공동주택 사용검사 전 하자의 하자보수보증금 제도에 관한 고찰

정영호,유선봉 한국공공사회학회 2020 공공사회연구 Vol.10 No.2

Because there is no policy mandating defect repair security deposit paid before Apartment House building pre-use inspections, residents and builders are increasingly experiencing disputes, with many residents suffering damage. In order to alleviate this situation, the current study examines the introduction of defect repair security deposit made before conducting pre-use inspections, in addition to security liability period, through laws and regulations. Also, by analyzing court judgments on compensations for defects, the current study discovers issues regarding the ratio of court-ordered compensation for defects discovered before pre-use inspections, in addition to conducting analysis on security liability period and the amount of court-ordered compensation for various facility construction projects. Furthermore, experts are interviewed regarding such problems to develop the following proposal to introduce a policy for defect repair security deposit before conducting pre-use inspections, and laws and regulations to implement that policy. First, The current study suggests implementing a policy of requiring builders to make defect repair deposit in accordance with Article 41 of the Enforcement Decree of the Apartment House Management Act (Making and Keeping Custody of Security Deposit for Repairing Defects). Second, In terms of the scope (calculation criteria) of the said defect repair security deposit, it is proposed that experts should conduct research and analysis before making a determination. Third, The enforcement of the deposit policy is suggested to include “portions not constructed and portions constructed differently from the original plan.” Fourth, The current study also suggests adopting the security liability period for various structural defects mentioned in Attachment 4 of the Enforcement Decree of the Multi-family Housing Management Act and Article 36 of the same law (Period of Warranty Liability). Fifth, The security deposit should be used directly by the council of occupants’ representatives or by a third party to repair defects as per Article 43 of the Enforcement Decree of the Apartment House Management Act, and the same clause of the law should be invoked to regulate that builders who do not conduct repairs to building defects can be subject to claims for the payment of the deposited funds that are by the council of occupants’ representatives as the issuer of the deposit guarantee paper. Lastly, I would like to propose amendments to the “Definition of Defects Before Use Inspection” in the Construction Industry Basic Law, Civil Law, and Building Law. 공동주택의 하자보수보증금과 관련된 규정이 사용검사 전 하자의 하자보수보증금 제도가 없는 문제점이 있어서 입주자와 사업주체 간의 다툼이 증가하고 입주자가 피해를 보고 있다. 이를 개선하기 위하여 사용검사 전 하자의 하자보수보증금 예치제도의 도입과 담보책임기간의 산정 등이 필요하여 관계법규에 대한 고찰과 아파트 사용검사 전 하자의 법원 하자판결금 분석을 통하여 사용검사 전 하자의 판결금 비율, 담보책임기간 및 시설공사별 하자판결금 분석 등으로 문제점을 도출하고, 문제점에 대한 전문가의 면담조사 결과를 통하여 다음과 같은 사용검사 전 하자의 하자보수보증금 예치 제도도입과 이에 따른 관련 규정을 제안한다. 첫쩨, 사용검사 전 하자에 대하여 「공동주택관리법 시행령」제41조(하자보수보증금의 예치 및 보관) 규정을 준용하여 하자보수보증금을 예치하는 제도도입을 제안한다. 둘째, 하자보수보증금의 범위(산정기준)는 관련 전문가들의 연구 분석을 통하여 정할 것을 제안한다. 셋째, 사용검사 전 하자보수보증금의 적용 범위는 ‘미 시공된 부분 및 설계도면과 달리 시공된 변경시공’ 부분을 포함하여 적용하는 것을 제안한다. 넷째, 담보책임기간은 공동주택관리법 시행령 [별 4] 시설공사별 하자담보책임기간 및 동법 제36조(담보책임기간) 내력구조부별 하자의 담보책임기간을 준용하는 것을 제안한다. 다섯째, 하자보수보증금의 용도는「공동주택관리법 시행령」제43조을 준용하여 입주자대표회의에서 직접 사용하거나 제3자에게 보수하게 한다. 라는 규정과 하자보수보증금의 청구 및 관리는「공동주택관리법 시행령」제43조을 준용하여 규정하며 사업주체가 하자보수를 이행하지 아니하는 경우는 입주자대표회의가 보증서 발급기관으로 하자보수보증금 예치 및 보관한 사항에 대하여 지급을 청구할 수 있다. 라는 규정을 제안하고자 한다. 마지막으로, “사용검사 전 하자의 정의”를 건설산업기본법, 민법, 건축법 등에 개정을 제안하고자 한다.

