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      • 地方 行政改革에 對한 公務員의 受容態度 硏究 : 光州廣域市 公務員을 中心으로

        박형자 全南大學校 행정대학원 1999 국내석사

        RANK : 247631

        The aim of this study is to survey the public officials' receptive attitude for the Reform of Local. Administration, such as structural reorganization and MBO(management by objectives) which members of the administrative organization go through, among the systems being recently introduced in the internal administration in the system which's being aided by IMF(International Monetary Fund) and also to cope which the age of knowledge and Information of the 21st century. On the basis of theoretical investigation and the result of questionnaire survey on the public officials' of Kwangju Metropolitan City, the positive and negative receptive attitude and problem are looked over in this study and I try to supply the basic information for laying out the plan to cope with rapidly changing administration. As a result of the study, many parts the new systems which are being introduced in the internal administration for the administrative reform and the change of public officials' way of thinking are regarded that they are in adaptable to public officials and produce the negative effects. So, on the basis of the results of this study, the devices which can make the public officials' accept the new systems, that is administrative reform and make them adapt to those have to be presented. First, the most attacked person are public officials in the structure reorganization so in the second reorganization will have to be done step by step considering the moral without large scale reduction. Open public official employment system and team management are still unreasonable under the hierarchical society like Korea. Second, MBO and the piece work system as the way of evaluation of the performance are difficult to adapt to the public officials not only in Kwangju but also in other cities who are not accustomed to the intra competition. Third, public officials have negative recognition to the annual payment but they have highly negative thinking in the part of the payment reduction to make the funds for the unemployment. The counterplane for salary of the public officials who are the intra customs in the administration organization is needed even there is a reason. In the result, The regional administrative reformation in the administration have to be considered with the reason of the presence of the administration as well as special research for the public officials, who are the custom of the central government and regional government. In addition, public officials, themselves, have to have the positive attitude to the change of the administrative environment to cope with the change in the 21st Century.

