다량 의미의 양화 표현에서 증대사와 극성의 역할: 히스패닉 아메리카에서 관찰되는 poco의 접사 파생을 중심으로

곽재용 고려대학교 스페인라틴아메리카연구원 2025 스페인라틴아메리카연구 Vol.18 No.2

일반적으로 스페인어 의사부분구조 [un poco de NP]는 소량을 의미하지만, 히스패닉 아메리카 일부 지역에서는 [un poco de NP]가 문어체에서는 ‘소량’의 의미로 사용되고 구어체에서는 ‘다량’을 의미하기도 하므로 의미적으로 모호한 특성을 갖는다. 이러한 의미적 모호성을 배제하고자 과테말라, 코스타리카, 콜롬비아, 베네수엘라 화자들은 ‘다량’의 의미를 표현하기 위해 [un pocote de NP]와 같이 증대사를 사용하고, ‘소량’의 의미를 표현하기 위해서는 [un poquito de NP]와 같이 축소사를 사용한다. 이러한 현상은 베네수엘라 화자들이 직관적으로 명사 어기 poco가 양화 의미를 갖지 않는다고 판단하는 것으로서, 이러한 특성에 착안하여 본 연구는 어근 √poc-는 양화와 무관한 극성 유발 요소로 간주하고 소위 평가 접사로 알려진 형태소가 ‘다량’과 ‘소량’의 정도 해석에 역할을 담당한다고 주장한다. Generally, the Spanish pseudo-partitive construction [un poco de NP] denotes a small amount, but in some regions of Hispanic America, it is used to mean ‘a small amount’ in written language but ‘a large amount’ in spoken language, thus exhibiting semantic ambiguity. To avoid this semantic ambiguity, Guatemalan, Costa Rican, Colombian and Venezuelan Spanish speaker use augmentatives such as [un pocote de NP] to express the meaning of ‘large amount’ and diminutives such as [un poquito de NP] to express ‘small amount’. This phenomenon reflects Venezuelan speakers’ intuitive judgment that the nominal base poco does not carry a quantificational meaning. Building on this observation, the present study considers the root √poc- as a polarity-triggering element unrelated to quantification and argues that so-called appreciative affixes play a crucial role in the degree interpretation of ‘large amount’ and ‘small amount’.

쓰기 평가 단계

곽재용 우리말글학회 2001 우리말 글 Vol.22 No.-

We in this thesis suggest writing level in rubric that Korean students have to achieve and find out how stage their work belongs to. That is the object for this thesis. There are two types of object in the writing assessment. The first one is to study students' work level and the second is to guide them to write with much better level. The thesis classified writing assessment by four stages. The reason is that it considered students in various levels from first-grade in elementary school to 10th grade in high. It classified element of assessment by four sections, generating ideas(contents), organizing ideas, expression, revising, orthography, attitude. The scoring criteria is presented mainly through the student's writing. Their writings will be evaluated by this rubric. Each student's evaluation was based on assessing the collection of their writing and the classification of each writing stage. After analyzing their writing, we will then record the evaluation by commenting on their strengths and weaknesses. It is difficult to show accurate results within a short period of time. The most appropriate scoring criteria will be shown when tested within a fairly long period of time.