공동주택 사용검사 전 하자 특성 분석

이상효(Sang-Hyo Lee),한만천(Man-Cheon Han),김재준(Jae-Jun Kim),이정석(Jeong-Seok Lee) 한국산학기술학회 2020 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.21 No.5

본 논문에서는 사용검사 전 하자로 분류되는 미시공과 변경시공을 대상으로 하자분류체계를 설정하여 세부적인 사용검사 전 하자발생 패턴과 특징을 도출하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 본 논문에서는 실제로 하자 분쟁이 발생한 공동주택 사례 133건, 약 3,110건의 사용검사 전 하자항목을 활용하여 분석을 실시하였다. 주요 분석결과를 살펴보면, 첫째, 하자중요도 관점에서 마감공사에서 발생하는 사용검사 전 하자들이 상대적으로 높은 순위를 차지하였다. 둘째, 일반적으로 외벽 균열 등과 같은 하자도 매우 중요한 하자로 인식되고 있으나, 사용검사 전 하자들의 경우, 외벽에는 상대적으로 나타나지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 방수공사의 경우, 기전실이나 주차장 등에서 사용검사 전 하자가 주로 발생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 하자중요도 상위 20위 내에 포함되는 하자에 대한 세부 내역을 확인한 결과, 분쟁 소송 과정에서 다양한 쟁점이 발생할 수 있음에 따라 이해관계자 간 이견을 합리적으로 해결할 수 있는 기준이나 대응책 마련이 필요하다. The purpose of this paper is to establish a defect classification system for defects before inspection and to derive the pattern and characteristics of defects before inspection by examining about 3,110 defect items for 133 apartment buildings. The study analysis revealed a relatively high rate of defects before inspection that occurred in finishing work. Second, defects occurred such as cracking of external wall, which is a very important defect. However, defects before inspection were relatively rare on the external wall. Finally, defects before inspection occurred during waterproofing in the common area or garage. It is necessary to establish a reasonable basis or countermeasure to resolve differences between stakeholders as various issues may arise in the course of a dispute, as a result of identifying the details of defects within the top 20 of the defectives.

영상 세그멘테이션 및 템플리트 매칭 기술을 응용한 필름 결함 검출 시스템

윤영근(Young-Geun Yoon),이석룡(Seok-Lyong Lee),박호현(Ho-Hyun Park),정진완(Chin-Wan Chung),김상희(Sang-Hee Kim) 한국정보과학회 2007 정보과학회논문지 : 데이타베이스 Vol.34 No.2

본 논문에서는 TFT-LCD에 사용되는 편광 필름(polarized film)의 제작 과정 중 최종 단계에서 수행되는 필름의 결함 검출 및 결함 유형을 판정하기 위한 필름 결함 검출 시스템(Film Defect Inspection System: FDIS)을 설계하고 이를 구현하였다. 제안한 시스템은 영상 세그멘테이션 기법을 이용하여 편광 필름 영상으로부터 결함을 검출하였고, 검출된 결함의 영상을 분석하여 결함 유형을 판정할 수 있도록 설계되었다. 결함 유형의 판정은 결함 영역의 형태적 특성 및 질감(texture) 등의 특징을 추출하여 템플리트(template) 데이타베이스에 저장된 기준(reference) 결함 영상과 비교함으로써 수행된다. FDIS를 이용한 실험 결과, 테스트 영상에서 모든 결함 영역을 빠른 시간 안에 (평균 0.64초), 정확히 검출하였으며(Precision 1.0, Recall 1.0), 결함 유형을 판정하는 실험에서도 평균 Precision 0.96, Recall 0.95로 정확도가 매우 높은 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한, 회전 변형을 적용한 경우의 결함 유형 검출 실험에서도 평균 Precision 0.95, Recall 0.89로 제안한 기법이 회전 변환에 대하여 견고함을 보여 주었다. In this paper, we design and implement the Film Defect Inspection System (FDIS) that detects film defects and determines their types which can be used for producing polarized films of TFT-LCD. The proposed system is designed to detect film defects from polarized film images using image segmentation techniques and to determine defect types through the image analysis of detected defects. To determine defect types, we extract features such as shape and texture of defects, and compare those features with corresponding features of referential images stored in a template database. Experimental results using FDIS show that the proposed system detects all defects of test images effectively (Precision 1.0, Recall 1.0) and efficiently (within 0.64 second in average), and achieves the considerably high correctness in determining defect types (Precision 0.96 and Recall 0.95 in average). In addition, our system shows the high robustness for rotated transformation of images, achieving Precision 0.95 and Recall 0.89 in average.

