Changes in Flora Dynamics on the Reclaimed Tidal Flats of Kyonggi-Bay in the Mid-west Coast of Korea

Eun-Kyu Kim(김은규),Yeong-Sang Jung(정영상),Soul Chun(천소을),Young-K. Joo(주영규),Hyeung-Geun Jeong(정형근) 한국토양비료학회 2009 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.42 No.4

간척후 식생변화를 알기 위하여 우리나라 중서부 해안 간척지에서 식생분포를 조사하였다. 조사대상지는 2002년 간척된 경기만 행담간석지, 체절후 각각 7년, 9년, 18년 된 충남 석문과 대호, 경기만 행담 간척지이다. 신간척지에서 주 식생은 Suaeda japonica이었으며 다른 식생은 드물었다. 기존 간척지에서는 다양한 염생식물과 중성식물이 분포하고 있었다. 신간척지에서는 Salicornia europaea, Suaeda glauca, Suaeda japonica, 그리고 Suaeda maritime 등 4종의 염생선구종식생이 분포하고 있었다. 간척연대가 진전되면서 통성염생식물과 중성식물이 차례로 출현하고 있었다. 기존 간척지에서 다양한 통성염생식물과 중성식물이 복합하여 나타났고, 이들이 선구종염생식물보다 우점하였으며, Suaeda japonica는 출현하지 않았다. 통성염생식물과 중성식물의 다양성이 높아질수록 선구종염생식물이 감소되는 현상은 식생이 간척후 숙성에 따라 식생이 통성염생식물과 중성식물의 혼합으로 천이되는 것을 시사하고 있다. 간척초기에 신간척지에서는 외부식물의 침입에 따라 식생종의 변화가 빠르게 진행되었다. 통성염생식물과 중성식물은 간척초기에 증가하였으나 선구종염생식물의 상대적 밀도와 빈도는 통성염생식물과 중성식물보다 높았다. 간척후 3년 이후 연구에 의하면 외부식물이 선구종 염생식물이 우점하였다. 이러한 식생의 변화에도 선구종염생식물로 Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima, 그리고 Suaeda glauca, 통성염생식물로 Aster tripolium, Sonchus brachvotus, 그리고 Phragmites communis 간척지에서는 공통적인 주 염생식물으로서의 위치를 점하고 있었다. Flora distribution was surveyed in the newly reclaimed tidal flats in the west coastal area in Korea to understand changes in flora dynamics after reclamation. The surveyed reclaimed tidal flats were the newly reclaimed tidal flat in Hangdam, the mid Kyonggi Bay in 2002, and three reclaimed lands in Seukmun and Daeho, Chungnam, and Hangdam in Kyonggi Bay, of which reclamation years based on embankment were 7, 9 and 18 years, respectively. In the newly reclaimed tidal flat, the dominant flora was Suaeda japonica and other florae were rare, while various halophytes and glycophytes were distributed in the reclaimed lands. On the newly reclaimed tidal flat, four species of halophytic pioneer florae, Salicornia europaea, Suaeda glauca, Suaeda japonica, and Suaeda maritime occurred, and along with age facultative halophyte and glycophyte occurred sequently. On the reclaimed lands, the florae were more complex with various facultative halophyte and glycophyte, so these were predominated rather than pioneer halophyte, while one of pioneer halophyte that Suaeda japonica was not occurred. Increasing of various facultative halophyte and glycophyte, and decreasing of pioneer halophyte indicated that flora changed toward to increase of facultative halophyte and glycophyte by aged after reclamation. On the newly reclaimed tidal flat the ratio of flora species changed rapidly with the invasion of plant. This implied that the flora had begun to change in the early stage of reclamation. Facultative halophyte and glycophyte started to increase on the early stage of reclamation but relative density and frequency of pioneer halophyte was higher than facultative halophyte and glycophyte. According to the investigation up to 3 years after reclamation, pioneer halophyte predominated on it. Although flora changed, there were common representative halophytes among the reclaimed tidal flats: Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima, and Suaeda glauca as pioneer halophyte, Aster tripolium, Sonchus brachyotus, and Phragmites communis as facultative halophytes.

