Long second toe: its nail and skin changes

( Geun-hwi Park ),( Woo-il Kim ),( Min-young Yang ),( Won-ku Lee ),( Tae-wook Kim ),( Sung-min Park ),( Hyun-joo Lee ),( Gun-wook Kim ),( Hoon-soo Kim ),( Hyun-chang Ko ),( Byung-soo Kim ),( Moon-bum 대한피부과학회 2018 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.70 No.2

Background: Nail can be affected by trauma, infection, and systematic disorders. In particular, the toe nails are exposed to the repeated and cumulative minor traumas, which usually result in thickened, splitted, and discolorated nails. Considering these, it can be inferred that the long second toe can be related to various nail and skin changes by repeated minor traumas such as friction in shoes, but the study or report on this topic hasn’t been done yet. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to introduce various nail and skin changes on long second toe. Methods: We analyzed the kinds of nail/skin changes of 50 patients with long second toe, enrolled at Pusan National University Hospitals (Busan and Yangsan) from 2013 to 2018. Results: There was no significant difference in the incidence of left and right toe and toenail, and 7 (14%) patients presented bilateral distribution. The most common nail change on long second toe was melanonychia (23, 46%), followed by subungual hematoma (15, 30%), onycholysis (2, 4%), subungual hyperkeratosis (2, 4%), onychomadesis (1, 2%), and retronychia (1, 2%). The most common skin change was corn (9, 18%), followed by paronychia (2, 4%). Twenty (20/50, 40%) patients also had other toe or toenail changes. Among them, the most common site was big toe/nail (13, 62%), and the most common change was subungual hematoma (8, 42%). Conclusion: Through this study, the dermatologists can recognize and diagnose the nail and skin changes of long second toe.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1996)

김재홍,황동규,전재홍,김윤석,김중환,김용준,이창균,임동진,김현수,조창근,김경문,박상훈,전우형,김희성,이호정,차명수,김갑형,김형석,김석우,황지환,박병순,권오상,이민수,송기훈,성소영,이인섭,부태성 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been panedemic and remains one of the most commom STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods: For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the VD Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results: In 1996, 139 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 53(39.0%) were PPNG. Conclusion: Our results suggests that after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, the prevalence of PPNG in Seoul is gradually declining.

북서태평양에 서식하는 살오징어(Todarodes pacificus) 계군 분석에 대한 고찰

김정연,문창호,윤문근,강창근,김경렬,나태희,최은정,이충일,Kim, Jeong-Yun,Moon, Chang-Ho,Yoon, Moon-Geun,Kang, Chang-Keun,Kim, Kyung-Ryul,Na, Taehee,Choy, Eun Jung,Lee, Chung Il 한국해양학회 2012 바다 Vol.17 No.4