명암도 분포 및 형태 분석을 이용한 효과적인 TFT-LCD 필름 결함 영상 분류 기법

노충호(Chung-Ho Noh),이석룡(Seok-Lyong Lee),조문신(Moon-Shin Zo) 한국멀티미디어학회 2010 멀티미디어학회논문지 Vol.13 No.8

TFT-LCD 생산 과정에서 발생하는 결함을 정확하게 분류하여 결함 유형에 따라 폐기, 사용가능 등의 의사결정을 적절하게 내리는 것은 수율 증가 및 생산성 향상에 필수적인 요소이다. 본 논문에서는 TFT-LCD 생산 라인에서 획득한 결함 영상에 대하여 명암도 분포(intensity distribution) 및 결함 영상의 형태 특징(shape feature)을 분석하여 효과적으로 필름 결함 유형을 분류하는 기법을 제시한다. 본 연구에서는 먼저 필름 결함 영상을 결함 영역과 결함이 아닌 배경 영역으로 이진화하고, 결함 영역에서 결함의 선형성(linearity), 명암도 분포를 고려한 형태 특징 등의 여러 가지 특징을 분석하여 기준 영상(referential image) 데이터베이스를 구축하였으며, 분류하고자 하는 결함 영상과 데이터베이스에 저장된 기준 영상과의 매칭 비용 함수(matching cost function)를 정의하여 적절히 매칭시킴으로써 결함의 유형을 결정하였다. 제시한 기법의 성능을 검증하기 위하여 실제 TFT-LCD 생산 라인에서 획득한 결함 영상들을 대상으로 분류 실험을 수행하였으며, 실험 결과 생산 라인에서 이용할 수 있을 정도의 상당한 수준의 분류 정확도를 달성하였음을 보여주었다. In order to increase the productivity in manufacturing TFT-LCD(thin film transistor-liquid crystal display), it is essential to classify defects that occur during the production and make an appropriate decision on whether the product with defects is scrapped or not. The decision mainly depends on classifying the defects accurately. In this paper, we present an effective classification method for film defects acquired in the panel production line by analyzing the intensity distribution and shape feature of the defects. We first generate a binary image for each defect by separating defect regions from background (non-defect) regions. Then, we extract various features from the defect regions such as the linearity of the defect, the intensity distribution, and the shape characteristics considering intensity. and construct a referential image database that stores those feature values. Finally, we determine the type of a defect by matching a defect image with a referential image in the database through the matching cost function between the two images. To verify the effectiveness of our method, we conducted a classification experiment using defect images acquired from real TFT-LCD production lines. Experimental results show that our method has achieved highly effective classification enough to be used in the production line.

열화상 영상을 이용한 하수관 결함조사시스템 개발

임유성 ( Yu-seong Lim ),최윤영 ( Yun-young Choi ) 한국수처리학회(구 한국수처리기술연구회) 2018 한국수처리학회지 Vol.26 No.5

It takes very long to measure a crack with the use of a CCTV robot for inspecting sewer defects. That is because it is required to remove many impurities deposited in a pipe in order to put and move a CCTV robot in the sewer pipe. The sewer defect inspection system developed to save such temporal and financial costs is designed to go to the middle part of a sewer pipe and make inspection and measurement with the uses of thermal images and CCTV. For performance test and evaluation, a 600 mm concrete pipe and a 300mm PVC pipe were buried 15m, respectively. As a result, it was possible to clearly find very small cracks, which are hard to be detected with the naked eye in CCTV, through thermal imaging, and to quantitatively analyze a crack area with the crack area calculation program using the developed thermal imaging data. The performance of the sewer defect inspection system developed in this study can be classified into three types as follows. First, by checking cracks through thermal detection and CCTV and using the crack area calculation program developed in this study, it was possible to find a crack area quantitatively. Secondly, through quantitative defect inspection, it was possible to select a proper repair construction method depending on a type of defects, a size, and a position, and thereby to remarkably reduce uncertain factors which can arise under an engineer's judgment only. Finally, there was cost saving in the defect inspection. In other words, by using the pipe wall in the middle part of a sewer pipe, not in its bottom, it was possible to inspect defects regardless of impurities and thereby to considerably save the cost for removing impurities.

