혜강 최한기의 기학(氣學)에 나타난 통공역사론(通功易事論) 연구

구자익 ( Ja Ik Ku ) 한국철학사연구회 2016 한국 철학논집 Vol.0 No.48

혜강 최한기의 사상적 특징은 자연과 인간의 소통 관계를 해명하는 것이다. 또한 사회의 발전 논리를 기의 운동성에서 찾고, 그 논리적 구도를 재조직하여 사회적 발전 구도를 만드는 것이다. 곧 기의 본질적 특성인 형질성과 운동성을 자연의 전형 및 합리성으로 삼아 인간 사회의 합리성과 변화를 해명하는 것이다. 나아가 자연에 기초한 사회 발전의 논리를 확대하여 사회적 건전성의 조건이 무엇인지를 탐색한다. 그는 유가의 전통적 경세론에 기초하여 이 질문에 답한다. 그것은 기의 객관성과 운동성에 기초한 사무론의 전개이다. 그리고 다양한 사무에서 발생하는 사회적 이익을 소통시키는 논리의 제시이다. 곧 운화개념에 기초한 통공역사(通功易事)의 논리를 제시한 것이다. 통공역사는 사회적 재화의 소통, 즉 사회적 부의 분배 문제에 귀결되고, 사회적 공공성을 실현하는 논리가 된다. 이것은 현대 사회의 사회복지 및 사회정의에 연결시킬 수 있다. 이 점에서 우리는 사회적 재화의 소통에 따른 사회적 건전성의 확보와 사회 구성원의 행복을 말할 수 있다. 그리고 다양한 사회 구성원이 공존할 수 있는 근거를 말할 수 있다. Philosophical feature of Hye-Kang Choe, Han-Kee is to explain interaction between human beings and nature. It is also to find the logic of society development, reorganize the logical composition and establish the way of developing society. That is, it means to explain reasonability and change of society by taking plasticity and mobility, which are the basic features, as the type and reasonability of nature. Furthermore, magnifying the principle of society development based on the type of nature, he ponders about what would be the conditions of social soundness. He, based on the traditional administration theory (經世論), answers this question. That is the development of office affair theory(事務論) on the ground of mobility and objectivity of Kee and suggestion of the logic that flows social benefits generated from different office work. So, it is a suggestion of Tong-kong-i-sa based on the concept of carrying stuff(運化槪念). Tong-kong-yeok-sa(通功易事) is flow of goods, which means it is related to the problem of dividing wealth and is the logic to make social the common good come true. This can be related to social justice and social welfare of the modern society. Here we can speak about securing social soundness by the flow of goods, and the happiness of the members of the society. We can also explain the evidence of how all different kinds of members can coexist.

혜강(惠岡) 최한기(崔漢綺)의 경사론(經史論)

구자익 ( Ku Ja-ik ) 충남대학교 유학연구소 2020 유학연구 Vol.52 No.-

In Confucianism, interpreting the views of scriptures and history is a manifestation of academic authority. Studying scriptures and history is important for Confucian scholars. It constitutes a Confucian world, internalizes ethical consciousness, and is the basis of discipline. It expresses the ethical order of the cause, and is the universal value that Confucianism seeks. Since studying scriptures and history is the premise of completing virtue, living depending on what they studied is the completion of their studies. The view of studying scriptures and history changes with the times. It is also natural that the interpretation becomes diverse. The late Joseon Dynasty is a border point of change. The main content of this paper is to reconstruct Choi Han-ki's view of scriptures and history. The late Joseon Dynasty was influenced by Chinese studies. And it was a time when Western civilization encroached on the East. He perceived academic value as a succession to tradition. He wanted to establish the value in the present and to convey the value to the future. He believed that he should study scriptures and history to complete this virtue. He recognized the scriptures and history as the subject of practical science. His views on scriptures and history are scattered in his writings. The theories of scriptures and history are contained in Somo (素謨), Tonggyungseo (通經序), and Seungsunsamu (承順事務). He recognized scriptures and history as subjects of study. It is an important task to reconstruct scriptures and history to get to know his fundamental consciousness. He recognized the scriptures as the holy scriptures, and history as the status of scriptures. He proposed a new method of reading to inherit the values contained in scriptures and history. His theory of scriptures and history revealed his willingness to inherit traditional learning, showing his academic attitude to renew tradition.

