장애인 인권관련 규범에 대한 헌법적 고찰

조경진 경북대학교 법학전문대학원 2015 국내박사

(Abstract) If anyone born to human rights and human rights issues that result in the grant of the human rights of all people in life are guaranteed in the Constitution which can not be an exception also persons with disabilities. If the human being as human rights that ought to belong, fundamental rights are rights that can be regarded as finally being recognized as a right provided for in the Constitution. Modern human rights were also referred to only freedom. Today, however, political rights, social rights, such as has been recognized in the form of a variety of human rights. This shows that the domestic and international human rights law and the various regional human rights treaties extend the universality of human rights. Disability-related human rights at domestic and international with the expansion of human rights norms and regulations are provisions for ensuring the human rights of people with disabilities, but it is practically difficult, discrimination against persons with disabilities is also a reality that exists. For those non-discrimination and human rights of people with disabilities in order to ensure the effectiveness of human rights norms, in the interpretation and application need to organically linked, and it is necessary to stipulate their own rules regarding the content of human rights of persons with disabilities. In addition to the foundation for the full realization of social participation and equality of persons with disabilities it is need to maintain human rights norms of persons with disabilities and be recognized as equal members of society. we also should take a human rights approach with disabilities through application to relevant international human rights norms in domestic legal of disability and the enactment and amendment of the Local Government Act. The fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution to be applied to anyone with disabilities, We shall ensure the effectiveness of the human rights of people with disabilities through the analysis of relevant norms of human rights norms.

사채관리회사 제도의 운영과 개선방안

정원용 경북대학교 법학전문대학원 2024 국내박사

In order for a company to raise a large amount of funds through the issuance of corporate bonds and to raise the necessary funds in a timely manner, investors must first have confidence in the corporate bonds based on the perception that corporate bondholders are effectively protected. Korea has made significant progress in protecting corporate bondholders by revising the Commercial Act in 2011, revising the regulations on issuance of corporate bonds, and introducing the corporate bond management company system. The purpose of the corporate bond management company system is primarily to protect corporate bondholders, but ultimately, it is intended to increase the possibility of companies raising funds through corporate bonds. However, the corporate bond management company system introduced to protect corporate creditors contains various problems and does not play its role in protecting corporate creditors properly. in order to solve this problem, we will conclude by summarizing the improvement tasks and solutions for the corporate bond management company system under the Commercial Act that we have looked at so far. First, the appointment of a corporate bond management company must be enforced by commercial law. Also, in cases where it is deemed necessary to issue bonds over a certain amount or in other cases, establishing arbitrary provisions as an exception would be a good way to solve the cost problem. In addition, while enforcing the appointment of a bond management company, the right to appoint a bond management company must be separated from the bond issuing company to an agency other than the bond issuing company. Second, the adequacy of the corporate bond management company must be secured. The standards for the human organization and physical facilities necessary to perform corporate bond management work must be established in detail by law, and the corporate bond management fee must be changed to a statutory fee system that applies rates according to credit rating and period. In addition, under commercial law, it is necessary to regulate a corporate bond issuing company from becoming a corporate bond management company if a conflict of interest arises between banks and securities companies that have loans. In addition, it may be necessary for financial institutions appointed as corporate bond management companies to introduce the Chinese Wall to prevent conflicts of interest from occurring in advance. Third, the discretionary actions of corporate bond management companies should be expanded, and financial special contracts should be stipulated in detail like those in the United States and their reality should be ensured. In other words, the bond management company must be able to declare loss of term profits at its discretion and quickly secure the rights of bond holders. As can be seen from foreign cases, financial special provisions need to be diversified like those in the United States and Japan. Additionally, there is a need to enact model regulations on financial special contracts, and the management entity for the enacted model regulations must be designated and systematically managed in accordance with reality. Fourth, because the obligations of the corporate bond management company are general and abstract, it is not easy to determine whether there is a violation of duty in the exercise of the corporate bond management company's authority, and there is a problem of lack of predictability. Therefore, it is necessary to specify the standards and contents of the debt management company's duty of good faith. And since the bond principal and interest reimbursed by the bond management company were received for the benefit of bondholders, there should be no real difference from the trust property managed by the bond management company for bondholders. Lastly, with regard to the bondholder meeting system convened by bond management companies, the procedures for bondholders to exercise their rights should be simplified. In other words, the requirements for requesting to convene a meeting of bondholders must be relaxed and the complicated deposit procedures required when participating in a meeting must be simplified. Regarding debt restructuring, realistically, it can be considered to maintain the existence of the bond issuing company to increase the effectiveness of the bankruptcy procedure, and to introduce as a legal regulation a reduction in principal and interest, which can be a method of increasing the profits of bondholders. In addition, the efficiency of bondholder meetings must be realized by adjusting the types of bonds. In this study, we looked into the current status of the corporate bond market and the corporate bond management company system introduced in the Commercial Act to effectively protect corporate bondholders, and reviewed various methods to identify problems and improvement measures. At this point in time when foreign corporate bonds and Korean corporate bonds are traded together, I think that in order to activate the issuance of corporate bonds as a means of raising funds for companies, various issues related to the corporate bond management company system need to be reviewed and continued improvement. We hope that the issuance of corporate bonds will play an important role as a financing channel for the company through the operation and improvement of the corporate bond management company system.