      • 비이원론적 베단따(Advaita Vedānta) 철학에서 지식의 주요 수단들 : 우빠데샤사하스리(Upadesasahasri)를 중심으로

        박형자 원광대학교 동양학대학원 2014 국내석사

        RANK : 247631

        The major means of knowledge in Advaita Ved?nta philosophy - With reference to Upade?as?hasr? - Park Hyung Ja Major in Yoga Department of yoga Studies Graduate School of Oriental Studies Wonkwang University Like all major schools in Indian philosophies, Advaita Ved?nta(hereaft er AV) has the aim of providing practical means for the attainment of liberation which from suffering the bondage of sams?ra, the cycle of birth and rebirth. Liberation means the supreme values and the ultimate goal in life to the Indians. They have a quest for the achieving liberation during their lives. If liberation be the supreme ideal, what means be prepared? According to the AV, the individual soul is actually none other than Brahman, the ultimate Reality, so we should know that we’re the accomplished. ?a?kara, a famous AV philosopher insists that knowledge alone yields liberation, so he denies Purvamim?nsakas’view, which they can obtain based on injunction to perform particular rituals. He emphasis the true knowledge of brahman and provides the three major knowledge means for accomplishing liberation through his work, Upade?as?hasr?. First of all, he required four pre-requisites or necessary qualifications for the right knowledge to his disciples before his learning of AV. It is stated that though he requested qualifications, but it can’t be the immediate knowledge for the liberation, it just produce preliminary for the right knowledge. And then he represents major means of knowledge that produce the identification between Brahman and individual soul. The first of three ones is the three fold process of listening, reflection and meditation. (?rava?a manana, nididhy?sana). It is traditionally acknowledged that the three means of listening, reflection, and meditation are central means which is set out for liberation in AV. In other words, if one listen to the teachings concerning about Brahman, liberation can occurred simultaneously without interruption. Even though in the later AV there aries a controversial which listening is not enough for liberation, so meditation-centered should be emphasized, but the three means can serve the superior accomplishing means for liberation in AV. And the second knowledge means is the method of ‘continuity and discontinuity(anvayavyatireka). The method of it is employed to know the meaning of the word like tvam(you) in the mah?v?kya for understanding the whole sentence. Because the meaning of tat(that) is already revealed, Brahman. If the discontinuity exists between you and that, it have to eliminate and if the continuity exists between you and that, it should continue. Finally, the meaning of you and that is the same one, param?tman. The third of ones is the teaching method of guru. It is awkward that it can be the major means of knowledge, but it sufficiently can serve to produce the right knowledge. Because the role of the spiritual teacher gets rid of darkness of disciples inside and imparts knowledge for liberation through many kinds of teaching methods. Finally anubhava is a very significant fact for liberation in AV. Actually, Brahman, the Absolute Reality and non-duality is not within the purview of any Pram??as like perception, inference whatsoever. If it is used as the immediate perception about supersensible ?tman, it should be regarded as the only means for the attainment of liberation. Because it can gain the knowledge about Brahman directly and instantly. Therefore it is only independent means of knowledge for liberation, even though every major means of knowledge are very important. So above mentioned knowledge means are necessary for liberation, and they are also a clue to the happiness from suffering the bondage of rebirth. 비이원론적 베단따 철학에서 지식의 주요 수단들 - 우빠데샤사하스리를 중심으로 - 박 형 자 요가학과 요가학 전공 원광대학교 동양학 대학원 대부분의 인도철학 학파들처럼 아드바이따 베단따(Advaita Ved?nta, 이하 ‘베단따’로 부름) 학파 역시 인간의 고통과 속박으로부터 해방하려는 해탈을 최우선 목표로 삼고 있다. 해탈이란 인도인에게 주어진 인생 목표 중 가장 마지막이자 최고의 인생 가치로 여길 정도로 중요하게 여겨지는 삶의 목표이다. 만약 해탈이 그렇게 중요하면서도 최고의 인생목표라면 해탈을 성취하기 위해서는 어떤 성취수단들이 존재하는 것일까? 베단따 철학에서 주장하는 방법은 먼저 인간의 실존은 윤회로 인해 고통 받는 제한적이고 유한한 개별적 영혼이 아니라는 것이다. 실제로는 이미 해탈한 존재로서 우주의 궁극적 실재인 브라흐만과 동일한 아뜨만이라는 것을 인식하는 것이다. 그래서 인간은 이미 해탈한 존재로 인식하기만 하면 된다. 유명한 베단따 철학자인 상까라는 해탈은 오직 지식으로만 얻을 수 있다고 주장하며 해탈을 행위의 결과로 보고 오직 의례의 실천으로 내세에서 행복을 얻는 것이 중요하다고 여기는 뿌루바 미망사 학파((P?rva M?m??s?)의 주장을 전면 부인한다. 상까라는 브라흐만을 아는 참된 지식만을 강조하며 자신의 저서인『우빠데샤사하스리』를 통하여 3가지 주요 지식수단들을 제시한다. 먼저 그는 베단따의 가르침을 설하기 전에 올바른 지식을 익히기 위해서는 제자의 자격요건이 필요함을 주장함으로써 예비적 지식의 중요성을 강조한다. 그러나 그렇다고 해서 상까라가 주장하는 제자의 자격요건이 올바른 지식을 익히기 위한 수단으로 작용할 수는 있지만 그것이 지식의 직접수단이 될 수는 없다. 그 다음으로 상까라는 ‘듣고 숙고하고 명상하기’라는 3수단과 ‘연속과 불연속의 방법’ 그리고 마지막으로 스승의 가르침의 기법 등을 지식을 낳는 3가지 주요 성취수단들로 제시한다. 그 첫 번째는 베단따의 전통적인 성취수단인 ‘듣기 숙고하기 명상하기’이다. 듣기수행이란 브라흐만에 대해서 듣기만 해도 곧바로 직접적 지식이 발생한다. 그러나 후대 베단따에 이르러서는 듣기만으로는 부족하여 명상하기를 강조해야 한다는 논쟁점들이 발생하기도 하였지만, 그럼에도 불구하고 3수단은 베단따 철학의 고유한 수행체계로서 자신의 실존이(개아이지만) 아뜨만임을 알 수 있는 중요한 지식수단으로 공헌한다. 두 번째의 방법은 ‘연속과 불연속’의 방법으로 베단따의 대문구의 문장을 이해하기 위해서 ‘너(tvam)’의 의미를 파악하는 방법이다. 왜냐하면 그것의 의미는 Brahman으로 이미 알려져 있기 때문이다. 그러므로 ‘그것’과 ‘너’ 사이에 공통으로 존재하는 것은 연속시키고 공통으로 존재하지 않는 것은 불연속시킴으로써 ‘그것’과 ‘너’의 의미는 동일하게 아뜨만이라는 것이 증명된다. 세 번째의 방법은 스승의 가르침의 기법들이다. 물론 이 방법을 지식의 성취수단으로 보는 것은 무리한 주장일 수 있다. 하지만 스승의 역할이 여러 가지 가르침의 기법들을 통하여 제자의 내면에 존재하는 어둠을 제거하며 또한 해탈에 필요한 가르침들을 부여한다는 점을 고려해볼 때 스승이 가르치는 기법들이 올바른 지식을 낳는 지식수단으로 간주되기에 충분하다고 여겨진다. 마지막으로 해탈에 필요한 직접지식은 아누바와(anubhava)이다. 직접지각이나 추론같은 Pram??as(인식수단)로는 절대이며 비이원인 브라흐만을 지각할 수 없으므로 브라흐만을 알 수 있는 유일한 지식수단으로 상정될 수 있는 것은 직접지식뿐이다. 또한 직접지식은 초감각적인 대상인 아뜨만에 대한 직접적 지각이라는 의미로 쓰이는 한, 브라흐만에 관한 직접지식을 얻기 때문에 해탈의 직접수단이라고 볼 수 있다. 그러므로 모든 지식수단이 중요하지만 그 중에서도 직접지식(anubhava)만이 해탈의 직접수단이라는 것이 제공된다. 이상에서 제시한 주요 지식수단들이야말로 해탈에 꼭 필요한 수단이라 할 수 있으며 또한 인간이 윤회의 고통에서 해방되어 영원한 지복을 누릴 수 있는 해답임이 입증되는 것이다.

