The Impact of President Kim Dae-jung’s Beliefs on North Korea Policy

Jeong-yong Kim 한국학술연구원 2003 Korea Observer Vol.34 No.2

This article inquires into the source of the Kim Dae-jung administration’s unwavering commitment to Kim’s Sunshine Policy vis-à-vis North Korea. Although such international variables as U.S. policy towards the North helped shape South Korea’s policy, this study argues that former President Kim Dae-jung’s beliefs regarding Korean unification and strategies for North Korea policy -- developed through diverse experiences over many long years -- were pivotal. Changes in the international environment and within North Korea in the 1990s impelled Kim to more precisely articulate his thoughts on North Korea, which found expression as a Three-stage Unification Plan. During his presidency, Kim’s abiding belief in his Sunshine Policy served as a causal belief, information screen, and decision-making rule for the South Korean government as it formulated and implemented North Korea policy.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

쿠싱증후군 환자에서 당 대사 이상 정도에 따른 인슐린 감수성과 인슐린 저항성의 변화

정인경,김성훈,정재훈,민용기,이명식,이문규,유형준,안규정,노정현,김동준,김광원 대한내분비학회 2003 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.18 No.4

연구배경 당질 코르티코이드는 당 대사에 매우 중요한 호르몬으로 내인성 당질 코르티코이드 과다상태인 쿠싱증후군에서는 말초조직에서 인슐린 저항이 증가하고 이를 보상하고자 인슐린 분비의 증가로 고인슐린혈증이 동반된다고 보고되고 있다. 하지만 생체 내에서와 달리 시험관내에서는 췌도세포에 당질 코르티코이드를 장시간 처리하면, 인슐린 분비 및 생합성이직접적으로 억제됨이 확인된 바 있어 쿠싱증후군 환자에서 당뇨병의 원인으로는 아마도 말초조직에서 증가된 인슐린 저항성 뿐 아니라 이를 충분히 보상하지 못하는 췌장에서의 인슐린 분비 저하가 같이 동반되어있지 않을까 하는 가설을 세우게 되었고, 아직까지 당질코르티코이드가 당대사 이상을 일으키는 기전에 대해 쿠싱증후군을 당대사 정도에 따라 인슐린 감수성과 분비능을 분석한 연구는 없었기에 이를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 삼성서울병원에서 쿠싱증후군으로 진단 받은 환자 15명을 대상으로 하였다. 이에 대한 대조군으로는 쿠싱증후군 환자와 같은 성별 그리고 체질량지수를 갖은 15명의 건강한 성인을 대상으로 비교 하였다 쿠싱증후군 환자를 대상으로 경구당부하 검사를 통해 당대사 정도를 정상군, 내당능장애군, 그리고 당뇨병군으로 나눈 후 정맥 당부하 검사를 시행하여 각군의 인슐린 저항성과 인슐린 분비능의 지표를 비교하고, 수술 후 쿠싱증후군이 완치된 상태에서 수술 전후의 당대사 지표의 변화를 조사하였다. 결과: 1) 쿠싱증후군 환자 중 정상인은 20%, 내당능 장애는 27%, 그리고 당뇨병은 53%였다. 체질량지수, 나이, 그리고 발병 기간은 세 군간에 의미 있는 차이가 없었으나, 24시간 소변검사의 코르티솔 농도는 당뇨병군에서 의미있게 높았다. 2) 정맥당부하 검사 결과, 인슐린 감수성 지표인 Sl는쿠싱증추린」서 1.58±0.10[×10^(-4)(min^(-1)(μU/mL)^(-1)]로 정상 대조군의 3.37±0.49[×10^(-4)(min^(-1)(μU/mL)^(-1)]에 비해 의미있게 낮았으나(P=0.024), 쿠싱증후군 환자 중 NGT, IGT, DM 군간에 서로 통계적인 차이는 없었다. 3) SG는 정상 대조군과 쿠싱증후군 환자간에는 의미있는 차이가 없었고, 쿠싱 증후군에 있어서 당대사가 악화될수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 의미있는 차이는 없었다. 4) 인슐린 분비능의 지표인 AIRg는 정상인에 비해 전체 쿠싱증후군 환자의 경우 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 의미있는 차이는 없었다. 하지만 쿠싱증후군 환자중에서 당대사 상태에 따라 NGT군은 1299 (1297∼1310)(mu/g/min ×10^(-2))로 정상 대조군(368.9±98.6[mu/g/min ×10^(-2)]) 보다도 의미있게 높았고, DM군{202.2 (91.1~371.4) [mu/g/min ×10^(-2)}은 NGT군에 비해 의미있게 낮았다(P=0.0031). 5) 15명중 현재 완치 상태에 있는 6명에 대해 수술전과 후로 비교하였다. 수술 전 당대사 상태가 1명은정상, 1명은 내당능 장애, 그리고 4명은 당뇨병이었으나 수술 후 시행한 경구 당부하 검사상 모두 정상 당대사 상태를 보였다. 6) 수술 후 완치된 환자 6명에 있어 인슐린 감수성지표인 Sl는 수술전에 중앙값이 1.22[×10^(-4)(min^(-1)(μU/mL)^(-1)]로 대조군에 비해 의미있게 감고』어 있었으나(p.0.05), 수술후 10.95 [×10^(-4)(min^(-1)(μU/mL)^(-1)]로 정상 수준으로 회복되었고(P=0.0022), 인슐린 분비능을 나타내는 AIRg [mu/g/min ×10^(-2)] 값도 정상수준으로 회복되었다. 특히 인슐린 분비능의 회복양상은 혈당농도에 따라 판이하게 나타나서, 정상과 내당능장애 상태에 있던 2명은 수술전에 1201 [mu/g/min ×10^(-2)]로 증가되어 있던 AIRg 값이 수술 후 정상 수준으로 감소하였고, 수술 전에 당뇨병 상태에 있던 4명의 경우 245.9 [mu/g/min ×10^(-2)]로 인슐린 분비능이 감고il어 있었는데 이들은 수술 후 모두 정상 수준으로 증가되었다 (P=0.0286). 결론: 쿠싱증후군 환자에서 당대사 이상은 80%로 높은 유병률을 보였다. 