공황장애 환자의 성격요인과 방어기제의 특성에 관한 연구

심진현,백상빈,신영철,오강섭,노경선,이시형 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.6

연구목적: 본 연구는 공황장애 환자들을 대상으로 성격요인과 방어기제 검사를 실시하였으며 우울 및 사회기능 정도를 측정하여 상관관계를 알아보았다. 방 법: 1997년 9월부터 1998년 8월까지 환자들중 공황장애로 진단된 35명을 대상으로 성격요인검사(Sixteen Personality Questionnaire 한국판) 및 방어기제검사(이화방어기제검사)를 시행하여 스텐점수(1-10)화 하였고, 우울증척도(Beck Depressive Inventory 한국판) 및 사회기능장애척도(Sheehan Disability 한국판)를 시행하였다. 결 과: 1) 개별항목 (1) 성격요인과 방어기제의 척도별 평균점수에서 정상보다 높거나(8점이상) 낮은(3점이하) 척도는 없었다. (2) 성격요인중 불안감이 높았고 자아강도, 신중성, 사변성은 낮은 점수를 보였다. (3) 방어기제중 신체화, 행동화의 점수가 높았고 유우머, 억제, 이타주의, 회피, 합리화는 낮은 점수를 보였다. (4) BDI의 평균점수는 18.25±9.97이었다. (5) SDS의 평균점수는 업무항목 4.88±3.11. 사회활동/오락활동항목 4.57±2.92였다. 2) 상관관계 (1) 성별간 비교에서 성격요인은 사변성, 죄책감을 방어기제는 허세, 부정, 수동공격, 투사를 남성 이 높게 보였다(p<0.05). (2) 연령증가는 성격요인중 낮은지능과 방어기제는 예견, 해리와 상관을 허세와 역상관을 보였다(p<0.05). (3) BDI 점수는 성격요인중 지능도, 자아강도, 도덕성, 죄책감, 통제력, 불안감등과 방어기 제중 해리, 신체화등과 유의미한 상관관계를 나타냈다(p<0.05). (4) 사회기능장애척도의 업무항목은 성격요인중 죄책감, 진보성, 불안감, 도덕성과 방어기제의 신 체화, 투사등과 유의미한 상관이 있었고, 사회/오락활동항목은 성격요인의 죄책감, 불안감과 방어기제중 허세, 투사 등과 유의미한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 3) BDI와 사회기능장애척도의 업무항목간에는 유의미한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 결 론: 공황장애 환자는 성격요인검사상 불안감이 높고 자아강도, 신중성, 사변성은 낮게 나타 났으며, 신체화 등의 신경증적 방어기제를 주로 사용하는 반면 유우머, 억제, 이타주의, 회피, 합리화의 방어기제는 적게 사용하는 것으로 나타났다. 증상의 강도와 관련이 있는 우울증상은 업무활동에 영향을 미쳐 이와 관련된 중등도의 사회기능의 장애를 초래하고 있는 것으로 보인다. Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of personality factor and defense mechanism and relationship with depression and disability. Methods : Study subjects consisted of 35 panic disorder patients diagnosed with the criteria of DSM-Ⅳ. Data were collected through Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, Ehwa Diagnostic Test of Defense Mechanism, Beck Depression Inventory and Sheehan Disability Scale. Statistics employed for the analyses were Pearson correlation and independent sample t-test. Results : In personality factors and defense mechanisms, there were no definitely abnormal range of scores. But, among personality factors, tension/anxiety factor scored high and unstableness/stableness, shyness/boldness and praxernia/atunia were in low range of score. In defense mechanism, somatization and acting-out scored high and humor, suppression, altruism, avoidance and rationalization scored low. The mean BDI score was 18.25±9.97. The mean score of SDS were 4.88±3.11 in work category and 4.57±2.92 in social/leasure category. Male patients were significantly correlated with guit-proneness and atuia in personality factor and passive-aggressiveness, projection, denial and show-off in defense mechanism, compared with female patients(p<0.05). The patients` age was correlated with low intelligence in persolity factor and dissociation and anticipation in defense mechanism. It was negatively correlated with show-off(p<0.05). The BDI score was correlated with low intelligence, superego, unstableness, self-conflict, high superego and atunia in personality factor and dissociation and somatization in defense mechanism(p<0.05). There was a significant relationship between BDI score and SDS work category(p<0.05). Conclusions: Panic disorder patients show high score of tension/anxiety factor and they frequently use neurotic defense style like somatization. The depressive symptom, which depends on symptom severity, appears to have influence on work category and to cause social disability.