      • 지위비행이 청소년 범죄에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

        박형자 동국대학교 2005 국내석사

        RANK : 247631

        It can be said that among various social problems faced by contemporary society aspiring to a welfare state, such as disease, poverty, crime, environment pollution, etc., juvenile delinquency that has failed to adapt to reality, is the most serious. The early stages of adolescence is an important period since it decides the existence or not of juvenile delinquency or adulthood crime. Therefore, this study examined the correlation of the first misconduct period of juvenile status offense and juvenile delinquency due to the tendency of early juvenile offenses. It tried to define juvenile status offense within the areas of juvenile offenses as a normative behavioral problem, to consider and classify the social environment into psychological, domestic, school and peers and to examine suitable improvement programs. In addition, it materialized the types of status offense that have not yet been generalized, classified the systems of status offense and concretely described subsystems. In order to make the argument of the classification of types of status offense coincide with the research purpose, this study was based on the classification of Jong Won Lee, adding Young Eun Moon's four groups of status offense: entertainment/custom type, authority/resistance type, expression type and group type. Based on the above classification system, a total of 191 male and female high school students and 237 male and female youthful offenders were surveyed, and the results suggested that in all types the first experience of prominently early status offense for youthful offenders was a sign of delinquency. Therefore, the seriousness of status offense should be identified as early as elementary school age, which is the period when status offenses are most likely to occur, and make adolescents understand that the values and necessity of social norms are not merely persistent demands. Additionally the fact that status offense does not originate only from the environment surrounding adolescents but also from their own problems should be made understood and if they become conscious of this responsibility, the juvenile delinquency should decrease in numbers. It should be noted that this study has many limitations. Firstly, the high school students and youthful offenders surveyed were restricted from one region and therefore the results obtained cannot be generalized nationwide. Secondly, according to various researchers, the classification per type of status offense cannot be generalized. Thirdly, longitudinal data could not be used when researching the first experience period of status offense. This research demonstrated the necessity of establishing areas of status offense to explain juvenile delinquency and if the above mentioned limitations were taken into consideration in future researches it could provide valuable foundations to theories of juvenile delinquency.

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