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최동욱,박민수 정보통신정책학회 2019 정보통신정책연구 Vol.26 No.3
Commercial breaks in terrestrial television programs are not allowed unlike in pay-TV programs in Korea. A rigorous investigation of the effects of commercial breaks in television programs is called for amid a long-lasting debate over a shift in the ban on the breaks. Terrestrial network television operators have introduced “pseudo commercial breaks” which are inserted between two clumsily split parts of programs and called them “premium commercial messages (PCM)”. In contrast to previous studies utilizing data on commercial breaks in pay-TV channels, we aim to predict the effects of commercial breaks in terrestrial TV programs by analysing empirically data on PCM. This study uses high-frequency data from Nielsen Korea on advertisement and audience rates of terrestrial and pay-TV programs from January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2017. A difference-in-differences (DID) method is used by exploiting variation in the dates of introduction of PCM across programs as the main source of identification. The results show that PCM increased the amount and the audience rating of advertisements, and that operator revenue swelled despite no significant change in the price of advertisements. These effects of PCM vary depending on the genres of the programs. We also find that PCM did not lead terrestrial TV programs to steal audiences or advertisers from the competing pay-TV programs. 지상파 중간광고 도입에 대한 찬반이 여전한 가운데 중간광고 도입의 효과에 대한 엄밀한 예측의 필요성이 다시금 부각되고 있다. 케이블TV 채널의 중간광고 자료를 이용해 지상파 중간광고의 효과를 예측했던 기존 연구와 달리 본 연구는 지상파 유사중간광고(PCM) 도입의 영향 분석을 통해 지상파 중간광고 도입효과에 대한 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구는 닐슨으로부터 2016년 1월 1일부터 2017년 12월 31일까지의 지상파 및 케이블TV 채널의 광고 및 시청률 자료를 수집하여 분석에 활용했다. PCM 도입 여부와 시기가 프로그램마다 다르다는 점에 착안하여 처치군과 통제군을 설정하고 이중차분법(difference-in-differences method)을 적용하였다. 분석 결과, PCM도입이 광고량과 광고시청률을 유의하게 증가시켰지만 광고가격의 변화는 나타나지 않았다. 또한 장르에 따라 PCM의 효과가 차별적으로 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. PCM의 도입은 동시간대의 경쟁 케이블프로그램에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. PCM이 도입된 지상파 프로그램은 그렇지 않은 프로그램에 비해 유의하게 높은 광고수입을 올린다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.
황산알루미늄의 가수분해에 의해 석출된 AlO(OH) 겔의 숙성시간이 판상 α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>의 결정성장에 미치는 영향
최동욱,박병기,서정권,이정민,Choe, Dong-Uk,Park, Byung-Ki,Suh, Jeong-Kwon,Lee, Jung-Min 한국세라믹학회 2006 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.43 No.9
To precipitate the complex gel of flux and aluminum hydroxides gel, aqueous solution of the mixture of $Na_2CO_3\;and\;Na_2PO_4{\cdot}12H_2O$ was added with stirring in aqueous solution of the mixture of $Al_2(SO_4)_3{\cdot}14{\sim}18H_2O,\;Na_2SO_4$, and then the complex gel was aged in $0{\sim}30h\;at\;90^{\circ}C$. As aging time passed, the aluminum hydroxides was grown into the acicular AlO(OH) gel. Also, aging time had an effect on physical properties of the AlO(OH) gel and on crystal growth of the flaky ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ prepared by molten-salt precipitation. In this study, the complex gel was crystallized in temperature range of $400{\sim}1,200^{\circ}C$ after drying at $110^{\circ}C$, and then it was investigated to effect of aging time on precipitation temperature, size, thickness, morphology and particle size distribution of the flaky ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ crystal. As aging time passed, the flaky a${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ crystal showed a tendency toward an increase in size and thickness as result from an increase in BET surface area and pore volume of the acicular AlO(OH) gel.
최동욱,박병기,한명완,Choe, Dong-Uk,Park, Byung-Ki,Han, Myung-Wan 한국세라믹학회 2007 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.44 No.10
To precipitate the complex gels of the pH 6, 7, 8, 9 included in a flux and an aluminum hydroxides gel, an aqueous solution of a mixture of $Na_2CO_3\;and\;Na_2PO_4{\cdot}12H_2O$ was added with stirring in an aqueous solution of a mixture of $Al_2(SO_4){_3}{\cdot}18H_2O,\;Na_2SO_4\;and\;K_2SO_4$, and then the complex gels were aged in 20 h at $90^{\circ}C$. As the hydrolysis pH changed, it had an effect on the physical properties such as the crystal structure, crystal morphology and a phase transition temperature of the AlO(OH) gel, and also on the crystal structure, crystal morphology, particle size and particle size distribution of the ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ platelets prepared by molten-salt precipitation. Also, in this study, the complex gels were crystallized at $1,200^{\circ}C$ and thereafter dried at $110^{\circ}C$, and then it was investigated to effect of the hydrolysis pH on the crystal structure, morphology and particle size distribution of the ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ platelets crystals using XRD, DTA, SEM and particle size analyzer.