This paper reviews comparison analysis of current and latest application for stock identification methods of Todarodes pacificus, and the pros and cons of each method and consideration of how to compensate for each other. Todarodes pacificus which migrates wide areas in western North Pacific is important fishery resource ecologically and commercially. Todarodes pacificus is also considered as 'biological indicator' of ocean environmental changes. And changes in its short and long term catch and distribution area occur along with environmental changes. For example, while the catch of pollack, a cold water fish, has dramatically decreased until today after the climate regime shift in 1987/1988, the catch of Todarodes pacificus has been dramatically increased. Regarding the decrease in pollack catch, overfishing and climate changes were considered as the main causes, but there has been no definite reason until today. One of the reasons why there is no definite answer is related with no proper analysis about ecological and environmental aspects based on stock identification. Subpopulation is a group sharing the same gene pool through sexual reproduction process within limited boundaries having similar ecological characteristics. Each individual with same stock might be affected by different environment in temporal and spatial during the process of spawning, recruitment and then reproduction. Thereby, accurate stock analysis about the species can play an efficient alternative to comply with effective resource management and rapid changes. Four main stock analysis were applied to Todarodes pacificus: Morphologic Method, Ecological Method, Tagging Method, Genetic Method. Ecological method is studies for analysis of differences in spawning grounds by analysing the individual ecological change, distribution, migration status, parasitic state of parasite, kinds of parasite and parasite infection rate etc. Currently the method has been studying lively can identify the group in the similar environment. However It is difficult to know to identify the same genetic group in each other. Tagging Method is direct method. It can analyse cohort's migration, distribution and location of spawning, but it is very difficult to recapture tagged squids and hard to tag juveniles. Genetic method, which is for useful fishery resource stock analysis has provided the basic information regarding resource management study. Genetic method for stock analysis is determined according to markers' sensitivity and need to select high multiform of genetic markers. For stock identification, isozyme multiform has been used for genetic markers. Recently there is increase in use of makers with high range variability among DNA sequencing like mitochondria, microsatellite. Even the current morphologic method, tagging method and ecological method played important rolls through finding Todarodes pacificus' life cycle, migration route and changes in spawning grounds, it is still difficult to analyze the stock of Todarodes pacificus as those are distributed in difference seas. Lately, by taking advantages of each stock analysis method, more complicated method is being applied. If based on such analysis and genetic method for improvement are played, there will be much advance in management system for the resource fluctuation of Todarodes pacificus. 본 종설논문은 살오징어의 기존 및 최근에 새롭게 적용되고 있는 계군 분석방법들을 비교 분석하여 각 분석방법의 장단점과 분석방법간의 상호보완에 대하여 고찰하였다. 살오징어는 북서태평양의 넓은 지역을 회유하는 어종으로 생태계 및 상업적으로 중요한 자원이다. 살오징어는 해양환경변화의 생물학적 지표로서의 가능성을 평가 받고 있으며, 장단기적인 어획량 및 분포역의 변화가 환경 변화와 함께 나타난다. 예를 들어, 1987/1988 무렵에 발생한 기후체제전환 이후 한류성 어종으로 분류되는 명태의 어획량은 급감하여 현재까지 그 영향이 지속되고 있는 반면, 살 오징어 어획량은 크게 증가하였다. 현재까지 명태 어획량의 감소에 대하여 남획과 기후변화에 초점이 맞추어진 해석이 있으나, 뚜렷한 원인 분석은 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그 이유 중 한 가지는 계군 분석에 근거한 생태, 환경적 측면에 대한 정확한 원인 분석이 이루어지지 않고 있는 것과 관련이 된다. 계군은 유사한 생물학적 특징을 가진 개체들이 제한된 영역 내에서 유성생식과정을 통하여 동일한 유전자 풀(gene pool)을 공유하는 집단으로, 동일 계군을 형성하는 개체들은 산란에서 자원으로 가입 후 다시 재생산 과정에 이르기까지 시간 및 공간적으로 각기 다른 환경의 영향을 받을 수 있다. 따라서, 종에 대한 정확한 계군 분석은 자원의 효과적인 관리 및 급격한 변화에 대한 중요한 대응 방안의 역할을 할 수 있다. 살오징어 계군 분석에 적용된 주요 방법은 크게 4가지로 형태학적 방법, 생태학적 방법, 표지방류법, 유전학적 방법이 있다. 형태학적인 방법은 분석방법이 가장 간단하고 다수의 개체를 비교적 쉽게 분석할 수 있지만 각 형질들은 성장기간 동안 환경에 의해 영향을 많이 받게 되어 개체간의 차이가 생긴다. 생태학적 방법은 주로 개체의 생리적인 변화와 분포 및 회유상태, 기생충의 기생상태나 종류 및 기생률 등을 분석, 산란장의 차이를 알아보는 연구이며, 현재 활발히 연구되고 있는 방법으로 유사한 환경에서 생활하는 집단을 알 수 있지만 유전적으로 같은 집단인지는 알기 어렵다. 표지방류법은 직접적인 방법으로 계군의 회유 및 분포, 산란장의 위치를 파악할 수 있지만 수거가 어렵고 초기 단계에는 표식을 하기 어렵다. 수산생물의 계군 분석을 위한 유전학적 방법은 자원관리학적 연구에 관한 기본적 정보를 제공해 왔다. 계군 분석을 위한 유전학적 방법은 이에 사용하는 유전자 마커(marker)의 감도에 따라 결정되며, 유전자 마커의 다형성이 높은 것을 선택해야 한다. 계군 분석을 위한 유전자 마커로는 오랜 기간 동안 동위효소 다형이 사용되어졌으며, 최근에는 mitochondria, microsatellite와 같이 DNA 염기배열 중에서도 변이성이 높은 영역을 선택하여 마커로 이용한 연구가 증가되고 있다. 기존의 형태학적 방법, 표지방류법, 생태학적인 방법들은 살오징어의 생활사, 회유경로, 산란장의 변화 등을 밝혀내어 계군을 파악하는데 많은 기여를 하였지만 여전히 각 해역에 분포하는 살오징어의 계군을 파악하기에는 어려움이 있다. 최근에는 기존의 계군 분석이 지닌 장단점을 비교 분석하여 복합적인 방법의 계군 분석이 이루어지며, 이러한 정보들을 바탕으로 유전학적 방법을 보완한다면 살오징어 자원의 변동에 대한 관리 방안을 마련하는데 도움을 줄 것이다.