해상운송인의 책임에 관한 비교법적 고찰 : 중국법과 한국법을 중심으로

Gao, Hui 경북대학교 법학전문대학원 2016 국내박사

세계경제가 나날이 발전함에 따라 국제무역은 개별 국가들의 경제 발전을 촉진하고, 국제관계를 조절하는 중요한 수단이 되어 왔다. 그리고 여전히 해상운송은 국제무역에 있어 중요한 운송 수단으로 자리매김하고 있다. 해상화물 운송업의 발전에 따라 새로운 형태의 이익단체가 등장하였는데, 이러한 이익단체의 출현은 해상운송의 발전을 촉진하기도 하였다. 하지만 운송과 관련한 책임과 의무가 더욱 상세하게 확정되면서, 운송인의 책임과 의무의 부담이 더욱 복잡해진 결과 문제점도 나타나고 있다. 운송인은 해상화물운송의 전 과정에서 유일하게 처음과 끝까지의 책임주체라는 점이다. 해상화물운송계약에서 개별 주체의 권리와 의무에 관한 법률 관계를 파악하려면, 먼저 운송인을 중심으로 고찰해야 할 필요성이 있었다. 이러한 측면에서 운송인에 대한 법적 연구가 절실하고 중요하다고 본다. 본 논문의 연구범위는 해상화물운송계약 과정에서 발생하는 운송인의 책임을 논하고, 이에 따른 운송인에 대한 책임부담의 원칙, 책임의 범위, 기간, 제한에 대하여 비교법적으로 검토하고자 한다. 해상화물운송에 대한 국제 조약은 크게 4가지로 요약되는데, 헤이그 규칙, 헤이그 비스비 규칙, 함부르크 규칙, 그리고 로테르담 규칙이다. 이러한 규칙들은 연혁적으로는 시간의 순서대로 발생하였고, 각각의 이익 단체의 권리와 의무에 대한 태도도 “각유천추(各有千秋)”이기도 하며, 운송인의 엄격책임에 관한 태도도 상이하게 나타난다. 예를 들면, 책임원칙에 대하여 헤이그 규칙은 불완전과실책임원칙을 취하고 있는데, 함부르크 규칙은 완전과실책임원칙을 취하고 있으며, 헤이그 규칙에 비하여 현저하게 운송인의 책임을 확대시켰다. 그리고 로테르담 규칙은 헤이그 규칙과 함부르크 규칙을 결합한 혼합책임원칙을 취하고 있는 것이다. 또한 단위손해배상제한에 관하여는 헤이그 규칙은 포장당 혹인 단위당 100파운드라고 규정하였고, 비스비 규칙은 배상한도액을 포장당 혹은 단위당10000 골드 프랑 혹은 중량의 킬로당30 골드 프랑이며, 양자 중에 더 높은 수액으로 계산한다고 규정한다. 함부르크 규칙은 배상한도액을 포장당 혹은 단위당 835SDR, 또한 킬로당 2.5SDR으로 제고하였고, 로테르담 규칙은 875SDR 혹은 3SDR로 규정한다. 요컨대, 시대적 상황과 경제 발전에 따라 단위손해배상한도액도 계속해서 증가되고 있다. 중국과 한국은 중요한 무역 동반이고 양국 간의 해상화물운송도 매우 많다. 양국은 무역을 통한 이익과 상호 교류를 위하여, 해상화물운송에 대해 입법적으로 많은 노력을 하고 있다. 중국은 해상화물운송을 조정하는 법률이 주로 해상법이고, 한국은 해상화물운송을 조정하는 법률이 상법의 제5편 해상에 편재하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국제조약의 규정을 소개하며, 중국법과 상법에서 해상화물운송에 관한 운송인 규정을 분석하고, 차이점과 공통점을 분석하기로 한다. 결론에서는 양국의 현실과 향후 예상되는 쟁점에 관하여 합리적 견해를 제시하고, 해상화물운송 중 선화 양쪽의 이익을 조화롭게 배분하여 상거래를 촉진하는데 도움이 되고자 한다. 논문의 목차는 7장으로 나뉘어 있다. 제1장은 서론이고, 논문을 쓰는 배경과 의의, 연구방법을 소개한다. 제2장은 해상운송인의 책임에 관하여 일반론적 연구를 검토한다. 해상운송인이 손해배상책임, 해상운송에 관련되는 4개 국제조약, 한국과 중국의 해상운송인에 대한 법률규정, 그리고 화주측에게 불이익변경 금지에 대해 살펴보는 것이다. 제3장은 운송인의 책임 주체를 고찰한다. 먼저 해상운송계약 상 운송인과 관련되는 개념을 살펴보며, 운송인이라는 개념에 대해 보다 상세하게 분석하기로 한다. 세부 주제로는 국제조약, 영국과 미국법, 중국법, 한국법에서 해상운송인의 의의에 대해 구분하여 효과 및 문제점을 분석한다. 제4장은 해상운송인의 책임 원칙에 대해 분석한다. 해상운송인의 책임 원칙에 관하여는 일반적 학설을 소개하고, 책임의 기초와 귀책사유를 구분하여 검토한다. 그리고 엄격 책임제, 불완전 책임제, 완전책임제 또한 혼합책임제를 분석한다. 아울러 국제조약, 중국법, 한국법과 비교하면서 각각의 특징과 차이점을 찾아 그에 따른 효과를 비교법적 관점에서 논의한다. 제5장은 해상운송 중에서 특별한 운송인에 대한 책임제한제도를 분석하는 것이다. 책임기간, 면책사유, 단위책임제한, 그리고 책임의 소멸을 나누어 소개한다. 국제조약, 한국과 중국의 법률을 분별적으로 살펴보면서, 절차의 정합성과 거래에 관한 효율성에 관하여 견해를 밝히기로 한다. 제6장은 해상운송인의 책임에 관한 책임배제조항의 검토이다. 손해의 통지와 제소기간으로 분설하였다. 국제조약과 중국법과 한국법을 비교하여 검토하는 것이다. 제7장은 결론에 해당한다. 본론의 소결을 토대로 해상운송계약상 운송인의 책임제도를 개관하며, 중국과 한국의 양 제도를 비교하여 운송인의 책임에 대한 법률의 차이점과 문제를 해결하며, 한국과 중국의 제도에 관하여 입법적, 해석론적 견해를 제시하도록 한다。 The study of Comparative Law on the Liability of the Carrier in the Carriage of the Sea -Chinese Law and Korean Law- GAO HUI Department of Law Law School, Kyungpook National University Daegu, Korea (Supervised by Professor Jung Hyung Jin) (Abstract) With the development of world economy globalization, international trade has become an important means to promote economic development and adjust the international relations. At present, sea transport is still the main means of transport in international trade. With the rapid development of international transport of goods, there has been a new form of interest groups, the emergence of the new groups of interests, not only to promote the development of international carriage of goods by sea, some degree of breakdown of the more responsibilities and obligations, but on the other hand, also make the goods by sea transport bear the responsibility and obligation to lose more complex, the problem will continue. The carrier is the only one in the contract of carriage of goods by sea. To sort out the rights and obligations of each subject in the international contract of carriage of goods by sea, it is necessary to carry out around the carrier. Therefore, the study of the carrier itself is particularly important. This paper studies the responsibility of the carrier of the international carriage of goods by sea, and analyzes and studies the principle of liability, the scope of liability, the period of liability, and the limitation of liability. At present, there are 4 international conventions regulating the international carriage of goods by sea, named Hague Rules, Hague Visby Rules, Hamburg Rules and Rotterdam Rules. These international conventions under the different background of the times, for various interest groups of the rights and obligations of the focus is different for the strict degree of liability of the carrier is different. For example, in the principle of liability, Hague Rules and Hague Visby Rules Using is "responsibility" principle, Hamburg Rules is "full responsibility" principle, and Hague Rules significantly larger compared to the liability of the carrier, and the Rotterdam Rules is combination of Hague Rules and Hamburg Rules "mixed the principle of the responsibility." The unit damage compensation restrictions, Hague Rules the compensation limit in, 100 pounds per package or unit, Wes than rules will compensate to increase the limit as per or per unit of 10000 francs, or damage the weight per kilogram 30 gold francs, with higher amount is calculated as the standard, the Hamburg Rules once again raise the per package or unit 835SDR or per kilogram 2.5SDR, with both a high calculation, the Rotterdam Rules is per package or unit 875SDR or per kilogram of 3SDR high amount for the calculation of the standard. In short, with the passage of time, the development of the economy, the unit damage compensation limit is also in constant improvement. As an important trade partner, China and South Korea, maritime transport of goods is very frequent between two countries. At the same time, both for contributing to the country's foreign trade development, concerning the international carriage of goods by sea, in the domestic legislation made their own efforts. China to adjust the carriage of goods by sea law mainly from maritime law, South Korea to change the carriage of goods by sea legal basic income in maritime law. This paper will refer to the provisions of the international convention, to analyze and compare the provisions of Chinese laws of the Republic of Korea on the carrier in the carriage of goods by sea, and find out the differences, and put forward reasonable suggestions according to both reality and envision the future situation. With more balance and protection of international marine cargo transportation ship and cargo interests. This paper is divided into 7 chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which explains the background and significance, methods and scope of this paper. The second chapter is studying about carrier of the international carriage of goods by sea on the general sense. In the contract of carriage by sea of a party shipper centers around the analysis of the derivatives, and related concepts; and to describe the regulation of the carrier's liability in international maritime transportation conventions, China Maritime Law and commercial law in Korean maritime article; contract of carriage of goods by sea of prohibited is not conducive to the merchant side of the principle of change of her overall analysis. The third chapter studies the main responsibility of the carrier. The carrier in the carriage of goods by sea plays an important and indispensable role, from the port of loading accept goods, goods transportation management, the goods have been delivered at the port of discharge, each link can not be missing, the carrier is only the parties of the contract of carriage of goods by sea from beginning to end to fulfill. The research on the carrier's liability system involves almost all the legal system of the carriage of goods by sea, which is particularly important for the study of the main body of the carrier. Process of carriage of goods by sea is very complex, involving the interested many people, all the concepts are different, but the carrier to a party, such as the carrier, the actual carrier, the carrier's agent, servant, etc., in the Chinese legal system also admitted that the status of NVOCC. In the cargo loss, damage, delay time, if it is not possible to determine the real responsibility subject may produce the parties not qualified and losing the right to appeal the problem, it is impossible to damage compensation, this chapter will one by one to clarify. This chapter also uses the comparison method, respectively analyzes the international convention, the Chinese law, the South Korean law system respectively, the significance of the main body of responsibility for the carriage of goods at sea. According to English law and the International Convention on the problem of identification of carrier, combined with the Chinese maritime law and commercial law in Korean maritime article, try to find out about the identification of the carrier consensus and rules and difference, to provide theoretical guidance for the judicial practice in China. The fourth chapter studies the principle of liability of the carrier. The carrier's liability principle mainly has the strict responsibility system, the complete negligence responsibility system, the incomplete fault responsibility system, as well as the mixed system. This chapter makes a comparative study of the four basic principles, and analyzes the international conventions, the Chinese law, the Korean law system, analyzes their characteristics, and finds out the similarities and differences. In this paper, the principle of responsibility is divided into two concepts: the principle of responsibility and the principle of responsibility. The fifth chapter studies the imitation of liability. Including the period of responsibility, the exemption of the subject, the unit compensation liability limit, the responsibility to eliminate and so on. In this chapter, we still use the method of comparison, each of which is based on the analysis of the international convention, the law of South Korea and Chinese law, to find out the similarities and differences, combined with the actual situation in the country, and put forward suggestions. The sixth chapter is studying the exclusion of liability. The seventh chapter is conclusion. 海运承运人责任的比较法研究 -以中韩法为中心- 高慧 庆北大学校 法律专门大学院 法学科 国际往来法专业 (指导教授 鄭馨镇) 世界经济全球化的发展,国际贸易成为各国促进经济发展,调节国际关系的重要手段。目前,海上运输仍然是国际贸易的主要运输手段。随着国际货物运输的迅猛发展,出现了新形式的利益团体,这些新的利益团体的出现,既促进了国际海上货物运输的发展,一定程度上更加细分了责任与义务,但是另一方面也使整个海上货物运输的责任与义务的承担更加的错综复杂,问题不断 。承运人是整个海上货物运输合同中, 唯一的, 自始至终得责任主体。想要理清国际海上货物运输合同中各主体的权利义务关系,必须围绕承运人进行。所以对于承运人本身的研究显得尤为重要。本文研究海上货物运输中承运人的责任,对其责任原则,责任范围,责任期间,责任限制等进行分析与研究。 目前调整国际海上货物运输的国际公约主要有4个,即海牙规则,海牙维斯比规则,汉堡规则和鹿特丹规则。这些国际公约在不同的时代背景下产生,对于各个利益团体的权利与义务的侧重也是各有千秋对于承运人的责任的严格程度也是不同。例如,在责任原则上,海牙规则和海牙维斯比规则采用的是“不完全责任原则”, 汉堡规则采用的是“完全责任原则”,与海牙规则相比明显扩大了承运人的责任, 而鹿特丹规则采用的是海牙规则与汉堡规则相结合的“混合责任原则”。对于单位损害赔偿限制,海牙规则把赔偿限制在,每件或每单位100英镑,维斯比规则将赔偿限额提高为每件或每单位10000金法郎,或损害重量每公斤30金法郎,以二者较高金额为标准计算,汉堡规则再次提高为每件或每单位835SDR,或每公斤2.5SDR,以两者中较高额计算,鹿特丹规则则以每件或每单位875SDR,或者每公斤3SDR中的较高额为计算标准。总之,随着时间的推移,经济的发展,单位损害赔偿限额也在不断提高。 中国和韩国作为重要的贸易伙伴,之间的海上货物运输十分频繁,同时两国各自为促进本国的对外贸易发展,关于国际海上货物运输,在国内立法上作出了各自的努力。中国调整海上货物运输的法律主要来自海商法, 韩国调整海上货物运输的法律基本收入在商法海商篇中。本文将参照国际公约的规定,分析比较中国韩国法律关于海上货物运输中承运人的规定,找出不同点,并结合两国的现实和未来预想的状况提出合理的建议。以更加平衡和保护国际海上货物运输中船货双方的利益。 本文共分为7章。第一章为引言部分,说明了撰写本文的背景意义,方法和范围。 第二章是关于国际海上货物运输的承运人一般意义上的考察。围绕海上运输合同中的一方当事人承运人为中心,分析由其衍生,与之相关的概念;并且对于描述调节国际海上运输承运人责任的国际公约,中国海商法和韩国商法海商篇;海上运输合同制中,禁止不利于货方一侧的变更原则进行她总体性的分析。 第三章,承运人的责任主体。承运人在海上货物运输中担当重要的,不可缺少的角色,从装货港接受货物、运输管理货物、在卸货港交付货物,每个环节都不能缺少,承运人是自始至终履行整个海上运输合同的唯一的当事人。对于承运人责任制度的研究涉及到几乎海上货物运输的全部法律制度,对于承运人主体的研究显得尤为重要。海上货物运输过程错综复杂,所涉及的利害关系人众多,各国所采用的概念也有所不同,但就承运人一方而言,如承运人、实际承运人、承运人的代理人、受雇人等,中国法律体系中还承认了无船承运人的地位。在货物发生灭失、毁损、延迟时,如果不能确定真正的责任承担主体,则可能产生当事人不合格以及丧失诉权的问题,损害赔偿也就无从谈起,本章将逐一理清。本章同样采用比较的方法,分别分析国际公约,中国法,韩国法体系下各自关于海上货物运输的责任主体的意义。参照英国法和国际公约关于承运人识别问题的做法,结合中国海商法和韩国商法海商篇,尝试找出关于承运人识别的共识和规则和区别,为两国的司法实践提供理论指导。 第四章,承运人的责任原则。承运人的归责原则主要有严格责任制,完全过失责任制,不完全过失责任制,以及混合制。本章对这四个基本原则进行比较研究,并详细分析国际公约,中国法,韩国法的相关制度,分析各自的特点,找出异同。本文把责任原则分为责任基础和归责原则两个概念,而本章主要写的是归责原则。责任基础的范围更为广泛,除了归责原则之外,还包括免责事由、责任限制、船舶适航以及迟延交付等内容,将在下面的章节中详述。 第五章,责任限制。包括责任期间、免责事由、单位赔偿责任限制、责任消灭等。本章仍采用比较的方法,每一项制度都从国际公约的分析出发,分析韩国法与中国法,找出异同,与本国实际相结合,提出建议。 第六章,责任排除。分损害通知和除斥期间两节论述。比较国际条约、中国法和韩国法进行论述。 第七章,结论。经过上面一系列的分析,对于整个海上货物运输合同中承运人的责任制度有了一定程度上的了解,横向上也对于国际公约,中国法和韩国法进行了比较,找出两国的法律缺陷和不足,提出修改建议。对于鹿特丹规则的加入与否,中国和韩国学界一直都有着不同的意见,本文结合中国韩国的实际,以及两国之间的贸易交往,提出对鹿特丹规则的意见。中国关于无船承运人的规定,目前只停留在行政性规定的范畴,应把它列入海商法中,另外此规定也值得韩国的借鉴。反思中国海商法对于迟延交付相关规定的缺陷和不足,提出把迟延交付纳入到承运人责任制度的范畴的观点,有利于承运人责任制度的构建和完善。