모든 쿠싱증후군환자에서 인슐린 감수성은 정상인에 비해 저하되어 있어 말초조직의 인슐린 저항이 선행됨을 시사하며, 인슐린 분비능은 당대사의 정도에 따라 다르게 나타났는데, 정상 당대사군에서는 인슐린의 저항성을 극복할 만큼 정상 대조군보다 더 많은 양의 인슐린 분비를 하다가 고코르티솔혈증이 심할수록 인슐린 분비능의 감소로 당뇨병으로 진행됨을 확인할 수 있었고, 이런 인슐린 저항성과 인슐린 분비장애는 수술 후 다시 회복되는 가역적인변화를 보였다. Background: Glucocorticoid plays an important role in the control of carbohydrate metabolism. Patients with Cushing's syndrome have been reported to have an increased incidence of carbohydrate intolerance due to peripheral insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, although the exact incidence and nature of this disorder have remained unclear. Few results have been published about insulin resistance and insulin secretion according to the level of glucose concentration, or about the reversibility of such defects in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Methods: To assess the effect of glucocorticoid on the insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in Cushing's syndrome, 15 patients with Cushing's syndrome were classified into 3 groups (normal glucose tolerance: NGT, impaired glucose tolerance: IGT, diabetes: DM) according to the degree of glucose tolerance based on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Insulin modified, frequently sampled, intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) was performed before and after curative surgery on these patients and on 15 healthy control subjects. Data were evaluated by non-parametric statistical analysis. Results: 1) Among the 15 patients with Cushing's syndrome, 3 (20%) were NGT, 4 (27%) IGT, and 8 (53%) DM, based on OGTT. Twenty-four hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) was significantly higher in the DM group. 2) Insulin sensitivity index (SI) of Cushing's syndrome was significantly lower than that of the control group p=0.0024), but was not significantly different among the three Cushing's syndrome groups of NGT, IGT and DM. 3) Glucose mediated glucose disposal (SG) (Ed- confirm this abbreviation; it does not seem to match the definition) of Cushing's syndrome was not significantly different from that of the control group. 4) Insulin secretion (AIRg) of Cushing's syndrome tended to be high, but it was not significantly different from that of control. However, according to the level of glucose concentration there was significant difference in AlRg among the three Cushing's syndrome groups p=0.0031); AIRg of DM was significantly lower than that of NGT. 5) After surgical treatment, parameters of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were normalized in 6 cured patients; 1 with NGT, 1 with IGT, and 4 with DM, preoperatively. Median SI of all 6 patients was significantly improved up to the normal range postoperatively p=0.0022). Median AIRg of these 6 patients was balanced around that of normal control postoperatively p=0.0286). Conclusion: Eighty percent of patients with Cushing's syndrome had abnormality of carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin sensitivity was significantly decreased in Cushing's syndrome. Insulin secretion was significantly higher only in the NGT and IGT groups of Cushing's syndrome. As the hypercortisolemia is exacerbated, insulin secretion is significantly decreased and causes DM, suggesting that glucocorticoid has a direct or indirect toxic effect on the pancreatic beta cell (J Kor SOC Endocrinol 18:392-403, 2003).

