충진물로 PEI-GO@ZIF-8를 사용한 PEBAX 혼합막의 CO2 분리 성능

이현경,홍세령,이은선 한국막학회 2023 멤브레인 Vol.33 No.1

In this study, a mixed matrix membrane was prepared by varying the contents of PEI-GO@ZIF-8 synthesized in PEBAX 2533, and the permeation characteristics of N2 and CO2 were studied. The N2 permeability of the PEBAX/PEIGO@ZIF-8 mixed matrix membrane decreased as the PEI-GO@ZIF-8 content increased, and the CO2 permeability showed different trends depending on the PEI-GO@ZIF-8 content. The CO2 permeability increased in pure PEBAX membrane up to PEBAX/PEI-GO@ZIF-8 0.1 wt%, but decreased at the subsequent content. The PEI-GO@ZIF-8 0.1 wt% mixed matrix membrane had a CO2 permeability of 221.9 Barrer and a CO2/N2 selectivity of 60.0, showing the highest permeation properties with improved CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity among the prepared mixed matrix membrane and we obtained a result that reached the Robeson upper-bound. This is due to the -COOH, -O-, and -OH functional groups of GO and the amine group bonded to PEI, which interact friendly with CO2, and the effect of ZIF-8, which causes gate-opening for CO2 while the fillers are evenly dispersed in PEBAX. 본 연구에서는 PEBAX 2533에 합성된 PEI-GO@ZIF-8의 함량을 달리 첨가하여 혼합막을 제조하고 N2와 CO2의투과 특성을 연구하였다. PEBAX/PEI-GO@ZIF-8 혼합막의 N2 투과도는 PEI-GO@ZIF-8 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였고, CO2 투과도는 PEI-GO@ZIF-8 함량에 따라 다른 경향을 보였는데 순수 PEBAX 막에서 PEI-GO@ZIF-8 0.1 wt%까지 CO2 투과도는 증가하다가 그 이후의 함량에서는 감소하였다. PEI-GO@ZIF-8 0.1 wt% 혼합막은 CO2 투과도 221.9 Barrer, CO2/N2 선택도는 60.0으로, 제조된 혼합막들 중 CO2 투과도와 CO2/N2 선택도가 향상되어 가장 높은 투과 특성을 보였고Robeson upper-bound에 도달하는 결과를 얻었다. 이는 충진물이 PEBAX 내에 고루 분산되면서 CO2와 친화적인 상호작용을하는 GO의 -COOH, -O-, -OH 작용기와 PEI에 결합된 아민기 그리고 CO2에 대해 gate-opening 현상이 일어나는 ZIF-8의 영향 때문이다.

Polyethylenimine으로 개질된 GO를 함유한 PEBAX 혼합막의 기체투과 특성

이은선,홍세령 한국막학회 2021 멤브레인 Vol.31 No.6

본 연구에서는 PEBAX2533에 합성된 GO와 PEI-GO의 함량을 달리 첨가하여 혼합막을 제조하고 N2와 CO2의 투과 특성을 연구하였다. PEBAX/GO 혼합막의 N2와 CO2 투과도는 전체적으로 GO 함량이 증가할수록 감소하였고, GO 0.3 wt%에서 가장 높은 CO2/N2 선택도 58.9를 보였다. 그리고 PEBAX/PEI-GO 혼합막에서 N2 투과도는 PEI-GO 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였고, CO2 투과도는 PEI-GO 함량에 따라 다른 경향을 보였으며 전체적으로 PEBAX/GO 혼합막보다 더 높은 CO2/N2 선택도를 보였다. 특히 PEI-GO 0.3 wt%는 혼합막들 중 가장 높은 CO2/N2 선택도인 73.5를 보이며 Robeson upper bound 위에 위치하는 긍정적인 결과를 얻었다. 이는 본연의 GO 구조에 의한 molecular sieving channel 효과와 CO2에 친화성이 있는 GO의 구조 내에 존재하는 작용기 그리고 GO를 PEI로 개질함으로써 PEI에 결합되어 있는 amine에 의한 효과가 함께 작용했기 때문으로 생각된다. In this study, a mixed matrix membrane was prepared by varying the contents of GO and PEI-GO synthesized in PEBAX2533, and the permeation characteristics of N2 and CO2 were studied. The N2 and CO2 permeability of the PEBAX/GO mixed membrane decreased as the GO content increased, and showed the highest CO2/N2 selectivity of 58.9 at GO 0.3 wt%. For the PEBAX/PEI-GO mixed membrane, the N2 permeability decreased as the PEI-GO content increased, and the CO2 permeability showed a different trend according to the PEI-GO content. Overall, the CO2/N2 selectivity was higher than that of the PEBAX/GO mixed membrane. In particular, PEI-GO 0.3 wt% showed the highest CO2/N2 selectivity of 73.5 among the mixed membranes, and a positive result was obtained as it was located above the Robeson upper bound. This is believed to be due to the molecular sieving channel effect resulting from the original GO structure, the functional groups present in the structure of GO having affinity for CO2, and the effect of amine bound to PEI by modifying GO into PEI.