흰쥐 난소에서 황체내 큰포식세포에 관한 형태학적 연구 : 면역조직화학적 및 투과전자현미경적 연구

김원식,한승로,조근자,김수일,박창식 충남대학교 형질전환복제돼지연구센터 2007 논문집 Vol. No.10

황체는 임신의 수립과 유지에 필수적인 일시적인 내분비샘으로, 주기능을 발정주기의 생리적 기간을 결정하고 성공적인 임신을 달성하는데 결정적인 프로게스테론의 생산이다. 황체의 기능은 뇌하수체 gonadotropin 뿐만 아니라 황체내 큰포식세포에서 분비되는 TNF-α를 포함한 몇가지 cytokines에 의해 조절되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 흰쥐 (Sprague-Dawley계통)에서 생식주기별 황체내 큰포식세포의 변화를 면역조직화학적 및 투과전자현미경적으로 관찰 비교하였다. 본 연구에서 흰쥐 황체에서 큰포식세포는 배란기,임신기 및 출산후기 등 모든 시기에 나타나고,그 수와 면역반응성은 배란기에 가장 컸고 출산후기,임신기 순으로 나타났다. 아울러 투과전자현미경 관찰에서는 황체내 큰포식세포를 세포체가 가늘고 돌기가 긴 비포식성 큰포식세포와 포식성 공포와 지방소체들을 많이 함유한 포식성 콘포식세포로 분류할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 황체내 콘포식세포는 발정주기에 따라 그 수나 면역반응성이 다르며,황체퇴화가 활발히 진행되는 배란기와 출산후기에 면역반응성이 증가하고 포식성 큰식세포들이 나타난 것은 큰포식세포에서 TNF-α 와 같은 cytokines의 분비를 활발히 일으키고 그들이 황체세포들의 세포자멸사를 유발,촉진하고 또한 세포자멸 사소체들을 포식,제거하는 방법으로 황체퇴화를 유도하여 정상적인 발정주기를 유지하기 위한 기전으로 생각 되고,임신기에 큰 포식세포의 수와 면역반응성이 작아지고 비포식성 큰포식세포가 주를 이루는 것은 이들이 TNF-α 동의 cytokines 분비를 통해 그들이 황체자극효과를 나타내 황체의 기능을 유지,촉진하는데만 관여하고,한편으로는 황체에서 생산되는 프로게스테론에 의한 큰포식세포 억제작용 때문인 것으로 생각된다. Macrophages in the corpus luteum have many important roles during the periods of functional development and luteal regression. Not only phagocyte the apoptotic luteal cells, but also they secrete many cytokines and exert their effects via autocrine/paracrine actions. In this study, we investigated the changes of number and immunoreactivity of macrophages at various developmental periods of the corpus luteum in the rat ovary. The rats (Sprague- Dawley strain, female) at age of 8 weeks (ovulatory period), GD 6 (pregnant period), and postpartum 5 days (postpartum period) were sacrificed under ether anesthesia and obtained both ovaries, one used for macrophages immunohistochemistry and the other used for TEM. The results were as follows; I. In the corpora lutea of the rat, macrophages were observed all the developmental periods including ovulatory, pregnant and postpartum periods. 2. In the corpora lutea of the rat, number of macrophages was highest in the ovulatory period, and decreased at postpartum period and pregnant period in order. The immunoreactivity of macrophages was high at ovulatory period, moderate at postpartum period, and low at pregnant period. 3. In TEM observations, two types of macro phages were observed: One type was non-phagocytic macrophage and the other type was phagocytic macrophage. Phagocytic macrophages were observed in the corpora lutea at ovulatory and postpartum periods and contained apoptotic bodies, phagocytic vacuoles and many lipid droplets. Non-phagocytic macrophages were observed in the corpora lutea at pregnancy period and showed slender cell body with long cytoplasmic processes and contained no apoptotic bodies. In the rat, the number and the degree of immunoreactivity of macrophages in the corpus luteum varied with the changes of functional state of the corpus luteum. It was suggested that the main function of the macrophages at the ovulatory and postpartum periods was elimination of apoptotic luteal cells and that at pregnancy period was autocrine/paracrine action. Ultrastructurally, two types, phagocytic and nonphagocytic types, of macrophages confirmed. These results will provide valuable informations on the study of the role macrophages during development and regression of corpus luteum.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1997)