Homomorphic Encryptions at a Long Distance Through Quantum Key Distribution Protocols

JEONG*, Kabgyun,KIM, Yong Jin,YOON, Jong Beom,KIM, Geon Woo,CHO, Gueha,KIM, Suntaek Korean Physical Society 2019 새물리 Vol.69 No.2

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1994)

김재홍,안진균,정성재,김영태,김중환,김시영,이석종,이홍렬,서호석,김경훈,권혁진,정우권,고우석,이용석,안필수,오준규,오용섭 대한화학요법학회 1996 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.14 No.1

Background : In recent years gonorrhoea has been panendemic and remains one of the most common Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Method : For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae(PPNG), Ive have been trying to study the patients who have visited the VD Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results : In 1994, 168 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 109 (64,9% ) were PPNG. Conclustion : Our results suggests that the prevalence of PPNG in Seoul is still increasing.

흰쥐에서 말초신경 손상후 뒤뿌리신경절세포의 신경영양인자와 그 수용체의 발현 양상

백선용,양만석,문총석,김봉선,김재봉,김진정 대한해부학회 1999 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.32 No.2

데빅병 치료에 사용한 Interferon β-1b의 부작용 1예

김정미,조은경,조정선,최용석,한영수,한정호,김두응,최진영 건국대학교 의과학연구소 2004 건국의과학학술지 Vol.14 No.-

A 63 year-old woman who had diagnosis of multiple sclerosis complaining left hemiparesis and fluctuating decreased visual acuity in her right eye and abnormal findings in pattern shift visual evoked potentials(PSVEPs) and on T2 weighted MR scanning. We treated her subcutaneously with 250μg interferon (3-lb(ITFß -lb) every other day. There were detected pancytopenia, skin rash, and abnormal liver function test seven days after the therapy. In spite of reducing the dose of interferon injection, abnormal laboratory findings were not returned to normal. Dose adjustment of interferon-I3 for body weight or race, may be helpful to reduce the side effects.

대퇴동맥을 통한 경피적 관동맥 중재시술 환자의 천자부위 지혈을 위한 Angioseal^(�) 사용과 고식적 용수 압박법의 비교 : 전향적 연구

김용훈,권현철,김필호,안석진,유철웅,최진호,이상철,김준수,김덕경,전은석,이상훈,홍경표,박정의,서정돈 대한내과학회 2004 대한내과학회지 Vol.66 No.5