An Analysis of pei: ‘give’ in Myanmar

Lim Youksown,Park Soonhyuck 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2021 인문사회과학연구 Vol.22 No.2

‘GIVE’에 해당하는 어휘는 일반적으로 행위자, 대상, 수혜자의 논항 3개를 필요로 하는 다중 타동사로 사용된다. 그러나 남아시아어들을 중심으로 여러 언어들에서 ‘GIVE’에 해당하는 어휘가 이러한 일반 용법 이외에 다양한 방식과 기능으로 활용되는 것으로 알려져 있다. Lord et al.(2002)는 아칸어, 태국어, 말레이어, 요루바어 등에서 GIVE 를 기존 다중 타동사의 기능 이외에 수혜자(benefactive) 표시자, 관점(perspective/stance) 표시자, 허락/사역(permissive/causative) 표시자, 목적/결과(purposive/consequence) 표시자, 그리고 사유(reason) 표시자로 분류하고 있다. Song(1997)은 태국어, 캄보디아어, 베트남어에서 기존의 다중 타동사의 어휘소와 더불어 수혜자 표시자, 목적 표시자, 그리고 부사-구성(adverb-formation) 표시자로서 GIVE 의 기능을 구분하고 있다. 다수의 언어에서 ‘GIVE’에 해당하는 어휘들의 다양한 기능들이 보고되고 분류되어 왔음에 반해 미얀마어의 pei:‘give’에 대한 연구는 거의 없었고, 비교적 최근에 와서야 Okell and Allot(2001)과 Okano(2005)에서 pei:를 허락/사역 표시자 기능 정도로 분석하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 미얀마어의 pei:에 대하여 허락과 사역 표시자 이외의 기능을 밝히고 이를 근거로 pei:에 대한 일반화를 시도한다. 실제로 미얀마어의 pei:는 다중 타동사와 허락/사역의 기능뿐만 아니라 수혜자 및 의도(intention) 표시자로의 기능이 있음을 제안하고, 이를 통합하여 크게 세 가지 유형의 pei:, 즉 다중 타동사 pei:, 사역의 pei:그리고 상(aspectual)의 pei:로 정리한다. 특히 사역의 pei:에는 이중 절 구조가 이용되며, Hasegawa(2002) 등의 제안을 토대로 상위절 v에 [causative] 자질이 설정된다. 상의 pei: 활용을 위해서 본 연구는 상구(Aspectual Phrase)를 제시하며 그 머리어에는 [beneficiary] 혹은 [intention]의 자질을 설정한다. 그 동안 연구가 미진했던 미얀마어의 pei:에 대한 기능들을 일관성 있게 분류하고 세 가지 유형으로 일반화를 하였다는 점에서 논문의 의의를 찾을 수 있다. 이러한 분석에는 형태론적 그리고 통사론적 근거들이 활용되었으며, 향후 이 세 가지 유형으로의 변화에 대한 통시적 근거와 더불어 사역과 상의 pei:에서 하위 동사들과의 융합(incorporation)의 과정에 달라지는 어순에 대한 후속 연구가 필요하다. The word ‘GIVE’ is highly productive in many languages. Lord et al. (2002) categorize the functions of the word ‘GIVE’ as a main verbal lexeme (ditransitive verb), a benefactive marker, a perspective/stance marker, a permissive and causative marker, a purposive/consequence marker, and a reason marker in Akan, Thai, Malay, and Yoruba languages. Song (1997) groups the functions of the word ‘GIVE’ as a main verbal lexeme, a benefactive marker, a purposive marker, and an adverb-formation marker in Thai, Khmer, and Vietnamese languages. Lee (1993) reports further that the word ‘GIVE’ can be used as a main verbal lexeme, a benefactive marker, and a permission marker. Although analysis of the word ‘GIVE’ has been widely done in many languages, pei: ‘give’ in Myanmar has received little attention and has been recently analyzed mainly in the causative construction. This paper thus analyzed the properties of pei: in Myanmar to see what aspects of pei: are used, how many functions it serves, and what patterns of pei: are used in the sentences. This paper categorized the functions of pei: into three types: a ditransitive pei:, a causative pei:, and an aspectual pei:All three functions of pei: have been generalized based on the morphological as well as syntactic aspects. Myanmar has thus been generalized within the framework of the universals and diversity in the study of languages. A further possible study will be on the issue of the left-right directionality of the incorporation of the lower verb onto pei:, which will surely reveal the morphological as well as the syntactic properties of pei: in Myanmar.