임금의 개념과 제도상 문제점에 관한 연구 : 근로기준법과 최저임금법을 중심으로

김상률 경북대학교 법학전문대학원 2011 국내박사

The issues involving the wages have always resulted in conflicts between the workers and employers since the workers want to be paid more while the employers want to pay less. For the worker, the wages is not only the essential means of living but also the basis for the self-realization through the social and cultural activities. The wage therefore is the most important element of conditions of the employment, and the protection of the right with regard to the wage is the essence among Acts related to the labor. In Korea, Labor Standards Act provides the basic concept of wages in its Article 2 (1) - 5 for the protection of workers. The wages in the Article means wages, in its salaries, and any other money and valuable goods an employer pays to a worker for his/her work, regardless of how such payments are termed. Based on this definition, the wages are again divided into the average wages(Labor Standard Act §2 (1) - 6) and the ordinary wages(Enforcement Decree of the Labor Standard Act §6(1)). The average wages are the basis of computing the retirement pay or the allowance during business suspension which are usually connected to the livelihood, and the ordinary wages are that of calculating allowances for the advance notice of discharge or the extended working hours. One controversial issue is with regard to interpreting Article 2 (1) - 5 which provides wages as “any other money and valuable goods an employer pays to a worker for his/her work.” The ambiguity of the provision causes the conflict between workers and employers as well as inconsistencies of the court decisions and the administrative interpretations. Taken social and legal viewpoints, the court decisions, academic theories, and foreign legislations into consideration, the concept of wages or the duty to pay wages should be set up not based on the practical provision of the labor but based on the basic relationship between a worker and an employer including the practical labor provision. That is to say, the concept shall be extended because employers bind workers under their business, which means that the employers shall pay for the established relationship between two in addition to the hours for which employees work for them. Accordingly, the definition of the wages in §2(1) - 5 of Labor Standards Act shall be changed from “any other money and valuable goods an employer pays to a worker for his/her work” into “any other money and valuable goods an employer pays to a worker for their relationship.” This enlarged concept will include all money and valuable goods arising from the working relationship other than cost-compensatory pay and pays which cannot be wages in nature. In addition, the ordinary wages which have been provided in the Enforcement Decree shall be provided in the Act. The ordinary wages include the regular pays and irregular ones. However, it is necessary to be enacted in the Act for protecting workers if a payment is regular, uniform and fixed. The suggestion for the enactment in the Act is as follows; “(1) The ordinary wages means hourly wages, daily wages, weekly wages, monthly wages, yearly wages, or contract wages which are determined to be paid periodically or fixedly(including fixed conditional pays and periodic bonuses) to a worker for his/her prescribed work or whole work by a year, regardless of how such payments are termed. The preceding does not include money and valuables which shall not be wages in nature and fluctuant wages which are paid in proportion to a worker’s achievement. (2) The specific standard for the computation of the ordinary pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be prescribed by the Presidential Decree.” It is expected that the employers would bear high labor costs if the regular and fixed pays are included in the ordinary wages. In order to minimize this side-effect, the supplement policies such as not paying for weekly day-off, adjusting the extra charge, or encouraging annual paid vacation are need to set up. The best way to resolve the controversies involving the concept of wages and the revision with regard to the ordinary wages is the overall amendment of Labor Standards Act. It is however thought that the overall amendment is not easy to be accomplished soon because workers and employers’ interest is being opposed sharply. The introduction of the report obligation system of the labor contract and the payroll book is a good alternative for protecting the weak and the vulnerable, and preventing the conflict between labor and management until amendment of the Act. In conclusion, the reestablishment of the concept of the wages, the revise of the ordinary wages, and the introduction of supplement policies to deal with related issues will result in the fair and resonable wages for what workers do for the employers, leading the just society in accordance with the constitutional value we seek.