순천만 염생식물의 생육지 환경요인 변화

김하송 ( Ha Song Kim ),명현호 ( Hyeon Ho Myeong ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2014 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.26 No.4

This research traced changes in the climate and soil environment of the halophyte habitat in Suncheon Bay from April 2010 to June 2013. Soil enviornment differences of the halophyte communities in Suncheon Bay were investigated using ANOVA. The results showed that plant communities`` soil environment differed and indicated that according to the halophyte habitat the soil environment differed diversly. It was also assumed that plant habitation needed different soil environment. Moreover, if major halophyte communities and the soil environment have a significant relationship, specific changes in the soil environment induced by changes in halophyte communities can be predicted. Thus, in this sense, long-term monitoring is necessary in order to figure out the relationship between soil environment and halophyte. In addition, a regression analysis was used to identify the effects of climate on soil environment of halophyte habitat. Soil environment affected by climate were pH, OM, Sal, and EC. Sal and EC showed to be more affected by the climate(temperature, rainfall, sunshine hours, and relative humidity). The results also implied that soil environment may vary with the climate. In conclusion, the statistical analysis on environmental factors of halophyte habitat in Suncheon Bay showed that soil environment of halophyte communities was significantly correlated with climate. Thus, in order to preserve the ecosystem of coastal salt marsh, basic information on the soil environment and climate of halophyte habitat should be continuously collected in the salt marsh of Suncheon Bay.

강화도 동검도 주변 조간대 내에 서식하는 염색식물의 분광특성 분석

이윤경 ( Yoon Kyung Lee ),엄진아 ( Jin Ah Eom ),유주형 ( Joo Hyung Ryu ),원중선 ( Joong Sun Won ) 大韓遠隔探査學會 2007 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.23 No.6

칠면초는 서해안에서 쉽게 볼 수 있는 염생식물 중 하나이다. 이런 염생식물들은 유입되는 퇴적물의 고착능력을 향상시켜 해안 습지의 수직적인 발달에 영향을 준다. 또한 조간대의 탈염화가 지속적으로 진행이 되면 염생식물의 서식지는 염분이 상대적으로 높은 해안 쪽으로 나가게 된다. 이런 염생식물 서식지의 대상분포변화는 조간대의 육지화 현상을 이해할 수 있는 환경 요소가 된다. 본 연구에서는 이런 염생식물의 분광특성을 알아보기 위하여 현장조사를 통해 강화도 남단에 위치한 동검도 주변에서 염생식물인 칠면초와 갈대, 퇴적물의 반사도를 측정하였다. 이렇게 측정된 반사도에 미분을 하여 연안의 다른 식생이나 방조제 같은 인위적은 구조물과 구별이 되는 반사도 특징을 알아보았다. 그 결과 칠면초의 경우 600-650nm가 적색 반사도 피크영역이, 갈대의 경우 500-570nm가 녹색반사도 피크 영역이 존재함을 알 수 있었다. 퇴적물의 경우 클로로필에 의한 흡수대가 존재하지 않고 350-550nm까지 지속적으로 증가하고 그 스펙트럼이 칠면초나 갈대와 확연히 달라 쉽게 구별됨을 알 수 있었다. Suaeda japonica is the one of halophyte species which is widely spread in the Ganghwado tidal flat. Halophyte affects to the vertical development of wetland by enhancing the adhesion force of sediments, If demineralization of tidal flat proceeds, the colony of halophyte moves to the seaside where has relatively high salinity content. The change of halophyte zonation can be an environmental indicator to understand the landization of tidal flat. To interpret the spectral characteristics of halophyte, we measured the reflectance of suaeda japonica, reed and sediment around Donggumdo tidal flat in Ganghwado. First and second-derivation analysis was applied to these transformed spectra in order to identify which spectral ranges were distinguished with different coastal wetland vegetation and artificial structures. From the result, red reflectance peak of suaeda japonica were appeared at 600-650nm and greed reflectance peak of reed were appeared at 500-570nm. Spectra of sediments were continuously increased from 350-550nm without any absorption by chlorophyll. These reflectance were easily identified among the spectra of halophyte.

태안반도에 자생하는 염생식물의 뿌리로부터 분리한 내생 진균의 다양성

유영현 ( Young Hyun You ),이명철 ( Myung Chul Lee ),김종국 ( Jong Guk Kim ) 한국균학회 2014 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.42 No.4

Halophytes of seven species, Carex scabrifolia Steud., Limonium tetragonum Bullock, Salicornia europaea L., Suaeda glauca Bunge, Suaeda japonica Makino, Suaeda maritima Dumort., and Triglochin maritimum L. were collected from the Taean Peninsula. Thirty-seven endophytic fungi were isolated from the root of halophytes, and analyzed using the DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS). The diversity of all endophytic fungi was analyzed using diversity indices. The endophytic fungi associated with the halophytes belonged to seven orders; Eurotiales (78%), Capnodiales (5%), Hypocreales (5%), Agaricales (3%), Corticiales (3%), Glomerellales (3%), and Pleosporales (3%). At the phylum level, the endophytic fungi were composed of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. At the genus level, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Schizophyllum, Talaromyces, and Verticillium were confirmed. Among them, Penicillium was the most abundant in the roots of the halophytes. This study analyzed the distribution and diversity of endophytic fungi on halophytes in the Taean Peninsula.