목적 : 경피적 관동맥 중재술은 최근 양적 및 질적으로 급격한 발전을 보였지만 시술 시 천자부위의 혈관 합병증은 아직 해결해야 할 문제점이다. 저자들은 대퇴동맥을 통한 경피적 관동맥 중재술을 환자에게 천자부위 지혈을 위한 혈관폐쇄기구인 안지오실의 안전성과 유용성을 고식적인 용수 압박법과 비교 연구하고자 하였다. 방법 : 2002년 4월부터 2003년 5월 사이에 삼성서울병원 심장혈관센터에서 대퇴동맥을 통한 경피적 관동맥 중재술을 성공적으로 시행한 200명의 환자(안지오실 사용군: A군, 100명, 고식적 용수압박법 사용군 B군, 100명)를 대상으로 시술 후 주요 합병증 및 경한 합병증, 지혈 후 환자가 자리에 앉기까지의 시간, 보행개시 가능시간, 총 재원 기간과 시술 1주 후의 합병증을 전향적으로 조사하여 비교 연구하였다. 결론 : 두 군에서 연령, 성별, 기저질환, 심혈관 질환의 위험요소, 시술의 종류, 시술 중 사용한 헤파린의 양, clopidogrel의 양, ticlopidine의 양, 지혈 시 수축기와 확장기혈압, ACT (activated clotting time)는 차이가 없었다. A군이 B군에 비해 시술 후 자리에 앉기까지의 시간 (A군: 4.3±0.3시간, B군: 13.7±0.8시간, p=0.004) 및 보행개시까지의 시간(A군: 6.8±0.5시간, B군: 18.8±2.1시간, p=0.013)이 유의하게 짧았다. 시술 후 주요 합병증은 두군 모두에서 관찰되지 않았으며, 경한 합병증의 전체발생은 A군에서 유의하게 적었다(A군: 28명, B군: 19명, p=0.003). 반상출혈의 경우는 A군에서 유의하게 낮았지만(A군: 3명, B군: 12명, p=0.01), 혈종, 출혈의 발생은 두군간에 차이가 없었다. 총 재원기간에는 두 군간에 차이가 없었다(p=0.239). 시술 1주 후 경과관찰에서 주요합병증은 역시 두 군 모두에서 관찰되지 않았으며, 경한 합병증의 전체발생은 두 군에서 차이가 없었다(A군: 15명, B군: 13명 p=0.418), 반상출혈의 빈도는 차이가 없었지만 혈종의 발생은 A군에서 더 낮았다(A군: 2명, B군:6명, p=0.004). 두 군 모두에서 출혈은 발생하지 않았다. 결론 : 대퇴동맥을 통한 경피적 관동맥 중재술을 시행한 환자에서 안지오실의 사용은 고식적 용수 압박법에 비해 환자의 침상 안정시간을 줄여 조기 활동개시가 가능하게 하였으며 국소합병증의 위험도를 일부 낮추어, 시술에 따른 환자의 불편을 현저하게 감소시킬 수 있다고 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Background : Although the number and the quality of percutaneous coronary intervention have been recently increased dramatically, the vascular complication at puncture site is still the major cause of patients' morbidity. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of newly of newly-developed collagen-based arterial closure device, Angioseal after transfemoral percuatenous coronary intervention. Methods : This study was designed as a prospective single center non-randomized comparative study. A total 200 patients undergoing transfemoral percutaneous coronary intervention were enrolled between April 2002 and May 2003. They were divided into two groups; Angioseal group (group A, n=100) and manual compression group (group B, n=100). The baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were reviewed. The time to sit up, the time to ambulation, the duration of hospital stay, major and minor vascular puncture site complications were monitored. The patients were followed-up for 1 week after procedure by telephone. Results : The baseline clinical characteriwtics, clinical diagnosis, cardiocascular risk factors, typesof procedure, doses and numbers of anticoagulants were similar between two groups. The blood pressure and activated clotting time were also similar. The time to sit up (group A: 4.3±0.3 hours, group B: 13.7±0.8 hours, p=0.004) and the time to ambulation (group A: 6.8±0.5 hours, group B: 18.8±2.1 hours, p=0.013) were shorter in group A. No major vascular complications were noted. The incidence of hematoma and bleeding were not significantly different between two groups. The incidence of ecchymosis, however, was significantly lower in group A (group A:12%, group B: 3%, p=0.001) The duration of gospital stay was similar between groups. During 7 days of follow-up period incidence of hematoma was significantly lower in group A (p=0.004). Although the incidence of ecchymosis was not significantly different between two groups. Conclusion : The angioseal may be associated with earlier ambulation and less patients' morbidity with low incidence of local complication rate compared to manual compression after transfemoral percutaneous coronary intervention.

G2 Arrest by lsotope [³²P]-Phosphate

Kim, In-Hoo,Lee, Hye-Jeong,Choi, Yong-Chun 동아대학교의과대학 1992 동아의대학술지 Vol.4 No.1

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1998)

김재홍,김준호,반재용,이정우,황성주,정준규,정성태,강진문,조흔정,홍창의,정혜신,이한승,김이선,이봉길,이종호,선영우,한기덕,윤성필,이성훈,안종성,박석범,문승현,조항래,김형섭,류지호,황재영,박준홍,손상욱 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG), we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by menas of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. In 1998, 93 strians of N. genorrhoeae were isolated, among which 60(64.5%) were PPNG. The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 64.5% in 1998.