자살의 법적 성질과 자살관여죄의 재조명

김현조 경북대학교 법학전문대학원 2011 국내박사

最近わが社会では一般人はもちろん高位公職者と学界·財界人士などいわゆる社会指導層人士の自殺も頻繁に発生している。通信媒体の発逹で従来の局地的な問題で知られなかった自殺がリアルタイムと伝わることで自殺者の絶対的な数の変化がないことにも現状が誇張されていると思うこともできるが、それこそ'自殺の時代'と呼ばれるほどその数が急増してあるということを否定することは難しく見える。このような 自殺による経済的·社会的な損失は正確な分析を通じる統計の提示がないとしても自明の事実と言うことはできるでしょう。 自殺の国家的·社会的·個人的な問題点にもかかわらず、自殺を処罰しない現行法の 態度は適切なことか、自殺関与行為の処罰の類型と程度は合理的なのかに対してより根本的 観点で検討して見ることは 時代的な要請と言うことはできる。 このような背景でこの研究は果して自殺が自己決定権の行使を通じて人間としての尊厳性を守ることはできる行為なのか、それとも絶対的な生命を侵害する犯罪行為なのかを多様な歴史的·比較法的検討を通じて見回してみた。また、現行の刑法が規定してある自殺関連の犯罪の中、特に自殺関与行為に対して刑罰を賦課することが果して 正當なのかの問題を比較法的な検討はもちろん現代の視角でもう一度振り返ってみて、自殺教唆·幇助罪の関連解釈論を批判的に検討することで自殺をめぐる行為の中で処罰しなければならない行為と処罰してはいけない行為を区別するための立法論的な解決方案を摸索しようと思った。このような点らに対する筆者の考えを纏めると次のようだ。 自殺の可罰性と自殺関与罪の処罰根拠を論究するにおいてはその前提になる自殺の概念に関する最近の論議を綜合すれば、自殺は'自由意思を持った存在である人間が自由な意思決定を通じて自身の生命を断絶する行為'と定義できるでしょう。 まず、このような自殺に関与した行為に対すいくつかの国家の処罰規定を調査して見れば、大きく二つの類型で分けることができる。ドイツのように嘱託殺人だけを処罰する場合と韓国、オーストリア、スイス、日本などのように嘱託殺人だけでなく自殺教唆·幇助も処罰する場合がある。そして承諾殺人に対して特別な減軽規定を置いていないドイツの立法と違い、嘱託殺人だけでなく承諾殺人も殺人罪の減軽類型で一緒に規定していることが韓国と日本の立法形態だ。 次に比較·検討の価値があるいくつかの国家の自殺の処罰に関する観点の変更の過程と自殺関与罪に対する制定と改正の沿革を私的な側面で簡単に調べた。 キリスト教の伝統が強いイギリスでは伝統的に自殺を謀殺の一類型で見た。また、ローマ法の影響を受けた教会法では自殺者や自殺の未遂者に宗教的な制裁が加えられただけでなく、王室の財政確保という背後の目的のために自殺者の財産が沒収になったりした。しかし、18世紀の以後に啓蒙思想と功利主義の影響によって自殺者に対する差別的と埋葬の慣習と財産の沒収制度が 廃止になる、1961年に自殺法が制定になる、自殺及び自殺の未遂は犯罪の目録で除外になったが、自殺の関与行為は相変らず 犯罪として 処罰の 対象になっている。 ドイツの場合もイギリスと同じようにキリスト教の倫理観に基礎して自殺とここに関与した行為を違法したことで思って来たが、1794年のプロイセン一般ラント法(Allgemeines Landrecht für die preussischen Staaten)で最初で自殺を 処罰する 規定を廃止した。でも、自殺の関与行為、すなわち嘱託殺人と自殺幇助を処罰する規定は相変らず置いてあった。しかし、帝国の刑法典では共犯の従属性を重視した立場で正犯の行為である自殺が処罰されなければ自殺の共犯も可罰性がないと思ってその 処罰を断念し,嘱託殺人のみを処罰する規定を置いた。最近、自己決定権を尊重する立場が目立ちながら嘱託殺人の可罰性に対する論議もあったが嘱託殺人の違法性は相変わらず維持されている。 日本の場合には元々自殺を違法で見る倫理観が存在しなかったが、割腹という悪習の廃止·断絶のために旧刑法に初めて自殺関与罪と同意殺人罪が規定になった。その後、国家主義的な思想に基礎して生命は公共の法益なので自殺行為も違法という思想が次第に拡大されたが、第2次世界大戦の以後に民主主義が発展するによって個人の権利保障が徐々に認定され始めなって、生命に対する自己決定権を認めなければならないとか自殺だけでも一種の自己決定権の行事で見なければならないという主張が展開になった。 韓国の場合、近代の以前には自殺を処罰する規定は捜してみにくい,日帝強占期に朝鮮刑事令に根拠して日本の旧刑法がそのまま継勝される嘱託·承諾殺人罪と自殺教唆·幇助罪が規定された。現行刑法の制定の以後から現在まで法定刑の改正に関する論議がただ一度あっただけ、自殺の可罰性と自殺関与罪の処罰根拠などに対する詳細な論議は捜してみにくい。 総合しようとすると、18世紀の以後には自殺は処罰されなくなったし、現在には自殺行為をそのものを法的に制裁する国家は存在しない。自殺が法的に処罰されないと言って自殺の正當性あるいは権利性が認定になるとか可罰性がないという結論が直接的に繋がれることはできるのではない。したがって自殺の正當性などに関する関連な論議を法哲学的な観点、 憲法的な観点、 刑法的な観点を中心に検討した。 法哲学的な観点で見れば、結局自分の生命を尊重しながら自然的な終期に到逹するまで維持しなければならない道徳的な義務を生ずることを否定そういえば易しくない。しかし、道徳的な義務の違反をすぐ法規範の違反で見ることあるいは法規範の規律対象で見られないのだ。また、現実で発生する幾多の自殺の中で道徳的に間違ったと非難できない場合も少なくない。人間が人格を持つと言うことは自身の思考方式と 意志によって行動できるということを意味する、このような意味で人格体である人間は自身の生命も自身の意志によって処分できると言わなければならない場合があるというのを否定しにくい。 同じ脈絡で憲法の秩序で最高の価値である人間の尊厳性を保障するためには人格権と幸福追求権で派生になる自己決定権も保障しなければならない、このような自己決定権には生命に対する決定もその対象になると思うことが妥當だ。したがって死亡の時期と方法に関する決定権、すなわち尊厳するように死ぬ権利も當然に憲法上認定になることだ見られるでしょう。 刑法的な意味で自殺の不可罰性に対しては多様な見解が提示されるあるが、自殺行為を処罰できない最大の理由はすぐ自殺を処罰する刑法の規定がないというのだ。また、自殺行為は行為者が憲法上保障になる自己決定権に期して行った処分なので尊重しなければならない、このような自分の生命に対する処分行為は刑法だけでなくその他のいかなる法規範にも処罰する規定がないので、全体の法秩序にも違背になると思うことができない適法な行為だからだ。したがって自殺は刑法的に処罰する構成要件がない行為であるだけでなく全体の法秩序の観点にも適法な行為と言える。 もう分析したところのように自殺は法哲学的·憲法的な観点で正當性と権利性が認められる、刑法的には可罰性がない行為だ。しかし、現行の刑法にはこのような自殺行為に関与した者を処罰する規定を置いてある。自殺関与行為については'教唆'または'幇助'という表現を使うあるのに、これは共犯の立法形式を取ったことだと見ることができる。問題の出発点はすぐここにある。支配的な見解である共犯従属性説によれば、正犯(自殺者)の違法行為がないのにどういうふうに共犯(自殺関与行為者)が成り立つことはできるかという問題だ。このような矛盾を解決するために主張された多様な見解は批判的に検討した結果、自殺関与罪の処罰根拠は次のような理由で捜さなければならないように見える。 生命という法益は極めて一身専属的なものであるから、このような意味で生命は他人の手に任せることができない'移転 不可能'な法益と言うことはできる。このような前提で思ったら、自殺行為において法益の主体が自己の生命という法益を自己決定権に基礎して処分したら、その行為は適法な行為と言えるが、他人がそういう自己決定権に根拠した法益の処分行為に関与した場合にはその個人的法益の抛棄の效果が他人にまで影響を及ぼすことではない。 それならどうして自殺関与罪を他人の生命を侵害した殺人罪に比べて軽く処罰するかという問題になる。自殺関与者を含んだ第三者の立場で見たら、自殺者の生命という保護法益は完全なことだが、その法益の主体が自分の法益を諦めたことなので、殺人罪とは不法の程度が違うと思うことが妥當である。このような不法性の差異を注目·尊重し被告人の利益という観点で国家が定策決定を通じて殺人罪に比べて刑を軽く規定していると解釈できるだろう。 現行の刑法に規定された嘱託·承諾殺人罪及び自殺教唆·幇助罪は外国の立法と比べて、他人の生命侵害に関して広範囲な禁止規定を置いてあるのに、このような立法は我が民族が持つ絶対的である生命の尊重思想の表現で、生命絶対保護の原則に合致になる妥當な立法ということはできる。 しかし肉体的·精神的な苦しみを堪えることができなくて生の締め切りを要求する患者らの苦しい死を免じるようにしてくれと言う呼び掛けることをそっぽを向いてはいけないだろう。生命に対する積極的な自己決定の要請らを度外視することは、一定な価値と秩序を形成しなければならない法規範が自分の役割をつくすことができない むしろ混乱だけ加重させる結果をもたらすことはできる。 このような脈絡で私たちの刑法の関連規定も変化が必要すると判断される。自殺と係わった行為に対する現行の規定方式すなわち、嘱託·承諾殺人と自殺教唆·幇助で区別する方式が正當したことか、このような犯罪に対する法定刑が適正なことか、また自殺の教唆と幇助の法定刑を等しくすることが妥當なことかに対する批判的な検討する係わった規定を改正する必要があると考えられる。 自殺者が自殺を決心するようにするという点で承諾殺人と自殺教唆が共通点がある、もう自殺を決心した者の実行行為を助けるという点では嘱託殺人と自殺幇助の類似點がある。したがって承諾殺人と自殺教唆を同じ項に一緒に規定する嘱託殺人と自殺幇助を別個の項に規定する方式が既存の規定方式より意味があるように見える。また、他人の意思に反しない生命侵害である嘱託·承諾殺人と処罰されない自殺に関与した行為である自殺教唆·幇助は故意で生命を毀損した殺人罪よりその不法の量が少ないという点と、外国の立法例と比べても刑量がすぎるほど高いという点を考慮して、法定刑の上限を殺人罪より低い'5年以下の懲役'で低める、その下限を廃止することが 妥當だと考えられる。そして'罰金刑'を選択刑で受け入れる方法もまた他の代案で 提示することはできるでしょう。