Comparison of Biological Activities of Korean Halophytes

이정민,임미진,이대성,이명석,박윤경,전재혁,최은주 한국생약학회 2018 Natural Product Sciences Vol.24 No.4

Halophytes are expected to possess abundant secondary metabolites and various biological activities because of habitat in extreme environments. In this study, we collected 14 halophytes (Asparagus oligoclonos, Calystegia soldanella, Carex pumila, Chenopodium glaucum, Elymus mollis, Glehnia littoralis, Limonium tetragonum, Messerschmidia sibirica, Rosa rugosa, Salsola komarovii, Spergularia marina, Suaeda glauca, Suaeda maritima, and Vitex rotundifolia) native to Korea and compared their total polyphenol contents, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The total polyphenol contents of R. rugosa (27.28%) and L. tetragonum (13.17%) were significantly higher than those of the other 12 halophytes and L. tetragonum, R. rugosa, and M. sibirica showed significantly greater antioxidant activities than the other 11 halophytes, as determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). A. oligoclonos, E. mollis, and C. pumila showed significantly greater anti-inflammatory activities than the other 11, as determined by NO (Nitric oxide) and PGE2 (Prostaglandin E2) levels. In contrast, these three extracts had normal and low total polyphenol contents among the 14 halophytes. Consequently, the total polyphenol content in the 14 studied halophytes appeared to be related to antioxidant, but not anti-inflammatory activity levels.

Microbiome of Halophytes: Diversity and Importance for Plant Health and Productivity

Mukhtar, Salma,Malik, Kauser Abdulla,Mehnaz, Samina The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnol 2019 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.47 No.1

Saline soils comprise more than half a billion hectares worldwide. Thus, they warrant attention for their efficient, economical, and environmentally acceptable management. Halophytes are being progressively utilized for human benefits. The halophyte microbiome contributes significantly to plant performance and can provide information regarding complex ecological processes involved in the osmoregulation of halophytes. Microbial communities associated with the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and endosphere of halophytes play an important role in plant health and productivity. Members of the plant microbiome belonging to domains Archaea, Bacteria, and kingdom Fungi are involved in the osmoregulation of halophytes. Halophilic microorganisms principally use compatible solutes, such as glycine, betaine, proline, trehalose, ectoine, and glutamic acid, to survive under salinity stress conditions. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhance plant growth and help to elucidate tolerance to salinity. Detailed studies of the metabolic pathways of plants have shown that plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria contribute to plant tolerance by affecting the signaling network of plants. Phytohormones (indole-3-acetic acid and cytokinin), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase biosynthesis, exopolysaccharides, halocins, and volatile organic compounds function as signaling molecules for plants to elicit salinity stress. This review focuses on the functions of plant microbiome and on understanding how the microorganisms affect halophyte health and growth.

Illumina-based analysis of bacterial diversity related to halophytes Salicornia europaea and Sueada aralocaspica

Ying-wu Shi,Kai Lou,Chun Li,Lei Wang,Zhen-yong Zhao,Shuai Zhao,Chang-yan Tian 한국미생물학회 2015 The journal of microbiology Vol.53 No.10

We used Illumina-based 16S rRNA V3 amplicon pyrosequencing to investigate the community structure of soil bacteria from the rhizosphere surrounding Salicornia europaea, and endophytic bacteria living in Salicornia europaea plants and Sueada aralocaspica seeds growing at the Fukang Desert Ecosystem Observation and Experimental Station (FDEOES) in Xinjiang Province, China, using an Illumina genome analyzer. A total of 89.23 M effective sequences of the 16S rRNA gene V3 region were obtained from the two halophyte species. These sequences revealed a number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the halophytes. There were between 22–2,206 OTUs in the halophyte plant sample, at the 3% cutoff level, and a sequencing depth of 30,000 sequences. We identified 25 different phyla, 39 classes and 141 genera from the resulting 134,435 sequences. The most dominant phylum in all the samples was Proteobacteria (41.61%–99.26%; average, 43.30%). The other large phyla were Firmicutes (0%– 7.19%; average, 1.15%), Bacteroidetes (0%–1.64%; average, 0.44%) and Actinobacteria (0%–0.46%; average, 0.24%). This result suggested that the diversity of bacteria is abundant in the rhizosphere soil, while the diversity of bacteria was poor within Salicornia europaea plant samples. To the extent of our knowledge, this study is the first to characterize and compare the endophytic bacteria found within different halophytic plant species roots using PCR-based Illumina pyrosequencing method.