농업용수 수질기준의 문제점 및 개선대책 : 외국사례와의 비교를 통해

김진호,이종식,정구복,윤순강,고문환,심재천,권순국 한국국제농업개발학회 2003 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.15 No.3

우리나라 농업용수 수질기준과 다른 국가 또는 농업관련 국제기구의 수질기준에 대한 비교분석을 통해 우리나라 농업용수 수질기준의 문제점 도출과 해결방안을 모색코자 본 연구를 수행하게 되었으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 우리나라 농업용수 수질기준은 관개용수 수질기준이 아니고, 수원보호측면의 수질기준이라 할 수 있다. 2. 우리나라 수질기준중 유기물지표가 하천과 호소에 따라 BOD와 COD로 이원화되어 있고, 특히 COD의 경우 산화제로 KMnO4를 사용함으로써 효과적인 유기물지표로 활용할 수 없는 실정이다. 농업용수로의 활용측면에서는 K₂Cr₂O_(7)을 이용한 COD를 기준으로 도입하는 것이 유기물 분해능 및 수중의 유기물지표로 활용하고 있는 국제적 데이터 일치를 위해서도 타당하다. 3. 우리나라 농업용수 수질기준은 캐나다와 FAO에서 제시하고 있는 염류에 대한 기준은 거의 없는 실정이다. 또한 양이온에 대한 기준도 없다. 염류의 기준이 모든 이온 존재의 가능성을 의미하므로, 실험치 및 외국문헌에 의한 1.0dS/m수준을 한계농도로 선정해야 한다. 4. FAO와 캐나다에서 사용하고 있는 축산용수에 대한 수질기준이 없다. 5. 관개용 농업용수가 농업(작물)에 미칠 수 있는 영향을 평가하기 위해서는 수원별로 수질기준이 다른 것이 큰 모순이다. 따라서 관계부처에서는 부처간의 이해를 떠난 수질기준을 설정해야 한다. 6. 우리나라 농업용수 수질기준의 모순점을 극복하기 위해서는 농업의 안전성확보측면 위해 관개용수 수질기준과 축산용수 수질기준을 조속히 제정해야 할 것이다. Present problems and possible solutions on the Water Quality Standards for Agriculture in Korea, were identified in the study. Because the Ministry of Environment made the laws and standards without consulting the agri-scientists, among others, the water quality standards formulated were not suitable standards of FAO, Japan, Canada, and the likes. The BOD and COD are the organic materials indicators. In case of rivers, BOD are set for the indicator. And at reservoirs. COD are set. Especially. COD was analysed using KMnO₄It is not suitable oxidizing agent for COD. Because the oxidic capacity is very low. So, in most developed country, K₂Cr₂O_(7) is usually used to analyze COD. And the salts and cations are not belonged to the Korean Water Quality Standards for Agriculture. The water quality standards for agriculture have big differences among lakes, rivers and groundwater. To apply different standards by resources to evaluate the relationship between water and crops is conflicting. So, to overcome the these problems, the suitable water quality standards for irrigation and livestock should be set.

한의진단명과 진단요건의 표준화 연구 III : 3차년도 연구결과 보고

최선미,양기상,최승훈,박경모,박종현,심범상,김성우,노석선,이인선,정진홍,이진용,김달래,임형호,김윤범,박성식,송태원,김종우,이승기,최윤정,신순식 한국한의학연구원 1997 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.3 No.1

The diagnostic requirements were suggested and explained regarding the systems of differentiation of symptoms and signs in the third year study of standardization and unification of the terms and conditions used for diagnosis in oriental medicine. The systems were as follows : - analyzing and differentiating of epidemic febrile disease - analyzing and differentiating in accordance with the Sasang constitution medicine based on four-type recognition - differentiation of disease according to pathological changes of Chong and Ren channels - standards for diagnosis of women's disease - standards for diagnosis of children's disease - standards for diagnosis of motor and sensor disturbance (-muscle. born, joint, etc.) - standards for diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disease - standards for diagnosis of five sense organ disease - standards for diagnosis of external disease The indivisual diagnosis pattern was arranged by the diagnostic requirements in the following order : another name, notion of diagnosis pattern, index of differentiation of symptoms and signs, the main point of diagnosis, analysis of diagnosis pattern, discrimination of diagnosis pattern, prognosis, a way of curing a disease, prescription, herbs in common use, disease appearing the diagnosis pattern, documents. The standards for diagnosis of each disease was arranged by the diagnostic requirements in the following order : another name, notion of disease, the main point of diagnosis, analyzing and differentiating of disease, analysis of disease, discrimination of disease, prognosis, a way of curing and prescription of disease, disease in western medicine appearing the disease in oriental medicine, documents.