언론 중재 및 피해 구제의 헌법적 문제 : -언론중재위원회 제도를 중심으로-

이영남 경북대학교 법학전문대학원 2022 국내박사

In South Korea, victims of media report damage can apply for conciliation to the Press Arbitration Commission(hereinafter, the "Commission") in addition to filing a suit to the court to have their damage relieved in a civil procedure. The number of conciliation applications filed at the Commission in 2005~2020 has amounted to 56,408, being on the rise. Of the application types, objection reports(42.8%) recorded the highest "conciliation settlement" ratio, being followed by correction reports(40.7%), compensation for damages(34.7%), and ex post facto reports(18.0%) in the order. The withdrawal ratio was the highest in ex post facto reports(56.2%), which were followed by compensation for damages(36.8%), objection reports(33.6%), and correction reports(32.2%) in the order. Applications for compensation for damages and correction reports accounted for 51.0% and 31.8%, respectively, in civil suits(3,271) involving press disputes between 2015 and 2020. The order was reversed in conciliation applications(20,749) for the Commission, in which applications for correction reports and compensation for damages accounted for 48.4% and 33.1%, respectively. The percentage of filing a suit again after the Commission has shown a growing trend, recording 2.4% in 2013, 5.8% in 2018, and 5.7% in 2019. Decisions made by the Commission are of great importance in that decisions of "conciliation" settlement have the same effect as "judicial reconciliation" and that those of "arbitration" have the same effect as a final ruling. The present study compared and analyzed the 52 cases that received arbitrations from the Commission and sentences from the Supreme Court at the same time in 2015~2019. The results were as follows: The Commission recognized a smaller scope of "freedom of speech" than the court in 12(23.1%) of the 52 cases. In other words, while the Supreme Court dismissed the assertions of infringement by the applicants(plaintiffs), the Commission made ex officio adjustments with corrections, objections, and article revisions. In four of these cases, the Commission made arbitrations by its authority with correction or objection reports for the matters that the Supreme Court dismissed an application for by citing opinions opposite to statements of facts. In five of these cases, the Commission made ex officio adjustments with correction or objection reports whereas the Supreme Court dismissed applications for correction or objection reports by citing "The content of the application is false." In eight cases(15.4%), the applicants had their damage such as an infringement of personal rights relieved in a suit in the court based on the expanded scope of "freedom of speech" by the Commission. 17(32.7%) cases received a sentence from the court after the Commission made a non-settlement decision. Of the 52 cases, 17(32.7%) received a sentence from the court after the Commission made a non-settlement decision. The remaining 15 cases, the decision were similar between the Committee and the court's. The usage rate of the arbitration application system was so low that no arbitration applications were filed for the relief of damage by press reports at the Commission in 2019~2021. The Press Arbitration Commission is a unique system to South Korea not found in any other major nations in the world. There is a lack of institutional devices to guarantee the organizational independence and neutrality of the Commission. There are also "chilling effects" on "freedom of speech." Applications started only for a right of reply. The right of claim for correction and ex post facto reports was introduced along with a claim for damages. "Injunctions" including article deletion are implemented partially via a conciliation procedure. The regulations for clashes between freedom of speech and personal rights seem to have "chilling effects" on "freedom of speech.". There are the right functions in the current arbitration system. The right of reply system has settled down via the Press Arbitration Law. As many people apply for conciliation to the Commission in reality, it has become a solving press disputes. Claims for objection and correction reports have effects to a certain degree. In conclusion, the study made the following proposals for the revision of the Press Arbitration Law to improve the issues of the Commission: First, the Commission needs to reduce its expanded "arbitration and conciliation functions." For this, the study proposes to remove the provisions about claim for damages(Article 30), the provisions about regarding an objection to an ex officio adjustment decision as a filing a suit(Article 22, Clause 4), and the provisions about the arbitration functions of the Commission(Article 24) in the Press Arbitration Law, as well as change the name of the Commission to the "Press Conciliation Commission." Secondly, the Commission should reinforce its independence and neutrality and strengthen the procedure of checking actual facts in a conciliation process. Finally, the provisions about corrective recommendation(Article 32) should be removed to increase the fairness of the Commission. The study also proposes "addressing clashes between freedom of speech and personal rights in a norm-harmonizing manner as the purposes of Press Arbitration Law." <언론 중재 및 피해 구제의 헌법적 문제 -언론중재위원회 제도를 중심으로-> 우리 헌법 제21조 제1항은 언론의 자유를 보장하고 있다. “언론의 자유는 개인이 언론활동을 통하여 자기의 인격을 형성하는 개인적 가치인 자기실현의 수단인 동시에 정치적 의사형성에 참여하는 사회적 가치인 자기통치를 실현하는 수단”(헌재결 1999. 6. 24. 97헌마265)이라는 점에서 핵심적인 기본권이다. 그러나 언론의 자유가 사회의 민주적 기본질서의 형성에 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있다고 하더라도 절대적인 성격을 가지지는 못하고 타인의 기본권 보호를 위해서는 제한될 수밖에 없다. 우리 헌법 제21조 제4항은 이런 점을 분명히 하고 있다. 우리의 경우 언론보도와 관련해 그 대상자의 인격권, 사생활의 비밀과 자유 등과의 충돌 문제를 해결하기 위해「언론중재 및 피해구제 등에 관한 법률」(제정 2005. 1. 27. 법률 제7370호, 이하 ‘언론중재법’이라 한다)을 제정하고 반론권 등을 법제화하였다. 이에 따라 언론분쟁과 관련한 ‘대안적 분쟁해결기구’로 1981년부터 언론중재위원회가 설립돼 운영되고 있다. 이 논문에서는 언론중재위원회를 통한 조정 및 중재 현황과 언론중재제도에 대한 비판론적 고찰, 문제점 및 개선방안 순으로 살펴본 바 다음과 같았다. 2015년부터 2019년 사이 언론중재위원회를 거쳐 대법원 민사소송까지 올라간 동일한 사건 52건을 추적해 경향성을 비교하였다. 그 결과 12건(A유형)은 중재위원회가 언론의 자유를 좁게 판단한 경우였고, 8건(B유형)은 중재위원회가 언론의 자유를 넓게 본 경우였다. A유형 12건 가운데 9건은 법원은 원보도가 “의견표명”이거나 진실(true)이라는 이유로 기각한 내용인데 앞서 조정한 중재위원회는 정정보도 또는 반론보도로 직권조정결정한 사례였다. 반대로 B유형 8건의 경우는 중재위원회는 반론보도로 직권조정결정했지만, 법원은 정정보도 또는 손해배상 인용 등을 선고한 경우였다.(한편 나머지 15건은 비슷하고, 17건은 조정 불성립 후 대법원이 선고한 경우였다.) 연구 결과 다음과 같은 경향성을 확인할 수 있었다. 첫째 중재위원회는 반론보도 조정을 선호하는 경향이 있다. 둘째 불성립된 사안의 공통점은 손해배상이 청구된 사건들이다. 셋째 법원이 중재위원회보다 개별 사안에서 공익성을 조금 더 고려하는 것으로 보인다. 넷째 피해자 스스로도 손해배상 청구는 법원을 선호하고, 정정보도 청구는 중재위원회를 선호하는 경향이 있다. 언론분쟁과 관련한 민사소송과 언론중재위 조정 신청을 살펴본 결과 선호하는 청구권은 달랐다.(2015-2020) 민사소송은 손해배상 청구가 51%, 정정보도 청구가 31%인 반면, 언론중재위원회는 정정보도 청구가 48.4%, 손해배상 청구가 33.1%로 1,2위가 엇갈렸다. 중재위원회는 언론중재법 제정 이후 기존의 정정보도, 반론보도, 추후보도 청구권에 손해배상 청구권을 추가로 도입하였다. 하지만 중재위원회 차원에서도 손해배상 조정 비율은 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 청구 유형별로는 ‘조정 성립’ 비율이 높은 청구 유형은 반론보도(42.8%), 정정보도(40.7%), 손해배상(34.7%), 추후보도(18.0%) 순이며, 조정 불성립 비율은 손해배상(21.3%), 정정보도(20.3%), 반론보도(17.4%), 추후보도(4.6%) 순이다. 한편 언론중재위원회를 거친 뒤 다시 소 제기로 이어지는 비율도 2013년 2.4%, 2014년 2.4%, 2015년 2.7%, 2016년 4.7%, 2017년 4.8%, 2018년도 5.8%, 2019년 5.7%로 증가 추세이다. 법적 구속력이 중재기구인 언론중재위원회 제도는 우리의 독특한 제도이다. 비판론에 대한 검토 결과 다음과 같은 결론에 도달하였다. 비판론 중 타당성이 있는 부분은 다음과 같다. 언론중재법 및 언론중재위원회의 문제점은 절차의 공정성, 법치주의 훼손에 있다. 반론보도청구권의 남발은 객관적 제도로서의 반론보도의 의의를 훼손할 수 있다는 견해는 타당하다. 언론중재위원회의 독립성과 중립성을 담보할 수 있는 제도적 장치가 부족하다. 비교법적으로 사법부와 언론중재위원회로 해결기구가 이원화되어 있으며, 이중적인 법적 분쟁 제도라는 문제가 있다. 언론 분쟁과 관련해 언론중재위원회의 조정 대상이 초반에는 반론보도청구권만 있었지만 이후 정정보도청구권, 추후보도청구권, 손해배상 청구권으로 확대되었다. 그 결과 언론의 자유와 인격권 충돌을 규율하는 법규가 대체로 언론 자유를 구속하는 방향으로 균형추가 기울어 ‘위축효과’를 초래한 것으로 보인다. 반면 현행 중재제도는 다음과 같은 순기능도 있다. 첫째 언론중재법은 언론보도 등으로 인한 피해와 관련해 인격권 등 보호 조치를 법제화했다는 의미가 있다. 반론권제도 역시 언론기본법이 시작이지만 언론중재법을 통해 정착되었다는 의미가 있다. 둘째 언론중재위원회를 통한 조정 절차는 현실적으로 많은 사람들이 이용함으로써 언론 분쟁에 대한 사실상의 기본적인 해결 수단이 되었다고 생각된다. 언론중재법상 다양한 청구권 가운데 반론보도 및 정정보도 청구에 대해서는 어느 정도 효과가 있는 것으로 보인다. 특히 언론보도에 대응할 자원이 부족한 개인이 중재위원회를 주요한 창구로 활용하는 것으로 보인다. 2005년부터 2020년까지 조정신청 현황(38,383건) 가운데 개인이 신청한 비율이 57.3%로 높은 편이다. 40년 이상 대안적 분쟁해결기구로 자리를 잡아온 측면이 있다. 결론적으로 현행 제도 가운데 순기능은 유지하고, 문제점은 언론중재법 개정을 통해 개선하는 것이 필요하다. 이 논문에서는 제도적 운영상 문제점을 검토한 결과 다음의 내용으로 언론중재법 개정안을 제안한다. 첫재 언론중재원회는 독립성과 중립성을 담보할 수 있도록 자의적인 운영을 줄이는 쪽으로 변경한다. 둘째 조정 기능 중 손해배상 청구권은 폐지하는 것이 필요하다. 셋째 실체적 진실 확인을 위해 조정 시간을 현행 14일에서 28일로 늘리는 것을 제안한다. 또한 중재는 이용률이 극히 저조하기에 중재 규정은 삭제하는 것이 필요할 것이다. 마지막으로 조정 기구로서 공정성을 높이고 언론에 대한 위축효과를 줄이기 위해 시정권고 규정(제32조)은 삭제하고, 언론중재법의 목적(제1조)은 “언론의 자유와 공적 책무 조화”가 아니라 “언론의 자유와 개인의 인격권 등 충돌을 규범조화적으로 해결하는 것”으로 변경할 것을 제안한다.

저작권·특허권의 보호대상과 권리행사에 관한 연구

이정아 경북대학교 법학전문대학원 2018 국내박사

This thesis explores the history of copyright and patent law. Through this I tried to grasp the gist of current copyright and patent law system. The core principle of copyright and patent law applies to decide the scope of protection. The history of copyright and patent law is closely related to the scope of protection. First, I examine the historical materials to guide the path of the copyright and patent law. Then Idea/expression and creativity is the key aspects in the copyright and patent law system. Copyright law protects expression and patent law protects idea. Next, I research the current status of copyright and patent law protection and the legal theories that rightfully restrict the scope of copyright and patent law. Fair use doctrine that adopted in our copyright system with Korean American Free Trade Agreement can play much broader rule to restrict the oversized copyright owner. In patent law system the legal theory to restrict the patent owner’s right does not codified. With the result from the research from chapter 2 and 3, I applied those rules to the computer program. With the rapid technical development, our current copyright and patent law systems face new problems. The subject matters that never existed before throw difficult questions to our systems. In conclusion, more flexible approach is required to solve the problem that caused by the technical problems. The principles kept for many centuries were to promote the creative activity by rewarding the creator and balance between private right and public right. This thesis explores the history of copyright and patent law. Through this I tried to grasp the gist of current copyright and patent law system. The core principle of copyright and patent law applies to decide the scope of protection. The history of copyright and patent law is closely related to the scope of protection. First, I examine the historical materials to guide the path of the copyright and patent law. Then Idea/expression and creativity is the key aspects in the copyright and patent law system. Copyright law protects expression and patent law protects idea. Next, I research the current status of copyright and patent law protection and the legal theories that rightfully restrict the scope of copyright and patent law. Fair use doctrine that adopted in our copyright system with Korean American Free Trade Agreement can play much broader rule to restrict the oversized copyright owner. In patent law system the legal theory to restrict the patent owner’s right does not codified. With the result from the research from chapter 2 and 3, I applied those rules to the computer program. With the rapid technical development, our current copyright and patent law systems face new problems. The subject matters that never existed before throw difficult questions to our systems. In conclusion, more flexible approach is required to solve the problem that caused by the technical problems. The principles kept for many centuries were to promote the creative activity by rewarding the creator and balance between private right and public right.

