http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
다래 (Actinidia arguta) 유래 원형질체로부터 식물체 재분화
김준철 강원대학교 기초과학연구소 2012 기초과학연구 Vol.23 No.-
Protoplasts isolated from the embryogenic cell suspension cultures of Actinidia arguta were cultured to the green cell clusters. After 6-8 weeks, when microcalli formed to a diameter of about 2 ㎜, they were respectively transferred to solid MSB medium. Plant regeneration from calluses was carried out on MSB medium with 0.6 mM myo-inositol, 0.27% (w/v) Phytagel, 3% (w/v) glucose, and 0.5% activated charcoal. Well rooted plants were transferred to the soil. Forty two plant lines were selected and regenerated among the green cell clusters. Protoplast-derived plant lines had an similar floral and leaf morphology when compared to the parents.
불완전한 전력 제어 셀룰라 DS/CDMA 시스템의 용량 분석
김준철,박진수,곽경섭 한국통신학회 1997 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.22 No.8
In this paper, we studied the effects of the power control imperfection on the system performances of a microcellular DS/CDMA system. The maximum user capacity, defined as the maximum number of users can be serviced simultaneouly, meeting a given voice quality, is first considered. Then the performence degradation due to the control error is analyzed. The frequency selective Raician channel model is used to characterize a microcellular mobile communication environment. The DS/CDMA system under consideration uses BPSK modulation and convolutional coding/Viterbe decoding with soft decision for forward error correction. It is shown that the user capacity falls linearly down with the increase of the power control error(in terms of the standard deviation in dB) and the interference from users outside the third tier cells have a minor effect on the performance. And the performance of DS/CDMA with the imperfect power control model is made to be less than 50% of that with perfect power control moded.
김준철 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2024 法學論文集 Vol.48 No.2
로보어드바이저(robo-advisers)는 소프트웨어로 구현한 프로그램을 통해 인터넷과 모바일을 이용해 고객에게 투자자문을 제공하거나 투자자산을 위임받아 운용하는 업무를 수행한다. 사람의 개입이 없는 투자운용 업무절차를 소프트웨어로 구현했으며 인공지능 기술을 활용해 투자자문업과 투자일임업을 수행한다. 미국과 우리나라는 각각 「투자자문회사법」과 「자본시장법」을 통해 로보어드바이저를 규율하며, 신인의무(fiduciary duty), 적합성의무 그리고 설명의무를 부과한다. 이 논문은 로보어드바이저를 이용하여 투자서비스를 제공하는 금융회사・핀테크회사(이하 ‘로보어드바이저社’)가 법률리스크를 업무 단계별로 인식하고 내부통제・리스크관리장치 등을 통해 법적 쟁점을 사전적으로 예방하는 조치를 취하는데 필요한 지침으로 활용되기 위해 작성되었다. 아울러 투자자와 법원에게도 인공지능 기술을 이용한 투자서비스와 관련한 신인의무(선관의무)의 범위와 한계를 이해하는데 이 논문이 도움이 될 것으로 여겨진다. 로보어드바이저社는 투자운용계약 체결 전 투자자 분석을 수행하고 적합성원칙에 입각해 설명의무를 이행해야 한다. 투자운용계약 체결 후에는 금융시장 예측, 자산배분, 포트폴리오 구성, 거래 실행, 리밸런싱의 업무 단계별로 신인의무를 이행해야 한다. 각 업무단계에서 민사책임 문제가 가장 작은 부분은 보편적인 이론에 입각해 수행하는 자산배분 업무이다. 한편 거래 실행 단계에서는 투자자의 포트폴리오에 가장 적합한 투자수단(주식 등)을 선택하면서 주의의무를 다해야 하고, 자기이익금지 및 이해상충방지를 소프트웨어에 구현해서 충실의무를 위반하지 않도록 조치해야 한다. 한편 인공지능 기술을 이용해 금융시장 예측, 자산배분, 거래 실행 및 리밸런싱 업무를 수행할 경우, 인공지능 기술을 이용하는 것이 명시적인 위임사무라는 것을 계약서 또는 투자설명서 등을 통해 정해야 한다. 인공지능 기술을 이용하더라도 투자 실행 과정에서 손실이 발생할 수 있으며, 이 경우 인공지능을 활용한 투자실행이 위임사무에서 벗어난 경우 민사책임 문제가 제기될 수 있으므로 투자자와 로보어드바이저를 이용하는 금융회사가 위임사무의 범위를 미리 정할 필요가 있다. 로보어드바이저를 이용한 금융투자에서 신인의무를 다하지 못할 경우 「자본시장법」과 「민법」에 따라 투자자는 로보어드바이저社에 대해 손해배상을 청구할 수 있다. 위에서 살펴본 업무 수행 단계별 민사책임 외에 다음의 법률 문제도 살펴보았다. 로보어드바이저社는 사이버보안 의무를 이행하지 못한 경우 그리고 이해상충방지의무를 소프트웨어의 업무절차에 구현하지 못해 부당한 알고리즘 문제가 제기된 경우 투자자에게 「자본시장법」과 「민법」상 손해배상책임을 진다. 한편 현행 「제조물책임법」은 제조물을 ‘제조되거나 가공된 동산’으로 정의하고 있어, 로보어드바이저의 소프트웨어 작동 오류 등에 대해서는 제조물 책임을 부과하기는 어렵다. 