옛 사람들의 <지리산 유람록>에 나타난 지리산 관련 지명

곽재용 한국지명학회 2016 지명학 Vol.25 No.-

The purpose of this study is to investigate the place names related to Jirisan shown in Travelogue of Jirisan and to analyze them through lexicon. The texts used in this study are the 6 volumes of Travelogue of Jirisan by the ancient people. The motives, purposes, or companions of the travels are recorded in the first part of the Travelogue. What was seen, heard about, and felt is written according to the dates in the following part. Simple summary is noted in the last part. 100 names used the most frequently among the place names related to Jirisan are analyzed. Cheonwangbong has the highest frequency. Duryusan, Ssanggyesa, Jirisan, and Cheonghakdong are used frequently in order. 97 stories of Travelogue of Jirisan have 2,942 individual vocabularies without consideration of frequency in the place vocabularies and 8,989 total vocabularies in consideration of frequency. The average frequency is 3.06. 57 high frequency vocabularies such as Cheonwangbong, Duryusan, and Ssanggyesa are used more than 21 times. These high frequency vocabularies are shown 3,128 times. The frequency rate is 34.80%. The rate is considered very high. Cheonwangbong and Duryusan as the place names related to Jirisan are used the most frequently 290 times and 259 times respectively. Ssanggyesa, Bulilam, and Chilbulam as temple names have high frequencies. Ssangyesa is used 154 times(third), Bulilam 97 times(seventh), and Chilbulam 82 times(eighth). Jinju and Hadong as city or county names are used 73 times(tenth) and 61 times (fourteenth) respectively. The frequencies of Cheonghakdong, Ilwoldae, and Seomjingang are in the fifth(134 times), the eleventh(70 times), and the thirteenth(62 times) respectively. The place names composed of 3 syllables are used the most frequently. The individual vocabularies and total vocabularies have 37.46% of frequency and 62.31% of frequency respectively. The place names composed of 2 syllables, 4 syllables, and 5 syllables are used frequently in order. The longest place names have 9 syllables. There are 11 vocabularies with one syllable. To accomplish the full investigation of the place names related to Jirisan spoken by the ancient people, further studies are needed. 이 연구의 목적은 <지리산 유람록>에 나오는 지리산 관련 지명을 조사하여 어휘론적으로 분석하는 데 있다. 연구에 사용된 텍스트는 선인들의 <지리산 유람록> 6권이다. 이 유람록의 첫머리에는 유람의 동기나 목적 및 동행인을 기록한다. 그리고 유람을 하면서 보고 듣고 느낀 것을 날짜별로 기록하고 간단한 마무리를 짓고 있다. 지리산 관련 지명 중 많이 등장하는 지명 100위까지 분석하였다. 고빈도 지명 1위는 천왕봉이고 그 다음으로 두류산, 쌍계사, 지리산, 청학동 등이 뒤를 이었다. <지리산 유람록>에 나타나는 글 97편 중 지명어휘에 빈도를 고려하지 않은 개별 어휘수는 2,942개이고, 빈도를 고려한 연어휘수는 8,989개이다. 따라서 평균 빈도는 3.06번이다. ‘천왕봉’, ‘두류산’, ‘쌍계사’와 같은 빈도수 21회 이상인 상위 고빈도 어휘 57개의 빈도수는 3,128개이고 사용률은 34.80%로 매우 높은 편이다. 지리산 관련 지명 중 가장 높은 빈도를 보인 지명은 천왕봉으로 290회가 나타났다. 두 번째가 두류산으로 259회였다. 절을 나타내는 고빈도어로는 ‘쌍계사’가 3위(154회), ‘불일암’이 7위(97회), ‘칠불암’이 8위(82회)를 차지하였다. 도시나 군으로는 ‘진주’가 10위(73회), ‘하동’이 14위(61회)를 차지하였다. 그 외 청학동이 5위(134회), 일월대가 11위(70회), 섬진강이 13위(62회)를 차지하여 눈길을 끈다. 음절별 분포를 보면 3음절 지명어가 개별 어휘수에서 37.46%, 연어휘수에서 62.31%로 가장 많이 나타나고 있다. 다음이 2음절어, 4음절어 5음절어 순이었다. 또 9음절어가 가장 길었으며, 단음절어는 11개였다. [핵심어] 지리산 유람록, 지명, 고빈도어, 개별 어휘, 연어휘, 평균빈도