내암 정인홍의 보민(保民)사상 고찰

구자익 ( Ku Ja-ik ) 충남대학교 유학연구소 2024 유학연구 Vol.68 No.0

This thesis studies the thought of Protecting People (保民), a Confucian value that NaeAm Jung In-Hong (來庵鄭仁弘) aimed for. Jung In-Hong is a person who has been historically distorted since King In-jo's rebellion. Therefore, his thoughts and life were denied historically. For that reason, there are not many of his writings left to this day. Nevertheless, until recently, his writings that have been excavated and translated are appearing one after another. This study denied the historical distortion of NaeAm Jung In-Hong and examined the Confucian ideal world that Jung In-Hong pursued. I think that the thought of Protecting People is the ideological purpose of NaeAm Jung In-Hong. So, I reconstructed the contents of his thought of Protecting People. First of all, I researched the background of the formation of the thought of Protecting People. In particular, his thoughts ideologically inherit the values of the ‘Min-bon (民本)' in Seogyeong (書經) and Mengzi (孟子). However, the characteristic of Jung In-Hong's thought of Protecting People was affected by his teacher, NamMyung Jo-Sik (南冥曺植). The ideas of 'Min-Bon' of NamMyung Jo-Sik became the ideological basis of Jung In-Hong. The Jing (敬) and Yi (義) taught by NamMyung Jo-Sik ruled in the consciousness of NaeAm Jung In-Hong. And NaeAm Jung In-Hong became a major political force in the GwangHaeGun (光海君) era. However, due to the In-jo's rebellion, NaeAm Jung In-Hong was historically denigrated, and the original ideological contents of NaeAm Jung In-Hong could not be found. As a result, the political collapse of NaeAm Jung In-Hong and the collapse of NamMyung School began at the same time. This historical background made it impossible to properly evaluate NaeAm Jung In-Hong. This study opposed the historical denigration of NaeAm Jung In-Hong and considered him as a Confucian thinker and a Confucian politician.

쇠비름 초음파 에탄올 추출물의 항노화 및 항산화 활성

구자익 ( Ja Ik Ku ),공미란 ( Mi Ran Kong ),이양숙 ( Yang Suk Lee ) 대한미용학회 2015 대한미용학회지 Vol.11 No.2

The anti-aging and antioxidative activity of 80% ethanolic extracts from Portulaca oleracea, as well as any useful matter content, assessed using ultrasonification extraction methods (UE40; 40.C, UE60; 60.C) were investigated. The soluble protein, flavonoid, and polyphenol compound contents of UE40 were 165.49 mg/g, 34.24 mg/g, and 43.73 mg/g, respectively. Additionally the reducing sugar contents were higher in UE60 (292.38 mg/g). The elastase and collagenase inhibition rates at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL were both approximately 50% in UE40, and were 42.36% and 18.95%, respectively, in UE 60. The tyrosinase inhibition activities of UE40 and UE60 did not differ significantly. The xanthine oxidase inhibition rates were in the following order: ascorbic acid (64.10%)>UE40 (53.33%)>UE60 (43.63%) at a concentration 2.0 mg/mL. However, UE40 and the control (ascorbic acid) did not differ significantly at a concentration under 1.0 mg/mL. Regarding 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability, UE40 demonstrated a higher level than ascorbic acid. Both the superoxide dismutase-like activity and nitrite scavenging ability of UE60 were higher than those observed for UE40. These results suggested that the ultrasonification ethanolic extract from P. oleracea may be considered as a potential resource for the development of functional cosmetic materials.