간접강제 적용 확대에 관한 연구

이재민 경북대학교 법학전문대학원 2018 국내박사

If direct compulsion or alternative enforcement is impossible or ineffective, indirect compulsion can be selected as a compulsory enforcement method. However, for liabilities that direct compulsion is possible, compulsory enforcement through indirect compulsion has not been generally permitted regardless of whether or not its enforcement is specifically feasible. The reason why such compulsory enforcement is performed is that direct compulsion is more effective than indirect compulsion and that it is also suitable for respecting personality of debtors. However, it was difficult to understand why inducing debtors to perform their duties through psychological pressure, rather than performing direct compulsion for debtors, is not appropriate in respecting the personality of the debtors, and it was also doubtful whether compulsory enforcement through indirect compulsion must be strictly prohibited if indirect compulsion is more effective than direct compulsion or alternative enforcement. In order to get answers to these questions, a theory known as supplementary nature of indirect compulsion was examined from a theoretical aspect and practical aspect. First of all, when examining the theory from the theoretical aspect, whether indirect compulsion is inappropriate in respecting personality of debtors was examined. However, the theory of supplementary nature of indirect compulsion claims that indirect compulsion is not suitable for respecting personality of debtors because it puts mental pressure on debtors to do what they do not want. Therefore, supplementary nature of indirect compulsion is to protect the will of debtors who do not want to perform. However, defaults are to follow tendency, not their own rules, so these cannot be considered to be autonomous. Therefore, it is improper for law to protect these. In addition, human beings should be regarded as a purpose rather than a means, so if human beings have made mistakes, it is necessary to bring them to account for their mistakes. In this respect, allowing debtors to pay off their debts through indirect compulsion may be considered more appropriate in respecting personality of debtors than realizing the contents of bonds by the nation. Therefore, it may be regarded that in theory, the theory of supplementary nature of indirect compulsion is not proper at all. Next, the theory of complementary nature of indirect compulsion was investigated from the practical aspect. For direct compulsion, even though debtors have not paid off their debts, the creditors must identify the debtor's property in order to realize their rights, take measures to prevent the debtor from concealing their property, understand and respond to a complicated enforcement procedure, which may be always a burden. Moreover, if the nation prohibits private enforcement and monopolizes the enforcement right, the nation should at least ensure that creditors do not have to go to that trouble, but what creditors who have not realized their rights should struggle to realize them more than debtors do, goes against the notion of justice and also goes against the ideal of compulsory enforcement that is to secure effectiveness of realizing rights of creditors. The investigated results of the theoretical and practical aspect led to a conclusion that supplementary nature of indirect compulsion should be abolished. If it is so, whether this conclusion can be realized by interpretation of Civil Execution Act in Korea was first examined. However, since indirect compulsion prescribed in Article 261 of Civil Execution Act in Korea is under Chapter 3 compulsory enforcement of non-monetary bonds, the theory of supplementary nature of indirect compulsion can not be abolished by theory of interpretation so it should be solved by legislation. For abolition of supplementary nature of indirect compulsion and effective indirect compulsion, first of all, Chapter 1 General Provisions in Part 2 of Civil Execution Act should be considered, and Article 389 of Civil Code, which causes controversy in interpretation, should be deleted. Moreover, regulations that amount of indirect compulsory performance and damages are segregated from each other, and the amount of indirect compulsory performance will be vested in the government, should be stipulated. The followings are suggestions in performing indirect compulsion. The first one is to establish an institutional framework for protecting debtors and to have a post system such as provisional astreinte of France in order to adjust amount of indirect compulsory performance based on the attitude of the debtor so that the amount of indirect compulsory performance, which may be unfairly imposed, can be adjusted later and debtors are also encouraged to pay off their debts. The second one is to have regulations for jointly using enforcement methods as an institutional framework for protecting creditors. This allows creditors to use indirect compulsion method in combination with another compulsory enforcement method for realizing swift rights of creditors. Finally, this study discussed theory of legislation on limitations of indirect compulsion. There are following two major cases that indirect compulsion is not possible: 1) One case that only indirect compulsion is impossible, and 2) Another case that compulsory enforcement itself for the liabilities is impossible. One case that only indirect compulsion is impossible is when a debtor is a person with limited legal ability. If a debtor is a person with limited legal ability who does not understand indirect compulsion, indirect compulsion application must be rejected during a interrogation process. On the other hand, another case that compulsory enforcement itself is impossible, is when impossibility of performance is established and when a debtor is an object of, not a subject of personality. As for impossibility of performance, liabilities that debtors can not pay off their debts only with their will become an issue, and only if debtors have fulfilled their legal and factual efforts, impossibility of performance must be established. On the other hand, as for liabilities of creation(liabilities to create), common view is that compulsory enforcement for liabilities of creation is impossible, but it is not necessary to consider that liabilities of creation is different from other liabilities, and the claim that compulsion does not result in desired outcome has not been theoretically and substantively verified. Therefore, compulsory enforcement for it, is possible. 直接強制あるいは代替執行が不可能な場合や実効性がない場合に、間接強制という執行方法があるにもかかわらず、一般的に直接強制が可能な債務については、それが具体的に執行可能かどうかは関係なく、間接強制を通した強制執行は否定されていた。このように強制執行方法を運用している理由は、直接強制が間接強制よりも実効性のある執行方法であり、債務者の人格保護のために適合した執行方法ということである。しかし実力を通して債務者に直接的に強制することよりも、心理的にそれとなく圧迫を与えて、自分の義務を履行するようにすることが、なぜ債務者の人格保護に妥当しないか、そして直接強制や代替執行より間接強制が実効性がある場合に、間接強制を通した強制執行は厳しく否定されなければならないのかについて疑問を持った。 このような疑問に答えるために、間接強制の補充性論の理論的側面と実質的側面を考察した。まず、間接強制の補充性論の理論的側面から、間接強制が債務者の人格保護に妥当しないかについて検討した。どころが間接強制の補充性論は、間接強制が債務者に心理的圧迫をかけ、やりたくないことをさせるものなので、債務者の人格保護に妥当しないという。したがって、間接強制の補充性論は債務者の履行しない意思を保護するものである。しかし、自分の債務を履行しないのは自分が立てた準則に従わず、傾向性によるものなので、自律とは言えにくく、したがってこれを法律で保護することは妥当ではない。また、人間は手段ではなく、目的で存在しなければならないため、人間がもし間違いを起こしたら、その責任を問わなければならない。このような側面から見ると、直接強制を通して債務者が、履行せず、国家が代わりに移行することより、間接強制を通して債務者自ら直接履行するようにするのが、債務者の人格保護により妥当すると見ることができる。したがって理論的に間接強制の補充性論は全く妥当しないと見ることができる。 次に間接強制補充性論の実質的な部分を考察した。直接強制による場合、義務を履行しない人は債務者であるにもかかわらず、債務者が債務を履行していないのであれば、債権者が自分の権利を実現するために、債務者の財産は何があるのかを調べなければならないし、債務者が財産を隠さないように措置を取らなければならないし、複雑な執行の手続きを熟知して対応しなければならない負担が常にある。私的執行を禁止し、国家が執行権を独占すれば、債権者は自分の権利を履行できなかった場合、少なくとも国家は債権者に負担を与えないように努力しなければならないのにもかかわらず、権利を履行されなかった債権者がかえってその権利を確保するために債務者よりさらに努力しなければならないことは正義の観念にも反し、債権者の権利実現の実効性確保というは、強制執行の理想にも反する。 このような理論的側面と実質的側面を検討した結果、間接強制の補充性論は廃棄されなければならない結論に至る。それならこのような結論を、先に我が民事執行法解釈論で実現することができるかを考察した。が、現在の我が民事執行法上、間接強制を規定する民事執行法第261条の位置が、第3章 非金銭債権に基礎した強制執行の下位にあるため、解釈論としては間接強制の補充性論を廃棄することはできず、結局、立法的に解決しなければならない。 間接強制の補充性論を廃棄し、実効性のある間接強制になるためには、まず民事執行法の第2編、第1章の総則に移動する必要があり、解釈上、議論の余地を引き起こせる民法第389条を削除しなければならない。また間接強制金を損害賠償金と分離し、その強制金を国家に帰属させるという規定を明文化する必要がある。 次に間接強制の運用に関する提案である。第一に、債務者保護のための制度的装置を用意し、事後的にフランスの暫定的アストラントのような制度を置き、債務者の履行に対する態度によって、間接強制金を調整して、債務者履行を促すとともに不当に賦課される間接強制金を事後的に調整できるようにすることである。第二に、債権者保護のための制度的装置として、執行方法の併用についての規定をおくことである。債権者の立場から権利実現の迅速性のために、間接強制とともに、他の強制執行方法を併用して利用できるようにすることである。 最後に間接強制の限界に関する立法論である。間接強制が不可能な場合は大きく二つであり、それは間接強制のみ行うことができない場合と、強制執行そのものが不可能な債務である。間接強制のみ行えない場合は制限能力者の場合であるが、間接強制を理解できない制限能力者の場合には審問の過程で間接強制の申請を却下しなければならない。反対に、強制執行そのものが不可能な場合においては履行不能、債務者が人格の主体ではない対象となる場合がある。履行不能と関連して、債務者がその意思のみではきない債務が問題になるが、債務者が法的そして事実的努力をした場合のみ履行不能にならなければならない。一方、創造債務と関連しては、通説として創造債務は強制執行できない債務というが、創造債務を他の作爲債務と違うように見る必要はなく、強制しても願う結果が出てこないということは理論的ㆍ実質的検証を経ない主張なので、これは強制執行が可能である。