고등학교 스페인어 교육과정과 수사교육

곽재용 서울대학교 라틴아메리카연구소 2012 이베로아메리카硏究 Vol.23 No.2

The National Spanish Curriculum for High School(1997, 2007, 2009)considers all the numerals (cardinals and ordinals) as the basic vocabulary item although they are not actually included in the basic vocabulary list. The textbooks El Español I(2002), El Español(2011) and El Español I(2012) adopt the numerals as the basic lexical elements in their respective books. But, it is hard to find a reasonable and uniform criterion to define them with respect to their use. In this study we will try to show that the numerals should be taught explicitly with an adequately prepared context from the viewpoint of Focus on Form Approach(cf. Long(1991)). We would like to suggest that the evaluations must reflect the lexical and grammatical contents that are learnable in the textbook. 고등학교 스페인어 교육과정((1997, 2007, 2009)은 수사(기수와 서수)는 기본 어휘표에 수록하지 않아도 기본 어휘표에 수록된 것으로 간주한다고 기술한다. 이러한 교육과정의 기술 내용에 따라 고등학교 교과서인『El Español I』(2002),『 El Español』(2011)『 스페인어I』(2012)은 해당 교과서에서 서수를 기본 어휘 요소로 사용한다. 그러나 이 교과서들은 용법의 측면에 있어서 합리적이고 통일된 수사에 대한 정의의 기준을 찾기가 매우 어렵다. 본 연구는 수사 교육은 형식초점접근법(cf. Long 1991)에 기반하여 적절한 맥락으로 이루어진 내용을 통해 명시적으로 학습자들에게 교수가 이루어져야한다고 제안하고 평가 또한 교과서서에서 학습 가능한 어휘적 문법적 내용이 반영되어야 한다고 제안한다.

땅이름 '지리산' 고찰

곽재용 한국지명학회 2011 지명학 Vol.17 No.-

Jirisan is the first national park and the second highest mountain in South Korea. It lies over three provinces, five cities or counties, sixteen districts, and fifty-nine villages. It is 483.022㎢ in area, which is the largest in South Korea. Jirisan is written as 智異山, 智理山, 知異山, 地異山, 地理山. It was first described as 知異山(Jirisan) in a document called 'Jingamseonsadaegongtapbi' in Ssanggyesa temple. The web-site of the Korean National Park Authority(http://www.knps.or.kr/main/main.do) describes Jirisan as 'the mountain of the wise and exceptional people'. However, it came from original Korean words 'Jirihada;tedious'. Duryusan means it starts from Baekdusan, which is located in the north, and it extends southward. However, this is not true. It is artificial to relate to Bakdusan. The name, Duryusan, is also used about other mountains. Gumkangsan and Sulaksan are not called Duryusan. Duryu also came from original Korean words ‘달/들/두리’. The origin is related to ‘達’ that is used a lot as place name in the Goguryeo era. ‘達’ is equivalent to 高(high) when it is used as a prefix. The original meaning of ‘달’ is high place. The mountain names of ‘달/들/두리’ have changed 頭里/頭流/豆利 as Sino-Korean words. ‘달’ has changed to ‘두루/두류’. The changing process can be indicated ‘달>달>다라>다루>두루’ phonologically. Finally, the Sino-Korean representation of ‘달’ class which means mountain has changed to first, 두루, then 두류. 두리/두루 are related to ‘廻’ or ‘周’, which have to do with some characteristics of the mountain. That is, we can say it has changed in this way: ‘come back', ‘look back’, ‘look around’, ‘pan’, 'circumferance', because mountains are usually very big. Korean words ‘두루, 두리’ have changed to Duryusan when they are written in Chinese characters. In Gyeongsang dialect, 두루 is 두리. It is assumed that 두루 related words became 두류산(頭流山), which is more convenient in translating into Sino-Korean. Especially, the Sino representation of 두류산 has somethings in common with Bakdusan, and intellectuals favored that name. Jirisan is also called Bangjangsan or Banghosan. We call Pungak, Halla, Bangjang as Samsinsan and these mountains are located in the east of Korea; Pungaksan(楓岳山) is Bongraesan (蓬萊山, Keumgangsan), Hallasan(漢拏山) is Yeongjusan(瀛洲山),and Duryusan is Bangjangsan. There are 834 智異山 instances, 4 智理山 instances, 10 知異山 instances, 3 地異山 instances, 15 地理山 instances in the current Korean-traditional-name DB; relating to Duryusan, we can see 頭流山 474 times, 頭留山 5 times, Bangjangsan(方丈山) occurs 265 times, Banghosan(方壺山) 6 times. Jirisan has a longer history and has been used more frequently than Dryusan and Bangjangsan. Now, Bangjangsan is rarely used, Duryusan is only 34 地used in special cases, and Jirisan is most common. Both Jirisan and Duryusan come from original Korean words. 지리산은 智異山, 智理山, 知異山, 地異山, 地理山 등으로 기록되어 있다. 최초 기록은 쌍계사 ‘진감선사대공탑비’인데, 여기에는 知異山으로 되어 있다. 지리산은 순우리말 ‘지루하다’의 방언인 ‘지리하다’에서 온 말이다. 두류산(頭流山)은 한자말로 백두산의 맥이 뻗어 내려 온 뜻으로 해석이 가능하나 역시 고유어에서 온 말로 본다. 두류산의 ‘두류’는 고구려어 ‘達[높음]’을 나타내는 ‘달/들’ 에서 유래하였다. ‘달>달>다라>다루>두루’로 변해온 것 같다. 또 ‘廻’나 ‘周’의 뜻인 우리말 ‘두루, 두리’가 한자로 표기되면서 두류산이 되었다. 지리산을 삼신산의 하나인 방장산이라고도 하였다. 지리산은 두류산이나 방장산보다 역사적으로 오래되었고 많이 사용하던 땅이름이었다. 지금은 방장산은 거의 쓰지 않고, 두류산은 특수한 경우에만 쓰는 정도이고, 대부분이 지리산을 쓰고 있다. 지리산이든 두류산이든 그 뿌리는 순수한 우리말이다.