최동욱,김준철,김근영,안철,Choi, Dong-Wook,Kim, Jun-Chul,Kim, Geun-Young,An, Chul The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 1992 전자공학회논문지-A Vol.29 No.11
The dependence of electrical characteristics of RuO$_2$-based thick film resistors on the RuO$_2$ contents, glass composition variation and the firing temperatures was measured. The sheet resistance of resistors decreased as the contents of RuO$_2$ increased and at firing temperatures higher than C, the sheet resistance increased as the firing temperature increased. In case of using lead borosilicate glass-containing $Bi_{2}O_{3}$, the sheet resistance decreased as the contents of $Bi_{2}O_{3}$ increased. TCR changes from negative to positive values as RuO$_2$ contents increased and from positive to negative values as the firing temperature increased. TCR increased to positive values as $Bi_{2}O_{3}$ increased in the glass.
생물막 공정에서 질소제거효율 향상을 위한 유기성담체의 효용성 검토
최동욱,최영균,김대영,김윤중,정태학 대한상하수도학회 2003 상하수도학회지 Vol.17 No.3
Availability of organic media for improving nitrogen removal efficiency in a biofilter process was studied. Although, aerobic and anoxic phase could be clearly divided during the operation of single-stage biofilter process and nitrification efficiency was about 80%, denitrification efficiency was very low due to depletion of organic substrate in anoxic phase. However, the deficiency could be improved by addition of organic media in anoxic phase from the simulated result. Nitrogen removal efficiency in a biofilter process packed with organic media in anoxic phase was predicted to be 29% higher than that packed with inorganic media. In addition, about 79% of nitrogen removal efficiency could be obtained from a column test using organic media innoculated by activated sludge. Improvement in nitrogen removal efficiency was responsible for organic leaching from the organic media and the leaching rate was 0.21㎎COD/g-org.media/day.
백내장수술 중 전방 내 증류수 관류된 환자의 치험 1예
최동욱,정인영,서성욱,송준경 대한안과학회 2004 대한안과학회지 Vol.45 No.2
Purpose: To report a case of anterior chamber irrigation with distilled water during cataract operation Methods: During the cataract operation of 56 year-old male patient, corneal edema and anterior chamber hazziness were noted after anterior chamber irrigation with distilled water for a minute. Distilled water was replaced rapidly balanced salt solution (BSS) as irrigation solution and operation was completed. At postoperative one day, corneal edema and anterior chamber exudative membrane were formed. After topical 5% NaCl, 1% prednisolone treatment, corneal edema and exudative membrane disappeared at postoperative sixth week. BCVA was 0.6. At postoperative ninth week, the patient complained of decreased visual acuity. On fundus exmination and flourescein angiography, cystoid macular edema (CME) was detected. Results: After prednisolone oral administration and diclofenac eyedrop instillation, CME improved. At postoperative 24th month, BCVA was 0.8 and CME disappeared. Conclusions: From our experience of a case of anterior chamber irrigation with distilled water during cataract operation, if balanced salt solution replaces hypotonic solution rapidly as irrigation solution, corneal and other complications are managed properly, long term visual acuity appears good. 목적 : 백내장수술 중 전방 내로 증류수가 관류된 환자에서 술후 24개월의 경과관찰을 보고하고자 한다. 대상과 방법 : 56세 남자환자가 백내장수술도중 초기 약 1분간 증류수 관류 후 술 중 각막부종 및 전방혼탁이 보여 평형염액(balanced salt solution)으로 관류액을 치환하여 수술을 마쳤다. 술 후 각막부종 및 전방 내 삼출성 막이 형성되었다. 5% NaCl 과 1% prednisolone 점안 등의 치료 후 각막부종 및 삼출성 막은 사라졌으며, 술 후 6주에 교정시력 0.6이었다. 술 후 9주에 시력저하 호소하여 시행한 안저검사 및 형광안저촬영검사상 낭포황반부종 소견을 보였다. 결과 : prednisolone 경구복용 및 diclofenac 점안 치료하였고, 낭포황반부종은 좋아졌으며 술 후 24개월 경과관찰 시 교정시력은 0.8, 낭포황반부종 소견은 보이지 않았다. 결론 : 백내장수술 중 전방 내로 증류수가 관류된 환자에서 신속히 평형염액으로 관류액을 치환하고 합병증에 대한 적절한 치료시 장기적으로 좋은 시력예후를 보일 수 있었다.