정신재활 치료가 정신분열병 환자의 재발율, 입원횟수, 입원일수 그리고 치료 경비에 미치는 효과 : 2년 추적조사 연구

조진석,공지현,김진원,심경순,하준선,김철권,강동호,장정희,변원탄 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.5

목 적 : 사회기술훈련, 환자교육, 가족교육, 집단치료, 예술치료, 작업치료와 같은 포괄적인 정신재활 치료를 약물치료와 병행할 경우 약물치료만 시행할 때에 비해 정신분열병 환자의 재발율, 입원횟수, 입원일수, 직접 치료경비 등에 어떤 효과가 있는 지를 알아보기 위함이다. 연구방법 : 1993년 9월부터 1995년 2월까지 양산 신경정신병원의 폐쇄병동에서 퇴원한 20∼35세 사이의 정신분열병 환자 173명을 대상으로 46명에게는 6개월동안 정신재활 치료를 시행하였고 127명에게는 통상적인 외래치료만 시행한 후 연구시작 시점을 포함하여 2년동안 양군에 속한 환자들을 대상으로 재발율, 입원횟수, 입원일수, 직접 치료경비 등을 1년 단위로 추적 조사하였으며, 연구시작 시점을 기준으로 전과 후의 매년 평균 입원횟수, 입원일수, 직접 치료경비도 서로 비교하였다. 결 과 : 정신재활 치료를 약물치료와 병행할 경우 약물치료만 시행할 때에 비해 재발율, 입원횟수, 입원일수, 직접 치료비용이 현저히 감소되었다. 그리고 정신재활 치료를 받은 군에서는 치료 전에 비해 치료 후에 재발율, 입원횟수, 입원일수, 직접 치료비용이 유의하게 감소하였지만 통상적인 외래치료만 받은 군에서는 치료 전과 후간에 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았다. 결 론 : 정신분열병 환자들에게 정신재활 치료를 약물치료와 병행할 경우 약물치료만 시행할 때에 비해 환자의 임상적 경과를 호전시킬 뿐 아니라 가족의 경제적 부담도 줄일 수 있다. Objective : We evaluated the clinical efficacy of a comprehensive psychiatric rehabilitation of schizophrenia, including family psychoeducation, patient education, social skills training, group psychotherapy, art therapy, and occupational therapy. Method : From September 1993 to February 1995, 173 chronic schizophrenics who met DSM-IV criteria and were discharged from a locked ward were assigned into the psychiatric rehabilitation service group(psychiatric rehabilitation group, n=46) or the customary out-patient service group(out-patient group, n=127) prospectively, but not randomly. Assignment was based on preferences of patients and their relatives, Each subject included in the psychiatric rehabilitation group received twice weekly patient education, social skills training, family psychoeducation, group psychotherapy, art therapy, occupational therapy and maintenance chemotherapy during a 6-month period. Those in the out-patient group received individual supportive psychotherapy and maintenance chemotherapy according to their clinical needs for 10-20 minutes once per week. After entry into the study, all subjects were assessed for the number of readmission, days of hospitalization, and the direct treatment costs through the first and second year of follow-ups. These outcome variables were also compared pre-and post-2 years at the time point of entry into the study. Aftercare chemotherapy on a weekly to monthly basis continued for the remainder of the two year follow-up period. Results : With regard to the mean number of hospital admissions per year, the mean days of hospitalization per year, and the direct treatment costs per year, the psychiatric rehabilitation group had significantly decreased all clinical outcomes 2 years after compared with before receiving psychiatric rehabilitation. But there were no significant differences in the all clinical outcomes between before and after study intake in the out-patient group. For the number of relapse regardless of drug compliance, 4 patients(9%) during first year and 14 patients(30%) during second year were relapsed in the 46 subjects of the psychiatric rehabilitation group. In contrast, 75 patients(59%) during first year and 90 patients (71%) during second year relapsed in the out-patient group. When considering the effect of drug noncompliance to relapse, 4(9%) and 14 patients(30%) were relapsed while on medication respectively during the first and second year in the 46 of the psychiatric rehabilitation group, vs. 27(34%) of 79 patients on medication during the first year and 31(46%) of 68 patients on medication during the second year were relapsed in the out-patient group. Conclusions : These results indicate that the comprehensive psychiatric rehabilitation can be useful therapeutic intervention both to improve the clinical outcomes of schizophrenic patients and to reduce the economical burden of their relatives.