하동군 법정리의 전부지명소 고찰

곽재용 한국지명학회 2015 지명학 Vol.22 No.-

이 글의 목적은 경남 하동군의 읍면별 법정리 지명이 어떤 지명요소로 이루어져 있는지를 고찰하는 데 있다. 하동의 행정조직은 1개 읍, 12개 면, 108개 법정리로 구성되어 있다. 전부지명소(前部地名素)를 분류하는 방법은 여러 가지가 있다. 이 글에서는 한글학회 분류 방법을 토대로 지명요소를 크게 4부분으로 나누었다. 행정구역명, 자연지명, 인공지명, 기타가 그것이다. 이들은 각각 여러 개의 하위 지명요소로 나눈다. 하동군 법정리 지명 108개의 전부지명소는 행정구역명이 9개(8.33%), 자연지명이 72개(66.67%), 인공지명이 19개(17.59%), 기타 8개(7.41%)로 나타나 자연지명이 가장 많았다. 개별 전부지명소 중에서 많은 것은 방위 16개(14.81%), 식물 12개(11.11%), 동물 11개(10.19%) 등의 순으로 나타났다. 도로명 주소의 전면 시행으로 동이나 리의 이름이 사라져 가고 있다. 따라서 이런 기초 단위 지명 연구가 의의가 있고 후속 연구에 도움이 되리라 본다. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what front morphemes of place names the legal districts in Hadong-gun have. There are 1 Eup, 12 Myeons, and 108 Legal Districts in Hadong-gun. The ways to classify the front morphemes of place names are various. They are classified into the administrative area names, the physical place names, the social place names, and the others, on the basis of classification by the Hangeul Society. These are subdivided into the separate morphemes of place names. The front morphemes of the place names of 108 legal districts in Hadong-gun show 9 administrative area names(8.33%), 72 physical place names(66.67%), 19 social place names(17.59%), and 8 others(7.41%). There are 16 direction names(14.81%), 12 plant names(11.11%), 11 animal names(10.91%) and others, according to the subdivision of the separate morphemes of place names. Officially, the names of legal districts have become disappeared since all of them were changed into the street names. Thus, this study of the names of legal districts has a significant meaning, and it is believed to be helpful for further studies.