외국인 이주자의 헌법적 보호 : 노동이주자와 혼인이주자를 중심으로

박새미 경북대학교 법학전문대학원 2019 국내박사

Traditionally the phenomenon of migration has been described by a cost-benefit analysis of a sending country and the receiving country respectively. Because of migration, the sending country could lower its unemployment rate and at the same time migrant workers are able to send a remittance to their home country which increases national wealth. On the other hand, the receiving country also benefits by positive changes like solving a manpower shortage, changing age structure and population increase. However, if we approach the phenomenon of migration from only an economical perspective, it may neglect the human rights of migrants. Also, there will be a risk of a lack of respect for human rights in the process of migrants’ moving or settling. Due to this reason, the sending country may not guarantee or protect its citizens’ human rights and in the receiving country’s position it may lower migrants’ ability to contribute to the nation’s development; increasing social integration cost, et cetera. Eventually it may be an even more substantial reason that may increase social and economic cost. Furthermore, if the sending country and receiving country want total symbiosis from this migration phenomenon in the future, not only do these countries must consider the subtleties of the existing cost-benefit analysis due to the migrants’ remittance, reducing unemployment rate, creating cheap labor, population growth, et cetera; they should consider the social and economic values of migrants’ human rights, including migrants’ cultural values. The highest percentage of visas granted by categories given to foreigners coming to Korea are the ‘non-professional work(E-9) visa’, the ‘work and visit(H-2) visa’ and the ‘marriage migrant(F-6) visa’ which most of them fall under the category of “low-skilled migrant worker”. On this dissertation, I will mainly cover their constitutional issues and consideration of its improvement plans for what labor and marriage environments immigrant’s currently have. The fundamental cause of constitutional issues through current legislation that low-skilled migrant workers and marriage migrants have in common is that they ignore value of human beings and tends to only treats migrants as a means to fix all sorts of domestic problems like the population issues, economic issues, et cetera, which leads to a lack of respect for migrants’ fundamental human rights. Foreigners who wish to stay and work in Korea as low-skilled migrant workers are subject to Employment Permit System. The Employment Permit System and Work Permit System are the most typical system that supply foreign workers. The Work Permit System authorizes every migrant to a right to stay and a right to work, whereas the Employment Permit System authorizes the employer to have the right to hire foreign workers. Considering the characteristics of the Employment Permit System, low-skilled migrant workers have a very strong dependency on an employer. On this account, low-skilled migrant workers are easily at a risk of having their fundamental rights infringed upon such as the right to labor, the freedom of choosing an occupation, their right to family reunification, etc. Meanwhile, a fundamental problem of the Employment Permit System is based in its short-term rotation. Throughout the globe, short-term rotation is going down the tubes. Migrants can never be an abstract form of pure manpower, and because they are human beings who desire the reunification with their family and a stable residency status, there needs to be a concrete recognition that short-term rotation doesn't function properly in todays reality, even though its intentions in the beginning were good. Germany adopted the Employment Permit System based on short-term rotation until the middle of the 20th century. In 2005, new legislation on migration revised and practically abrogated the Employment Permit System. Korea must learn from other countries’ success and failures on the migration system by studying the success and failure of the migrant community of Korea, improving legislation for the demand and supply of foreign workers and so on. Korea must take a proactive approach to prepare for the future. Germany has transitioned to a system that now allows already existing low-skilled migrant workers who meet certain requirements the rights to stay and establish family reunification and the influx of the professional foreign workers are completely supported and encouraged. Such a study on Germany’s case can be one of the models that help Korea to seek new solutions to help and propose new legislation for foreign workers in Korea and eradicate existing non-working current legislation. Furthermore, economic migrants, including low-skilled migrants, disguise themselves as asylum seekers with the purpose of gaining the right to stay and work. So, a clear distinction between economic migrants and asylum seekers is necessary and vital. Moreover, it appears that female foreign workers have been put in far worse working conditions than their male counterparts. Once these issues are recognized, a plan for countermeasure research and improvement is necessary. A high percentage of female foreign workers work in small-scale business or home nursing which the concerning laws on labor like Act on The Employment, Etc. Of Foreign Workers, doesn't usually apply to them. For this reason, a study of understanding the current situation and an accurate observation is required to move forward. Meanwhile, concerning migrants of marriage, above all it is necessary to figure out the truth of the violation of human rights of those who are in the international marital process and a person with marital status in Korea who plans to stay in Korea to continue his or her marriage. Then, constitutional issues and improvement of the laws concerning marriage migrants should be examined. The majority of multicultural families are formed by migration of marriage, and various constitutional issues concerning immigrants by marriage eventually leads to issues for multicultural families as well. Such as the Multicultural Family Support Act, Framework Act on Treatment of Foreigners Residing in the Republic of Korea, etc., laws concerning the support and integration of multicultural family has a few of the following problems. Firstly, the laws duplicate the subject of application. Secondly, if both parties of married couple are foreigners, even though their life is entirely based in Korea, they are completely disintermediated from all sorts of support and benefits. Thirdly, compared with general immigrants, supports and benefits are still heavily weighted in favor of any foreigner in Korea who has a marital relationship with a Korean national. Compared with other groups of immigrants, immigrants by marriage have long been viewed as having a relatively more stable qualification for residency status and this group is often treated as a subject of positive preferential treatment and support policies. Moreover, among immigrants by marriage, even though male immigrants by marriage are under the identical conditions and circumstances as female immigrants by marriage, it is true that female immigrants by marriage happen to receive more pro-active interest and attention from our government’s policies. Nevertheless, immigrants by marriage increased rapidly by the 1990s, because it was a government policy to solve marital issue of older bachelors living in a rural areas. This means that perception of immigrants by marriage aren’t different from foreign workers. That is to say, current laws concerning immigrants, especially as for female immigrants by marriage, are mostly still in the stage of not considering immigrants as pure human beings, but as a means of solving domestic issues. In the process of commercialized marriage brokerage, apart from problems regarding foreign spouse’s human rights, a foreign spouse being invited to Korea by Korean nationals’ necessity and the current system which ensures foreign spouse’s residency in Korea is decided by Korean nationals are a result from seeing foreign spouses as an object of policies to promote international marriage, not as a subject of international marriage. These approaches first began as a way to solve marital issue of older bachelors living in a rural area by encouraging international marriage with neighboring Asian countries’ women. Which these countries often have less economic power than Korea. But the problem of factoring in the historical backgrounds of foreign women as a means of solving domestic issues possibly violates the terms of human rights. In other words, immigrants by marriage have always been evaluated by connections of marital relationship and nurturing relationships with Korean nationals. And in principle, if these connections fall apart, they become subjected to possibly being returned to their countries of origin. These points of views of only seeing human beings as without self-worth and value which all human beings hold and instead viewing them as the means to an end for a problem, creates an amalgamation of problems. The current policies violates human dignity by eventually invading the rights of residency status and the visitation right of immigrants by marriage. In our current legislative system, that residency status of foreign spouses depends too highly on a Korean national regardless of the fact that most immigrants by legitimate marriage tend to settle down in Korea permanently or at the very least a long period of time as the spouse of a Korean national. This system should and must be reconsidered. In addition, the guarantee of residency status of immigrants by marriage should be reinforced by expanding the requirements for simple naturalization in Nationality Act, etc. 전통적으로 이민현상은 송출국과 유입국 각각의 ‘비용-편익 분석(cost-benefit analyses)’에 의해 설명되어 왔다. 즉, 송출국은 이민을 통하여 자국의 실업률을 낮추는 한편 이민근로자들의 송금을 통해 국부를 늘리게 되고, 그 반면에 유입국은 노동력의 유입을 통해 인력난의 해소, 인구의 증가 및 연령구조의 긍정적인 변화 등 이익을 누리게 된다는 것이다. 그러나, 이와 같이 경제적인 관점에서만 이민현상을 접근할 경우 이민자의 인권을 경시하게 되어 이민자의 이주과정이나 정착 과정에서 인권에 대한 존중이 결여될 위험이 있고, 이로 인해 송출국으로서는 자국민의 인권이 제대로 보장받지 못하는 문제점을 안게 됨은 두말할 필요가 없으나, 유입국의 입장에서도 이민자가 유입국의 발전에 기여할 수 있는 능력을 저하시키고 사회통합의 비용을 증가시키는 등 결과적으로 유입국의 사회적·경제적 비용을 증가시키는 중요한 원인이 된다. 결국, 송출국과 유입국이 이민현상으로 인한 발전이득을 온전히 누리기 위해서는 이민자에 의한 송금이나 실업률의 감소, 값싼 노동력의 창출이나 인구의 증가 등 기존의 ‘비용-편익 분석’에서 중요하게 다루는 요소들뿐만 아니라, 이민자의 문화적 가치를 포함한 이민자 인권의 사회적·경제적 가치에 대하여도 반드시 논의해야만 하는 것이다. 본 논문은 국내에 유입되는 외국인의 체류유형 중 가장 많은 비중을 차지하고 있는 체류유형인 단순외국인력에 해당하는 비전문취업(E-9)과 방문취업(H-2), 그리고 결혼이민(F-6) 등을 위주로 이들이 처한 노동환경 및 결혼이민환경이 지니고 있는 헌법적 문제점과 이에 대한 개선방안에 관하여 살펴보고자 한다. 단순외국인력과 결혼이민에서 공통적으로 나타나는 현행 법제의 근본적인 헌법적 문제점은, 이민자를 단순히 인구문제, 경제문제 등 각종 국내문제를 해결할 수단으로서만 인식하는 경향으로 인해 그들의 인격적 가치를 간과한 나머지 이민자의 기본적 인권에 대한 존중이 부족하다는 점에 있다. 먼저, 우리나라에서 체류하며 근로하고자 하는 단순외국인력은 고용허가제의 적용을 받는다. 고용허가제는 노동허가제와 함께 외국인력의 수급에 관한 대표적인 제도로서, 노동허가제가 이민자 개개인에게 체류 및 근로의 권리를 부여하는 것과는 달리, 고용허가제는 사업주에게 외국인력을 고용할 수 있는 권리를 부여하는 제도라고 할 수 있다. 고용허가제의 이와 같은 특성으로 인해, 그 적용을 받는 단순외국인력은 고용주에 대한 종속성이 매우 강하며, 이 때문에 단순외국인력은 근로의 권리, 직업의 자유, 가족결합권 등 기본권이 더욱 침해되기 쉬운 환경에 놓이게 된다. 한편, 현행 고용허가제에 있어 보다 근본적인 문제는 단기순환원칙을 그 기반으로 한다는 점에 있다. 단기순환원칙은 세계적으로는 실패한 제도인바, 이민자는 결코 추상적인 형태의 순수한 노동력일 수가 없고, 가족의 결합과 안정적인 체류를 의욕하는 인간이기 때문에, 외국인력을 순수 노동력으로만 전제하고 있는 단기순환원칙은 그 취지의 타당성에도 불구하고 실제 현실에서는 제대로 작동하기 힘들다는 점을 인식할 필요가 있다. 20세기 중반 단기순환원칙을 바탕으로 한 고용허가제를 채택하였다가 2005년 신이민법을 통하여 동 원칙을 사실상 폐기하기에 이른 독일의 역사 등 우리보다 먼저 각종 이민법제의 성공과 실패를 경험한 타 국가의 사례를 통하여 우리나라의 이민사회의 성패를 미리 예측하고 외국인력 수급에 관한 법제를 개선하는 등 미래에 능동적으로 대비하여야 한다. 특히, 이미 유입된 단순외국인력의 체류 및 가족결합을 일정한 요건 하에 허용하는 한편 전문외국인력의 유입을 적극적으로 유도·장려하는 체제로 전환한 독일의 사례는 우리 외국인력 법제가 나아갈 방향을 모색하는 데 하나의 모델이 될 수 있을 것이다. 이에 덧붙여, 단순외국인력 등 경제적 이민자들이 국내 체류를 목적으로 난민을 가장하는 이른바 ‘취업형 난민’의 문제점을 인식하고 그 대응방안을 모색할 필요가 있고, 나아가 외국인근로자 중에서도 특히 열악한 지위에 처하여 있는 여성 외국인근로자의 노동환경 등에 관한 문제를 인식하고 그 개선방안에 관하여도 고민해볼 필요가 있다. 특히, 여성 외국인근로자의 경우 근로관계법령의 적용이 제외되거나 통계적인 조사가 미치지 않는 소규모 영세 사업장, 가사간병근로 등의 업종에 종사하는 비율이 높기 때문에, 여성 외국인근로자에 대한 정확한 현황의 파악이 무엇보다도 선행되어야 할 것이다. 한편, 결혼이민과 관련하여서는 국제결혼의 과정 및 그 이후의 국내 체류 과정에서 결혼이민자들이 겪고 있는 인권 침해 현실을 파악하고, 결혼이민관련 법령의 헌법적 문제점 및 개선방안에 관하여 검토할 필요가 있다. 다문화가족의 대부분은 결혼이민을 통하여 형성되므로, 결혼이민자가 겪게 되는 각종 헌법적 문제는 결국 다문화가족의 문제로 이어진다. 다문화가족지원법, 재한외국인처우기본법 등 다문화가족에 대한 지원과 사회통합에 관한 관련 법제는 그 적용대상이 중복되는 문제, 부부 쌍방이 외국인인 다문화가족의 경우에는 국내에 생활의 기반을 가지고 있더라도 각종 지원과 혜택에서 완전히 배제되는 문제, 외국인근로자 등 일반적인 이민자와 비교하였을 때 우리 국민과 혼인한 외국인배우자에 대한 혜택과 지원으로 지나치게 치우쳐 있는 문제 등을 안고 있다. 결혼이민자 집단의 경우 다른 이민자 집단에 비하여 상대적으로 더 안정적인 체류자격과 지위를 향유하는 등 보다 적극적으로 우대 및 지원 정책의 대상으로 인식되어 왔다. 더욱이 결혼이민자 중에서도 결혼이주여성은 국제결혼이라는 동일한 조건과 상황에도 불구하고 남성결혼이주자 집단에 비해 정부의 적극적인 정책적 관심을 받아온 것이 사실이다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 결혼이민 역시 그 시작이 1990년대 농촌에서 급증하기 시작한 노총각 문제를 해결하기 위한 방안으로 추진된 것이다 보니 결혼이민자에 대한 인식도 외국인근로자에 대한 인식과 크게 다르지 않은바, 즉 현행 이민관련 법제에 있어서 결혼이민자, 특히 결혼이주여성을 하나의 인격이 아니라 국내문제를 해결하기 위한 수단으로서 인식하는 단계에 머물러 있는 측면이 많다는 것이다. 상업화된 결혼중개 과정에서 외국인배우자가 겪게 되는 인권침해 문제는 차치하더라도, 내국인의 필요에 의해 외국인배우자가 국내로 초청되고, 내국인의 의사에 따라 외국인배우자의 국내체류 인정여부가 결정되는 현행의 제도는 외국인배우자를 국제결혼의 주체가 아닌 국제결혼장려정책의 객체로 바라보는 시각에 기인한다. 이러한 접근방식은 애초 우리나라의 국제결혼 붐이 시작된 배경, 즉 농촌 노총각 문제를 해결하고자 경제력이 낮은 주변 아시아국가 여성과의 혼인을 국가적으로 장려하면서 외국인여성을 국내문제 해결을 위한 수단으로 바라보았던 역사적 배경에서 비롯된 것이나, 이는 인권의 관점에서 분명 문제의 소지가 있다. 즉, 이들을 항상 혼인관계, 양육관계 등 내국인과의 연결고리를 바탕으로 하여서만 평가하고, 내국인과의 연결고리가 소멸되면 원칙적으로 본국으로 돌아갈 대상으로 바라보게 되는 것이다. 이러한 시각은 인간을 자기목적적으로 보지 않고 수단으로 대하는 것에 다름 아니고, 이는 결국 결혼이민자의 체류권, 자녀에 대한 면접교섭권 등을 침해하는 인간의 존엄에 반하는 정책 방향이라고 할 것이다. 위장결혼 등이 아니라 합법적으로 결혼이민을 한 이상 영구적이거나, 또는 적어도 매우 장기간 대한민국 국민의 배우자로서 대한민국에 정착할 생각으로 이민을 온 경우가 대부분일 것임에도, 외국인배우자의 체류자격을 지나치게 내국인배우자에게 의존하게 하는 현행 법제에 관하여 재고할 필요가 있다. 일정한 요건에 해당하는 외국인배우자에게 독자적인 체류권을 부여하고 있는 독일의 법제가 하나의 시사점이 될 수 있는바, 우리 국적법상 간이귀화 규정의 요건을 확대하는 등 결혼이민자의 체류권 보장을 강화해 나가는 방안을 적극적으로 검토해야 할 것이다.