신이식 환자에서 EBV감염과 관련된 악성 임파종 2예

윤선애,진동찬,김용수,신완식,윤영석,방병기,최영진,심상인,고용복 大韓移植學會 1993 Korean Journal of Transplantation Vol.7 No.1

생활환경온도와 착의량이 기초대사에 미치는 영향

李元子,沈揆男,金鎭先,朴承順 복식문화학회 2000 服飾文化硏究 Vol.8 No.3

This study investigated the relation between seasonal variation of total clothing weight, room, outdoor temperature and basal metabolic rate in man. The basal metabolic rate and total clothing weight, room temperature was determined seasonal for a period of two years and grouped four seasons. Subjects (adults volunteers) who live in seoul and mokpo were compose 120 subjects The results were obtained as follows. Seasonal outdoor temperature was difference of seoul and. mokpo. But room temperature in apartments was a little difference than private house. Total-clothing weight is showed seasonal variations at the seoul, private house than at the mokpo, apartment.. The basal metabolic rate is suggested there in gender difference in the basal metabolic rate (P〈.001). The basal metabolic rate increased gradually with the peak of winter sespectively and deceased again todward summer. The difference of between basal metabolic rate in summer and winter was significant room temperature, of seoul and private house, and light total clothing weight

Escherichia coli 패혈증 환자에 합병된 대칭적 하지 말단 괴사증 1예

남해성,유진홍,권순석,민준기,조현선,박민경,심병주,남유정,이지인,김진수,길욱현,조근종,신완식 대한감염학회 2005 감염과 화학요법 Vol.37 No.6

We have encountered a rare case of symmetrical peripheral gangrene complicating Escherichia coli sepsis in a 47-years-old male. He was successfully treated with antibiotics, anticoagulants, and vasodilator. To our knowledge, this is the first report on symmetrical peripheral gangrene complicating E. coli sepsis in Korea.

위암과 식도암이 병발된 다발성 원발성 악성종양 1예

박사영,이나영,이효진,이선영,최진혁,이순남,심강섭,성순희,한운섭 梨花女子大學校 醫科大學 醫科學硏究所 1996 EMJ (Ewha medical journal) Vol.19 No.3

Multiple primary cancer means that more that two cancers occur independently in an individual. Recently, the incidence of multiple primary cancer has increased with lengthened survival, of cancer patients, development of new diagnostic technique and increased clinical evaluation. We report a patient who had adenocarcinoma of stomach combined with squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus simultaneously.

Isolation and Identification of Flavonoids from Gujeolcho (Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum) as Inhibitor of Histamine Release

Shim, Sun-Yup,Kang, Hye-Sook,Sun, Hyeon-Jin,Lee, Young-Ju,Park, Jeong-Ro,Chun, Soon-Sil,Song, Young-Hwan,Byun, Dae-Seok 한국식품과학회 2012 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.21 No.2

In an ongoing search of compounds from natural sources that exhibit anti-allergic properties, 3 flavonoids were isolated from the ethyl acetatefraction of methanol extracts of gujeolcho (Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum), with guided histamine release inhibitory effects. The isolated compounds were identified as eriodictyol-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucuronide, 5,7-dihydroxy-4-chromene, and 6-methoxyluteolin based on spectroscopic evidences including NMR and MS spectra. These results suggest that gujeolcho extracts and 3 compounds would be candidates as therapeutic or preventive agents for allergic reaction.

Isolation of Flavonoids from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum as Inhibitor of Histamine Release

Sun-Yup Shim,Hye-Sook Kang,Hyeon-Jin Sun,Jeong-Ro Park,Soon-Sil Chun,Young-Hwan Song,Dae-Seok Byun 한국식품영양과학회 2011 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2011 No.10