혜강 최한기 氣學에 나타난 깨달음의 의미

구자익(Ku, ja-ik) 한국동양철학회 2014 동양철학 Vol.0 No.41

The purpose of this research is to investigate problems of realization in of Hyegang Choi Han-kee’s “science of gi”. Until now, general evaluation of“science of gi” has been approaching “science of gi” from an angle of pratical learning. In other words, there were lots of aspects discussed by focusing on administrational aspects while basic premise of “science of gi”was objectivity such as experiences and science. Those discussions generalized the opinion about “science of gi”. Therefore, “science of gi”couldn't display a discussion about the field of realization as academic practice and the ultimate stage. Authentic truth that a person studying realization of “science of gi” is to realize that he/she and the world are one(一體) with universe. “Science of gi” explains essences of human, an existence of divine spirit, and intends to live a life aiming at academic studying method and realization. A person obtaining the realization can be a well-versed person (氣通人). 본 연구의 목적은 혜강 최한기의 기학에 나타난 깨달음의 문제를 규명하는 것이다. 지금까지 기학에 대한 일반적 평가는 실학의 측면에서 이루어졌다. 즉 기학의 대전제를 경험과 증험의 객관성, 그리고 경세(經世)에 둔 논의가 많았다. 이러한 논의들은 기학의 성격을 일반화하는데 유효했다. 하지만 대비적으로 깨달음의 문제와 같은 주관적 영역에 대한 논의는 활발하지 못했다. 현재까지 깨달음의 문제에 대한 기학적 논의는 활발하게 전개되고 있지 않다. 기학을 공부하는 사람은 신기(神氣)가 자신의 존재적 본질임을 인식하고 우주와 하나임(一體)을 체인(體認)하면서 사회적 삶을 살아가는 자이다. 곧 우주적 질서를 자신에게서 발견하고 사회적 삶에 연장하여 소통하는 자이다. 이러한 깨달음을 얻은 사람을 기통인(氣通人)이라 할 수 있다.

혜강 최한기의 시대인식과 경세론

구자익 ( Ja Ik Ku ) 온지학회 2013 온지논총 Vol.- No.34

This paper focused on the theory of Wickedness Expulsion which had not been studied in the precedent studies. The ideology of Choi Han-Ki was analyzed in terms of the structure in theory of Wickedness Expulsion on the basis of consciousness of crisis not the openness. However, it does not mean that the ideology of Hye Kang is not the theory of Wickedness Expulsion itself. The suggestion of such point of discussion resides in the time period when Choi Han-Ki had lived. They were the Opium War, appearance of Western ships in China and the armed clash at that time. The academic view point of Choi Han-Ki was formed at the moment of crashing with the Western. The study of Choi Han-Ki thickened its philosophical nature as it went to the second half of his work. At the same time, the social consciousness of crisis (Consciousness of crisis against the western) had been appeared in tension. In addition, Choi Han-Ki modified his time consciousness properly to the situation of the times according to the theory of pneumatics, in result, he suggested the theory on the social crisis.

The Insect Pollinators of Cypripedium japonicum Thunb., the Endangered Orchid in South Korea

Jong Woo Nam,Ja Jung Ku,Ik Je Choi,Young Min Shin,Shin Young Park,Myung Ho Kim,Jung Hun Pee,Sung Won Son,IL-Kwon Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2014 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.10

Insect pollinators of the endanger orchid Cypripedium japonicum were surveyed and identified during two years, as a part of a conservation project of the orchid at Jukyeup-san and Hwaak-san (Mt.), South Korea. In total 40 individuals of 16 species in 4 families were identified. The dominant family was Halictidae, and Lasioglossum exiliceps Vachal visited the most frequently C. japonicum during the surveys. The average visiting frequency was 2.5 individuals per hour and the highest 4.3, from 12:00 – 13:00 in a day. After 15:00 insects did not visit the flowers at all. However, all of the visiting insects were found to not carry a pollinium or pollens of the orchard on their bodies; pollen carryover by any of the visiting insects did not occur at all. The orchid seems to require certain pollinators in particular body thickness due to its unique pollination mechanism. The orchid has two exit route openings, around 1 cm in diametre, where the entrapped insects can exit and an anther is situated just in front of each opening. It was inferred that a pollen carrier should be around 1 cm in body thickness. Therefore, the candidate species as the proper pollen carriers can be Tetralonia nipponensis Perez, Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith and Bombus consobrinus Dahlbom among the surveyed visitors.

765kV선로 사고에 대한 부하차단한계량 산정방법에 관한 연구

백자현(Ja-Hyun Baek),유제호(Je-Ho Yoo),허진(Jin Hur),구본희(Bon-Hui Ku),차준민(Jun-Min Cha),강부일(Bu-Il Kang),이익종(Ik-Jong Lee) 대한전기학회 2014 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.7

Effect of Growing Soil on Medicinal Crop Container Growth and Yield

Cheol Ku Youn(윤철구),Ki Hyun Kim(김기현),Kyung Ja Lee(이경자),Ik Je Kim(김익제),Seong Taek Hong(홍성택),Young Guk Kim(김영국) 한국약용작물학회 2019 한국약용작물학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2019 No.1

Physiological Activities of Extracts from Portulaca oleracea

Mi Ran Kong,Ja Ik Ku,Eun Young Joo,Yang Suk Lee 한국식품영양과학회 2014 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2014 No.10