국내 하수관로 결함빈도 분석을 통한 CCTV 조사 결함항목 코드 제안

손주영,이재현,김정률,오재일,윤성수 대한상하수도학회 2016 상하수도학회지 Vol.30 No.6

Sewer condition assessment involves the determination of defective points and status of aged sewers by a CCTV inspection according to the standard manual. Therefore, it is important to establish a reliable and effective standard manual for identifying the sewer defect. In this study, analytic reviews of the CCTV inspection manuals of the UK, New Zealand, Canada and South Korea were performed in order to compare the defect codes and the protocols of condition assessment. Through this, we also established the standardized method for defect code and revised the calculation method of assigning the condition grade. Analyses of the types and frequencies of sewer defects that obtained by CCTV inspection of 7000 case results, showed that the joint defect and lateral defect were the most frequent defects that occurred in Korea. Some defect codes are found to be modified because those did not occur at all. This study includes a proposed new sewer defect codes based on sewer characteristics.

이종 브래킷 자동용접 너트/볼트 불량검사의 센서융합 공정개선

윤주섭(Jooseop Yun) 한국자동차공학회 2019 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2019 No.11

In this paper, we developed a vision system that can collectively detect welding defects such as nut/bolt missing and nut eccentricity on heterogeneous brackets produced in automatic welding machines. Many existing auto-parts manufacturers rely entirely on manual welding inspection processes. The discrimination of OK/NG is a visual inspection by the operator and the situation is a full inspection according to the feeling of the skilled worker. This leads to optical illusions due to worker’s increased fatigue and detection errors due to randomness of the inspector’s judgment. In order to overcome the limitations of visual inspection and to increase productivity by improving the reliability and speed of inspection, it is essential to avoid qualitative judgment and establish quantitative judgment criteria in automatic welding nut/bolt inspection. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an inspection process for detecting missing and defects of nut/bolt welded to brackets using vision system. To develop the vision system for bracket batch inspection, we installed the bracket alignment transfer unit on the outlet of the parts produced by the automatic welding machine, and developed the operation/transfer/vision control technology by PLC communication between the automatic welding machine/alignment transfer unit/vision system. In order to develop an automated SW solution for the inspection process, we designed the UI for bracket registration, recognition and inspection result(OK/NG) to prevent the mixing of parts, and developed nut/bolt missing and nut(hole) eccentric measurement technology on the brackets. In addition, the control and discrimination algorithm of machine vision was evaluated for the performance of welding defect detection system, and the applicability was verified by calculating the time and economic effect on the identification of defects through the process installation of real-time inspection system. The problems were improved and optimized by designing and manufacturing sensors, components and turning chutes for each product. The real-time monitoring of the inspection process through the developed fusion module convenient for acquiring and utilizing the process data, has achieved up to 16 types of brackets, cycle time within 1.5 seconds, False Negative Rate 1.42cpk, and nut eccentricity measurement accuracy of less than 0.2㎜.