Microbiome of Halophytes: Diversity and Importance for Plant Health and Productivity

Salma Mukhtar,Kauser Abdulla Malik,Samina Mehnaz 한국미생물·생명공학회 2019 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.47 No.1

Saline soils comprise more than half a billion hectares worldwide. Thus, they warrant attention for their efficient, economical, and environmentally acceptable management. Halophytes are being progressively utilized for human benefits. The halophyte microbiome contributes significantly to plant performance and can provide information regarding complex ecological processes involved in the osmoregulation of halophytes. Microbial communities associated with the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and endosphere of halophytes play an important role in plant health and productivity. Members of the plant microbiome belonging to domains Archaea, Bacteria, and kingdom Fungi are involved in the osmoregulation of halophytes. Halophilic microorganisms principally use compatible solutes, such as glycine, betaine, proline, trehalose, ectoine, and glutamic acid, to survive under salinity stress conditions. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhance plant growth and help to elucidate tolerance to salinity. Detailed studies of the metabolic pathways of plants have shown that plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria contribute to plant tolerance by affecting the signaling network of plants. Phytohormones (indole-3-acetic acid and cytokinin), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase biosynthesis, exopolysaccharides, halocins, and volatile organic compounds function as signaling molecules for plants to elicit salinity stress. This review focuses on the functions of plant microbiome and on understanding how the microorganisms affect halophyte health and growth.

Isolation and Characterization of Expansin Genes in a Halophyte, Suaeda japonica

Soong-Taek Hwang(황숭택),Suk Kyu Kim(김석규),Jong Gil Na(나종길),Jeom Sook Lee(이점숙),Dongsu Choi(최동수) 한국생명과학회 2013 생명과학회지 Vol.23 No.2

본 연구에서는 염생식물에서는 최초로 expansin 유전자를 분리하고 특성을 분석하였다. 염생식물 중 생리활성 물질 등으로 최근 들어 관심의 대상이 되고 있는 칠면초로부터 expansin 유전자의 cDNA 3종을 분리, 합성하였다. 확보한 3종의 칠면초 expansin cDNA 염기서열 분석 및 단백질 1차 구조의 비교분석 결과 시스테인 잔기의 위치 및 배열간격과 트립토판의 위치, 그리고 활성부위의 일부로 생각되는 HFD 도메인이 잘 보존되어 있다는 점에서 이들이 α- expansin (EXPA)에 속한다는 것을 확인하였다. 다른 식물들과 칠면초의 expansin 단백질을 대상으로 계통수를 작성한 결과, 목본성인 딸기와 대추나무의 expansin과 가장 가까운 것으로 나타났다. 칠면초는 일년생 초본이지만 생육초기에는 초본성으로 자라다가 나중에 목질화되는 경향이 있다. 따라서 칠면초의 expansin이 목본 식물의 expansin과 유사한 기능을 가질 것으로 추측할 수 있다. 고염도 환경에서의 칠면초 유식물의 생육 실험결과에 따르면 실험에 사용된 NaCl 농도범위 내에서 유식물의 생장이 현저하게 억제되지 않았을 뿐만 아니라 expansin의 발현량에도 큰 변화가 없었다. 이 결과로 미루어 내염성을 가진 식물에서는 expansin과 같은 생장관련 유전자의 발현이 NaCl의 농도에 크게 영향을 받지 않으므로 식물의 생장이 저해되지 않는다고 유추할 수 있다. 이는 염생식물인 칠면초가 고염도 환경에서 정상적으로 생육할 수 있도록 하는데 expansin이 중요한 요소 중 하나일 것이라는 점을 의미한다. Halophytes are unique land plants that are capable of thriving in a high?salt environment. They are attracting public attention due to their ability to synthesize bioactive substances such as UV protectants or antioxidizing agents. To achieve unaffected growth under high salinity, halophytes may take advantage of the activities of cell growth factors such as expansins. Expansins are well-known cell wall proteins that are responsible for cell enlargement. They loosen cell walls, thereby contributing to actual plant growth. This study aimed to identify positive roles of expansins in the growth of halophytes. Three expansin cDNA clones were isolated from seedlings of Suaeda japonica. Comparing the deduced amino acid sequences of the expansin genes of S. japonica with those of other plant species suggested that the cDNA clones isolated from S. japonica belong to the EXPA (α-expansin) gene family. A phylogenetic tree based on the deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the expansins of S. japonica share a close evolutionary relationship with those of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) and jujube (Ziziphus jujuba), both of which are woody dicots. SjEXPAs did not show any remarkable change in the gene expression level in different NaCl concentrations, providing a clue to the unaffected seedling growth of S. japonica in a high-salt environment. In conclusion, the present study presents the first report of expansin genes from halophytes and suggests a putative role for these genes in plant growth under high salinity.