김재홍,문득곤,김정수,김용준,임동진,박상훈,김희성,이민수,송기훈,김갑형,김형석,성소영,이인섭,김석우,황지환,조창근,김경문,부태성 대한화학요법학회 2000 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods : For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results : In 1997. 99 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 45(45.5%) were PPNG. Conclusion : The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 45.5% in 1997.

Dermoscopic findings of metastatic skin cancers: a single center experience

( Geun-hwi Park ),( Woo-il Kim ),( Min-young Yang ),( Won-ku Lee ),( Tae-wook Kim ),( Sung-min Park ),( Hyun-joo Lee ),( Gun-wook Kim ),( Hoon-soo Kim ),( Hyun-chang Ko ),( Byung-soo Kim ),( Moon-bum 대한피부과학회 2018 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.70 No.2

Background: Though skin metastasis is rare, it can seriously affect the prognosis and management. The role of dermoscopy in primary skin cancers are established well, but its role in skin metastasis hasn’t been clear. Objectives: This study was performed to elucidate the dermoscopic patterns of metastatic skin cancers. Methods: We analyzed the dermoscopic patterns and clinical data of 46 patients with metastatic skin cancers at Pusan National University Hospitals (Busan and Yangsan) from 2005 to 2018. Results: Mean age and disease free interval were 62.0±14.2 years and 29.2±41.2 months, respectively. The most common primary origin of cancer was breast (11/46, 23.9%), followed by lung (8/46, 17.4%), and upper gastrointestinal tract (8/46, 17.4%). Any dermoscopic patterns was not found in 8 cases, who showed subcutaneous nodules without surface change. Most common dermoscopic pattern was vascular pattern (30/46, 65.2%), followed by homogenous structureless pattern (16/46, 34.8%). Most common vascular pattern was serpentine and arborizing vessel (23/46, 50%), followed by dotted vessel (7/46, 15.2%). There was no significant difference in dermoscopic vascular pattern among cancers, because the number of subjects was insufficient. Conclusion: Based on our study, when vascular patterns such as serpentine and arborizing vessel or dotted vessel are seen on dermoscopy within a nodule in a patient already diagnosed with cancer, metastatic skin cancer should be strongly considered.