인공지능을 위험원(危險源)으로 인식하고 이를 규제하는 논의가 유럽연합에서 이루어지고 있으나 현재의 로보어드바이저의 기술 개발 단계를 감안할 때 로보어드바이저를 위험원으로 인식하고 이와 관련한 법적 책임을 부과기는 어려운 상황이다. Robo-advisers are software-implemented programs that provide investment advice to clients or manages investment assets on behalf of clients using the internet and mobile. The investment management process is implemented by the software without human intervention and utilizes artificial intelligence technology to perform investment advisory and investment management services. The United States and Korea regulate robo-advisers through the Investment Advisers Act and Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act (in brief, Capital Markets Act), respectively, and impose fiduciary duty, suitability duty, and duty of explanation. This paper is intended to serve as a guide for financial companies and fintech companies using robo-advisers (hereafter ‘robo-adviser companies’) to recognize legal risks at each stage of their business and take measures to proactively prevent legal issues through internal controls and risk management system. In addition, investors and courts will find this paper helpful in understanding the scope and limits of fiduciary duty in relation to investment services using artificial intelligence technology. Robo-adviser companies should analyze investors and fulfill duty of explanation based on the suitability principle before entering into an investment management agreement. After signing an investment management contract, the duty of care must be fulfilled in the following stage of the business: financial market forecasting, asset allocation, portfolio construction, transaction execution, and rebalancing. The asset allocation that is based on the generally accepted asset allocation theory has the least probability to incur civil liability. In the transaction execution stage, they must fulfill its duty of care in selecting the most appropriate investment vehicles (stocks and other investment vehicles) for the investor's portfolio, and they must implement the prevention of self-interest and conflicts of interest in the software to ensure that they do not violate the duty of loyalty. When using artificial intelligence technology to perform financial market forecasting, asset allocation, transaction execution, and rebalancing, it should be stipulated in the contract or prospectus that the use of artificial intelligence technology is an explicit delegated task in the aforementioned stage. Even if artificial intelligence technology is used, losses may occur in the process of investment execution. In this case, civil liability issues may be raised if investment execution using artificial intelligence technology deviates from the delegated duties. Thus, it is imperative for investors and financial firms using robo-advisers to define the scope of delegated duties in advance. If robo-adviser companies fail to fulfill their duty of care in financial investments, the investor may claim damages against them as they are fiduciaries under Capital Markets Act and the Civil Code. Besides the civil liability for each stage of business performance described above, the following legal issues are raised. Robo-adviser companies are liable for damages under Capital Markets Act and the Civil Code if they fail to fulfill their cybersecurity obligations and fail to implement conflicts of interest prevention obligations into the software's business procedures, resulting in unfair algorithmic issues. The current Product Liability Act defines a product as “movables which are industrially manufactured or processed”. So, it is difficult to impose product liability on them for software operation errors. In addition, there are discussions in the European Union to recognize artificial intelligence as a source of risk and regulate it. But, given the current stage of technology development of robo-advisers, I think it is hard to recognize robo-advisers as a source of risk and impose legal liability in this regard.
Nicotiana tabacum과 N. glutinosa 간 융합식물체의 염색체 분석
김준철 강원대학교 기초과학연구소 2007 기초과학연구 Vol.18 No.-
Fusion product lines which had an intermediate froral and leaf morphology when compared to the parents of Nicotiana tabacum (NR?/SR?) and N. glutinosa were conformed as a somatic hybrid bases on the chromosome analysis. The hybrid lines, L22, L31 and L33 gave a chromosome count of 2n=66, 2n=64 and 2n=68 respectively, which were less than the expected number, 2n=72.