오장육부의 어휘에 대하여

곽재용 진주교육대학교 2000 論文集 Vol.42 No.-

The purpose of this study is to pursue how the language of bodily organs on the five viscera and the six entrails has changed diachronically. The five viscera mean the five internal organs such as the liver, the heart (the yeomtong), the spleen, the lung and the kidney (the kongpat). The six entrails mean the six digestive organs such as the gall-bladder, the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine, the bladder and three foci. The summary accounts are as follows ; The liver didn't have any original language. It was called as the 'liver' from the Middle Age or before. Maybe it seems to be called as the 'liver' for a long time. The heart was called as the 'mazam(??) in the Middle Age. However, as the meaning has changed, the animal's heart is called as the 'yeomtong' and the men is the 'heart'. The bladder (the Ojumtong) was used as the 'ojumkkae', but now disappeared. The 'babtong' means the stomach and its previous name is the 'yang'. It seems that the 'babtong' has been used from the late 19th century. But in the Modern Age, it is called as the 'stomach'. The spleen is called as the 'hyeodagi' or the 'manha'. It is changed 'manha'> 'gila'> 'jira'. The previous name of intestine is the 'ae'. In modern times this (ae) can be traceable in the several proverbs. The word of 'kongpat' is a compound word which combined the 'bean(豆)' and the 'red-bean(小豆)'. It is similar in shape to the kidney bean. It colors lire a red-bean. It is written as '콩?' in the ancient records. The lung was used as 'buha'. But the 'bua' of its variant is now used as idiomatic phrases. The some meaning of the language on bodily organs sometimes has been chanced. Most of the original language usually deteriorate the meaning.

진주시 수곡면의 땅이름에 대하여

곽재용 진주교육대학교 부설 진주문화권연구소 1997 진주문화 Vol.- No.14

땅이름의 국어학적 연구 방법

곽재용 우리말글학회 2004 우리말 글 Vol.30 No.-

The study of a place name is on the increase. There are some reasons. One is the drive to develop local culture in age of local autonomy, the other is a publishment of journal of "A place name society of Korea". First of all, the study of a place name has purpose to collect place names and to discuss with a view of Korean study. In other words, we must construct 'a place name theory' by studying place name's origination, etymology, language family, meaning and morph, affix, inner structure, and relation of place name and dialect. We can divide the way to search place names into examining data and documentary records, and researching and writing. Documentary records include local name journals published by Si-Gun Culture Center as well as documents collecting national place names like Sam-guksagi, Sinjeungdonggukyeojiseungnam. Researching place name needs preparation like recorder or camera, and questionnaire paper. As a interviewee, a native speaker over sixty is better who has hardly lived out the region. It is possible in diverse aspects to study a place name like suffix analysis, relation analysis, phoneme change, coinage classification. syllable analysis, and kind words analysis.(Chinju National University of Education)

관광지선호속성 세분화에 따른 노인관광자의 관광특성에 관한 연구: 대구시를 중심으로

곽재용,하정순 국토연구원 2006 국토연구 Vol.51 No.-

The purpose of this study is to find the Senior Tourism Characteristics by the Segmentation of Preference Attributes for Destination. The data used in this thesis is collected from the aged over 60 under 90 who live in Nam-Gu, Dalseo-Gu, Soosung-Gu and Dong-Gu of Daegu city by means of cluster sampling first and from those chosen samples I use convenience sampling again. Through a preliminary investigation 450 lists of questions were distributed from June 5, 2005 to June 20, 2005 and from them 379 (84%) lists were used. SPSS WIN 12.0 was used to do factor analysis, reliability analysis, cluster analysis, Chi-Square analysis and frequency analysis of the data. Major findings are the following: Type of people who preferred education and nature in tour, found their favorite destinations to be Europe and China and they travel by group tour hosted by travel company and they traveled foreign country for more than 3 times. Type of people who preferred suitable cost has no experience in touring foreign countries, their favorite destinations are Europe, Japan, South East Asia. Type of people who preferred various facilities, usually trips in spring and collection tour information from friends, neighbours and relatives. They saved money to travel and get monetary help from their children for travel. Type of people who preferred to concentrate on tour only, liked Europe and they spend travel money from what they have been saved. and they get tour information from friends, neighbours and relatives, this type of group is most enjoying tour experience.