Genetic Diversity of Culturable Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Halophytes Naturally Growing in Muan Salt Marsh

Young-Hyun You(유영현),Hyeokjun Yoon(윤혁준),Yeonggyo Seo(서영교),Miae Kim(김미애),Myung Suk Kang(강명석),Changmu Kim(김창무),Sang Chul Ha(하상철),Ga Youn Cho(조가연),Jong-Guk Kim(김종국) 한국생명과학회 2012 생명과학회지 Vol.22 No.7

90종의 내생진균(endophytic fungi)은 염습지에 자생하고 있는 염생식물(halophyte)의 뿌리에서 분리하였다. 자생식물 샘플은 해홍나물, 갯질경, 칠면초, 갯잔디, 갈대가 염습지로부터 분리하였다. 그리고 분리된 내생진균들은 ITS1, 5.8S와 ITS2를 포함하는 ITS-rDNA 영역에 의해 분석하였다. 다양한 내생진균은 Capnodiales (4.44%), Cystofilobasidiales (1.11%), Dothideales (3.33%), Eurotiales (53.33%), Glomerellales (3.33%), Hypocreales (8.89%), Mucorales (1.11%), Pleosporales (15.56%), Sordariales (1.11%), Trichosphaeriales (1.11%), unidentified (6.67%) 등 10종류 목에 속하는 것이 확인되었다. 90종의 내생진균은 속(genus)단계에서 Acremonium속, Alternaria 속, Aspergillus 속, Aureobasidium 속, Cephalosporium 속, Chaetomium 속, Cladosporium 속, Colletotrichum 속, Cryptococcus 속, Didymella 속, Dothideomycete 속, Emericellopsis 속, Epicoccum 속, Eupenicillium 속, Fusarium 속, Gibberella 속, Gongronella 속, Macrophoma 속, Microsphaeropsis 속, Nigrospora 속, Paecilomyce 속, Paraconiothyrium 속, Penicillium 속, Phaeomyces 속, Phoma 속, Pleosporales 속, Purpureocillium 속, 그리고 Talaromyces 속으로 모두 28속이 확인되었다. 그리고 동정된 모든 내생진균은 Eurotiales목의 Aspergillus속과 Penicillium속이 가장 많이 분포하고 있는 것이 확인되었다. Native halophytes, such as Suaeda maritima, Limonium tetragonum, S. japonica, Zoysia sinica, and Phragmites australis were collected from the Muan salt marsh. Ninety endophytic fungi were isolated from the roots of the collected halophytes. Molecular insights inferred by internal transcribed spacer containing ITS1, 5.8s, and the ITS2 region showed that all the fungal strains belong to ten orders, i.e., Capnodiales (4.44%), Cystofilobasidiales (1.11%), Dothideales (3.33%), Eurotiales (53.33%), Glomerellales (3.33%), Hypocreales (8.89%), Mucorales (1.11%), Pleosporales (15.56%), Sordariales (1.11%), and Trichosphaeriales (1.11%). The rest (6.67%) of all fungal isolates were not identified. Ninety fungal strains were confirmed at the genus level, containing Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cephalosporium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Cryptococcus, Didymella, Dothideomycete, Emericellopsis, Epicoccum, Eupenicillium, Fusarium, Gibberella, Gongronella, Macrophoma, Microsphaeropsis, Nigrospora, Paecilomyces, Paraconiothyrium, Penicillium, Phaeomyces, Phoma, Pleosporales, Purpureocillium, and Talaromyces. Of all the endophytic fungi identified from the various halophytes, Aspergillus and Penicillium of Eurotiales had the highest abundance.