동력수상레저기구의 안전검사를 위한 해양경찰의 법제적 방안 연구

최원삼,정봉규,박철홍 한국해양경찰학회 2024 한국해양경찰학회보 Vol.14 No.1

본 연구에서는 동력수상레저기구의 기관손상과 같은 기계적 결함으로 발생하는 사고가 어선이나 비어선과 비교하여 높은 사고 발생률을 나타내어, 동력수상레저기 구에 적용하는 「수상레저기구의 등록 및 검사에 관한 법률」과 「선박안전법」, 「어선 법」, 그리고 국외법의 안전점검과 비교하여 사고 발생의 문제점을 파악하고 개선하 고자 하였다. 동력수상레저기구에서 발생한 해양사고 원인 1위는 기관손상으로 인한 사고였으 며, 어선과 비어선에서 기관손상으로 발생한 사고와 비교하면 어선의 1.64배, 비어선 의 2.78배을 나타내었다. 동력수상레저기구에 적용하는 「수상레저기구의 등록 및 검 사에 관한 법률」과 선박과 어선에 적용되는 「선박안전법」, 「어선법」, 그리고 국외법 을 비교 분석하여 원인을 파악하고자 하였다. 「수상레저기구의 등록 및 검사에 관한 법률」에서는 동력수상레저기구를 사업용과 개인용으로 구분하였으며, 검사 주기를 사업용은 1년, 개인용은 5년으로 구분하였다. 하지만, 타법에서는 안전검사의 정기검 사 주기를 5년∼6년, 정기검사와 정기검사 사이 1년에서 3년 주기의 중간검사를 시행 하며, 검사항목은 정기검사에 비해 간소하게 진행되었다. 「수상레저기구의 등록 및 검사에 관한 법률」에 중간검사 의무화, 중간검사 간소화와 정비업체의 확대를 통해 동력수상레저기구의 기계적 결함으로 발생하는 해양사고를 예방하는 방안을 제안하 고자 한다. In this study, accidents caused by mechanical defects such as engine damage of power-driven water leisure craft showed a higher accident rate compared to fishing boats or non-fishing boats, and the「Act on Registration and Inspection of Water Leisure Equipment」applied to power-driven water leisure craft and 「Ship Safety Act」, 「Fishing Vessel Act」, and safety inspections of overseas laws to identify and improve the problems of accident occurrence. The number one cause of marine accidents occurring in power-driven water leisure craft was accidents caused by machinery damage, and compared to accidents caused by machinery damage in fishing boats and non-fishing boats, it was 1.64 times that of fishing boats and 2.78 times that of non-fishing boats. We tried to identify the cause by comparing and analyzing the 「Registration and Inspection of Water Leisure Equipments Act」 applied to power-driven water leisure crafts, 「Ship Safety Act」, 「 Fishing Vessel Act」, and overseas laws applied to ships and fishing boats. In the 「Act on the Registration and Inspection of Water Leisure Equipment」, power-driven water leisure craft was divided into business and personal use, and the inspection period was divided into one year for business and five years for personal use. However, under other laws, regular inspection periodical of safety inspections are conducted for 5 to 6 years, and intermediate inspections are conducted every 1 to 3 years between periodical inspections, and inspection items are simpler than regular inspections. We would like to propose a plan to prevent marine accidents caused by mechanical defects of power-driven water leisure craft through mandatory intermediate inspection in the 「Act on Registration and Inspection of Water Leisure Equipment」, simplification of intermediate inspection, and expansion of maintenance companies.

AOI 데이터를 이용한 효과적인 Defect Size Distribution 구축방법 : 반도체와 LCD생산 응용

하정훈 대한산업공학회 2008 산업공학 Vol.21 No.2

Defect size distribution is a probability density function for the defects that occur on wafers or glasses during semiconductor/LCD fabrication. It is one of the most important information to estimate manufacturing yield using well-known statistical estimation methods. The defects are detected by automatic optical inspection (AOI) facilities. However, the data that is provided from AOI is not accurate due to resolution of AOI and its defect detection mechanism. It causes distortion of defect size distribution and results in wrong estimation of the manufacturing yield. In this paper, I suggest a size conversion method and a maximum likelihood estimator to overcome the vague defect size information of AOI. The methods are verified by the Monte Carlo simulation that is constructed as similar as real situation.

Vertical Scratch Detection Algorithm for High-speed Scale-covered Steel BIC(Bar in Coil)

Jong Pil Yun,Changhyun Park,Homoon Bae,Hwawon Hwang,Seho Choi 제어로봇시스템학회 2010 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.10

Recently, vision-based inspection systems have been widely investigated for the defect inspection in various industrial products. This paper proposes a vision-based method for detection of scratches in the surfaces of scale-covered steel wire rods. Scales are formed on the surface of wire rods owing to the deposition of oxidized substances that are produces during manufacturing. Because of the variety in the types of steel, presence of scales, and manufacturing conditions, the features of wire rod surface images are not uniform. Moreover, the similarities in the gray-level and shape of the defect and defect-free regions make it very difficult to accurately detect defects. In order to solve the abovementioned problems and to detect defects more effectively, we propose a new defect detection algorithm, which is based on edge pair detection, binarization with double threshold, morphological operation, and SVM(Support Vector Machine). Finally, the experimental results conducted on steel wire rod images obtained from actual steel production lines show that the proposed algorithm is effective for defect detection of scale-covered steel wire rods.