산업단지 관리법제에 관한 연구 : 입주관리 및 사후관리를 중심으로

김차 경북대학교 법학전문대학원 2022 국내박사

Industrial complexes refer to a tract of land designated and developed according to a comprehensive plan to collectively install industrial facilities such as factories and support facilities, which are distinguished from planned sites such as "special purpose complexes" and "special zones." This paper examines the "management legislations in a narrow sense," that is, the industrial complex management regulations under the Industrial Cluster Development and Factory Establishment Act (hereafter, ICFEA), among the various industrial complex management legislations. South Korea has systematized and developed its management legislations distinct from industrial complex development legislations. The legal system on management of industrial complexes is complicated as it is dualized into the development-related legislation focused on the Industrial Sites and Development Act and the management-related legislation focused on ICFEA, thus, difficult to harmonize with each other. The industrial complex management organizations are divided into the authorized administrators that hold the authority of management decisions and management agencies that perform management tasks, therefore, are characterized by having authorized administrators as well as separate management agencies to ensure the expertise and efficiency of management. It can be understood that organizations were diversified to realize the functional self-administrations. Since management agencies are entrusted with management operations from the authorized administrators, they have the status of the authority under the Administrative Procedure Act or the Administrative Litigation Act within that scope. Management Master Plans (Master Plans for Managing Industrial Complexes) are the basis for the occupancy agreement, and it is necessary to identify their legal nature as there are no legal regulations to control it. When the management master plan is announced, it has the legal effect in combination with the ICFEA that include management guidelines. When a management agency decides to enter into an occupancy agreement according to the management master plan, it directly affects the rights and obligations of the people. It can be argued that management agencies have extensive discretion in formulation of management master plans and entering into occupancy agreements accordingly. Occupancy agreements are the important legal means of occupancy management and serve as a bridge for efficient ex post facto management. Since it is reasonable to understand the legal nature of the occupancy agreement as a contract under public law, it is necessary to recognize it as a means of realizing cooperative administration and utilize it accordingly. The fundamental reason for the need to review the legal nature of the occupancy agreement is to devise a means of judicial control over the occupancy agreement. Particularly, the unilateral decisions of management agencies on occupancy agreements require legal control, and the appropriate measures to dispute them is a rescissory action. Therefore, even though the occupancy agreement is understood as a contract under public law, it should be understood that the decision or refusal to conclude or the termination of an occupancy agreement can be contested through a rescissory action. South Korea has newly established and reorganized various ex post facto management systems in response to real estate speculation in industrial complexes. The purpose of the ex post facto management under the ICFEA is to manage modifications in occupancy agreements and establish an institutional measure that ensures a certain degree of actual occupancy status. The management of modifications in occupancy agreements is carried out as an extension of the occupancy management under the occupancy agreement by maintaining the qualifications for occupancy and fulfilling obligations of occupants. Therefore, the breach of an occupancy agreement or the non-conclusion of an occupancy modification agreement can be the reason for termination of occupancy agreement, which can result in the loss of occupancy qualifications. However, the scope of reasons for termination of the agreement should be limited as it could be applied too widely. The ICFEA designed a regulatory system that eliminates incentives for market profits as it determined the leasing of industrial sites, early deaccession of industrial sites, and partitioning of industrial sites as typical acts of real estate speculation in industrial complexes. However, the regulatory items have become excessively complex over time to adjust pluralistic and dynamic interests and secure the effectiveness of regulations, which can undermine the legal stability, the essential element of the rule of law. The biggest and direct reasons for the complexification of regulations would be the failure to precisely and clearly identify and determine the object of regulation. Also, another possible reason would be the cases where regulations cannot be properly implemented due to problems in legislative techniques. The uncertainty of regulation can lead to problems from over-regulation or under-regulation. In addition, if these regulations fall under the constituent requirements of punishment, there could even be a problem of contradiction to the principle of nulla poena sine lege. Legislations need to be reorganized to ensure the clarity of regulatory items, and in when regulatory failure emerges, it is also important to closely analyze the causes and supplement/modify the regulatory system to respond to the problem as soon as possible. Through the process, it is important to ensure that the systematic legitimacy of the regulatory system as a whole.