계획 신도시 물 사용량 및 이용 패턴 추정

송창근 ( Chang Geun Song ),조형근 ( Hyoung Geun Jo ),최진탁 ( Jin Tak Choi ),김주원 ( Joo Won Kim ) 한국수처리학회 2015 한국수처리학회지 Vol.23 No.1

Recently, due to the water shortage by urbanization, industrialization, and climate change, the importance of efficient water resources management is increasing. In particular, when it comes to a planned new town whose development is in progress, the researches on the estimation of the water demand and the water usage patterns are essential for the risk assessment of regional water shortage. In this study, targeting an Youngjong Island, which is in lack of internal water resource owing to the high reliance on external water supply through subbed pipeline and the island characteristics, the amount of water consumption and the water usage pattern in every five years from 2015 to 2030 were estimated in terms of seasonal and hourly basis. At the final objective year 2030, the daily maximum demand of water for living was about 57,000 m3/day, which was approximately 7.4 times higher than that of 2015. Despite of the decrease of the estimated water demand in lpcd (liter per capita day) in 2030, the population increases corresponding to 7.7 times compared with 2015 mainly influenced the increment. The analysis by time-series data at Incheon Airport Region revealed that the water consumption in summer was highest while that of spring was lowest. This was closely related with variation of the number of visitor according to the season change. In addition, the estimation of the water usage pattern in Haneul City, in which most of the population in Youngjong Island is expected to reside, showed that the seasonal water consumption ranked in order of summer, spring, fall, and winter. Further studies are planned to provide the facility invest model that can ensure sustainable and economic water supply under higher water consumption demand.

강릉수력발전소 발전수 방류 전후의 남대천 수질과 미생물 분포

심혜숙,김규중,김형섭,최창근,전방욱 江陵大學校東海岸地域硏究所 1993 東海岸硏究 Vol.4 No.1

강릉수력발전소의 발전수 방류가 강릉 남대천의 수질 및 미생물 분포에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 정점 3 상류지역의 발전수 방류는 수질에 상당한 영향을 끼쳐 정점 3 및 정점 4의 수질은 악화되고 정점 5, 정점 6 및 정점 7의 수질은 개선되었다. 미생물 분포도 이와 유사하여 정점 3 및 정점 4의 세포수는 상당히 증가한 반면 정점 5, 정점 6 및 정점 7에서는 대체적으로 감소하였다. 이 결과로 미루어보아 강릉수력발전소의 발전수는 희석효과에 의해 수질 및 미생물 분포를 변화시키는 것으로 사료된다. The effects of water discharged from Kangnung hydropower plant on the water quality and some bacterial population of Namdaecheon Stream, Kangnung were investigated. The water discharged above station 3 affected the water quality significantly; the water quality of station 3 and station 4 took a turn for the worse, however those of station 5, station 6 and station 7 changed for the better. It was also true with the bacterial population; The number of cells of bacteria increased in station 3 and 4, but the number significantly decreased in station 5, station 6, and station 7. The data suggested the idea that the water discharged from Kangnung hydropower plant changed the water quality and some bacterial population by dilution effect.

體型別 Harvard Step Test後 血液有形成分의 變化

閔昌基,金文根 忠南大學校體育科學硏究所 1983 體育科學硏究誌 Vol.1 No.1

The purpose of this study was to see the change of the formed elements of blood according to the Somatotypes after the Harvard step test. Six male students of D middle school in Dae ton were served as subjects. They were classified into Endomorphy, Mesomorphy, and Ectomorphy by Sheldon’s anthropometric method. Being based on before and after Harvard step test for 5 minutes, the F ratio of change of the formed elements of blood according to the Somatotype groups obtained the Conclusions as following; 1. The formed elements of blood according to Somatotypes in normal state had no remarkable difference. 2. After Harvard step test, each of the Somatotype group marked increase of the formed elements of blood. 3. After Harvard step test, Mesomorphy was lower than Endomorphy and Ectomorphy in concentration rate of the formed elements of blood. 4. In Hemoglobin, only Endomorphy group had increcesed significantly.