
We introduced an aromatic substituted naphthalene-diimide derivative (NDI) as an electron transport layer for efficient and stable invertedtype perovskite solar cells. The NDI-PM, (N,N'-Bis(phenylmethyl) naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic diimide, have comparable electron mobility and solubility compared to the conventional PCBM. Moreover, NDI-PM with high purity is more cheaply synthesized than PCBM by a condensation reaction. The inverted-type perovskite solar cells with NDI-PM ETL were fabricated, i.e., glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite (MAPbI3 or FAPbI3-xBrx)/NDI-PM/Al. As-fabricated perovskite solar cells exhibit 18.0 % power conversion efficiency (η) under forward scan condition and 18.4 % η under reverse scan condition. In addition, the NDI-PM based solar cell maintain an almost initial efficiency after 100 min heat-treatment.
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High-Performance Non-Fullerene based Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
이승철,정수교,허진혁,권오필,임상혁 한국공업화학회 2018 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2018 No.0
We report high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with nonfullerene electron transporting material (ETM). The non-fullerene electron transporting material NDI-ID (N,N'-Bis(1-indanyl)naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic diimide) consist of a naphthalene diimide core and an N-substituted indane group. This NDI-ID is synthesized by simple one-step reaction and facile purification method. The NDI-ID ETM based invert-type PSCs exhibit very high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 20.2%, which is higher than that of PCBM ETM based PSCs. Moreover, NDI-ID-based PSCs retaini 90% of their initial PCE after 500 h at 100 °C with 1 sun illumination without encapsulation.
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Fabrication of Tin(IV) Oxide Film by Sol-gel Method
이승철,이재호,김영환,Lee Seung-Chul,Lee Jae-Ho,Kim Young-Hwan The Korean Electrochemical Society 2000 한국전기화학회지 Vol.3 No.1
Transparent conducting tin (IV) oxide thin films have been studied and developed for the electrode materials of solar cell substrate. Fabrication of tin oxide thin films by sol-gel method is process development of lower cost photovoltaic solar cell system. The research is focused on the establishment of process conditions and development of precursor. The precursor solution was made of tin isopropoxide dissolved in isopropyl alcohol. The hydrolysis rate was controlled by addition of triethanolamine. Dip and spin coating technique were applied to coat tin oxide on borosilicate glass. The resistivity of the thin film was lower than 0.01-cm and the transmittance is higher than $90\%$ in a visible range.
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