Polyethylenimine with acid-labile linkages as a biodegradable gene carrier

Kim, Young Heui,Park, Jeong Hyun,Lee, Minhyung,Kim, Yong-Hee,Park, Tae Gwan,Kim, Sung Wan Elsevier 2005 Journal of controlled release Vol.103 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a gene carrier with high transfection efficiency. However, PEI has high cytotoxicity, which depends on its molecular weight. To reduce the cytotoxicity, degradable PEIs with acid-labile imine linkers were synthesized with low molecular weight PEI1.8K (1.8 kDa) and glutadialdehyde. The molecular weights of the synthesized acid-labile PEIs were 23.7 and 13 kDa, respectively. The half-life of the acid-labile PEI was 1.1 h at pH 4.5 and 118 h at pH 7.4, suggesting that the acid-labile PEI may be rapidly degraded into nontoxic low molecular weight PEI in acidic endosome. In a gel retardation assay, plasmid DNA (pDNA) was completely retarded at a 3:1 N/P (nitrogen of polymer/phosphate of DNA) ratio. The zeta potential of the polyplexes was in the range of 46.1 to 50.9 mV and the particle size was in the range of 131.8 to 164.6 nm. In vitro transfection assay showed that the transfection efficiency of the acid-labile PEIs was comparable to that of PEI25K. In toxicity assay, the acid-labile PEI was much less toxic than PEI25K, due to the degradation of acid-labile linkage. Therefore, the acid-labile PEIs may be useful for the development of a nontoxic polymeric gene carrier.</P>

Improved Biocompatibility of Polyethylenimine (PEI) as a Gene Carrier by Conjugating Urocanic Acid: In vitro and In vivo

임종은,Irina Krier,임정묵,심수진,한동근,Jeffrey A. Hubbell 한국고분자학회 2015 Macromolecular Research Vol.23 No.4

Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a promising gene carrier among polymeric vectors because of its high transfectionefficiency, buffering capacity, which is responsible for its escape from endosomes, facility of modification,reasonable price and wide range of molecular weight. However, toxicity of PEI is an important obstacle to overcomefor using it as a gene carrier in gene therapy protocols. In our study, PEI (10 kDa) was modified with urocanic acid,which has an imidazole ring (PEIU). This modification of PEI played an important role by improving transfectionefficiency and reducing toxicity. The PEIU was condensed with DNA in different nitrogen of polycation/phosphateof DNA (N/P) ratios starting from 1.25. The PEIU/DNA complexes formed smaller (60-80 versus 100-400 nm) andless dispersible particles than PEI/DNA complexes. Cell viability test showed that in all the transfection experimentsPEIU was always found less toxic than the PEI on three different cell-lines, Cos-7, HeLa, and 293T. The PEIUdemonstrated improved biocompatibility as compared to the PEI. The in vitro transfection experiments showed thatthe PEIU displayed similar or lower transfection efficiencies than the PEI in the absence of serum. In medium complementedwith serum, the PEIU had higher transfection efficiencies than the PEI. In vivo transfection experimentswere carried out with intravenous and subcutaneous injections into mice. Five different organs were taken and lysedfor quantification of expressed GFP. The quantification of the fluorescence of these organs exhibited that the PEIUhas better transfection efficiency in in vivo experiments compared to the PEI. This study generated a strong evidenceindicating that PEIU can be considered as a promising versatile gene carrier because of its biocompatibility and goodtransfection efficiency.

Polyethyleneimine-응축 BMP-2 발현 유전자를 이용한 골형성 효과

정희선,김경화,박윤정,김태일,이용무,구영,류인철,이동수,이승진,정종평,한수부,설양조,Cheong, Hee-Sun,Kim, Kyoung-Hwa,Park, Yoon-Jeong,Kim, Tae-Il,Lee, Yong-Moo,Ku, Young,Rhyu, In-Chul,Lee, Dong-Soo,Lee, Seung-Jin,Chung, Chong-Pyoung,Han, 대한치주과학회 2007 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.37 No.4

Naked DNA and standard vectors have been previously used for gene delivery. Among these, PEI can efficiently condense DNA and has high intrinsic endosomal activities. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the cationic polycation PEI could increase the transfection efficiency of BMP expressing DNA using a vector-loaded collagen sponge model. BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 plasmid was constructed by subcloning human BMP-2 cDNA into the pcDNA3.1 plasmid vector. PEI/DNA complexes were prepared by mixing PEI and BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 and the constructed complexes were loaded into the collagen sponges. In vitro studies, BMSCs were transfected with the PEI/BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 complexes from collgen sponge. The level of secreted BMP-2 and alkaline phosphatase activities of transfected BMSCs were significantly higher in PEI/BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 group than in BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 group (p<0.05). Transfected BMSCs were cultured and mineralization was observed only in cells treated with PEI/BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 complexes. In vivo studies, PEI/BMP-2/pcDNA3.1/collagen, BMP-2/pcDNA3.1/collagen and blank collagen were grafted in skeletal muscle of nude mice. Ectopic bone formation was shown in PEI/BMP-2/pcDNA3.1/collagen grafted mouse 4 weeks postimplantation, while not in BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 grafted tissue. This study suggests that PEI-condensed DNA encoding for BMP-2 is capable of inducing bone formation in ectopic site and might increase the transfection rate of BMP-2/pcDNA3.1. As a non-viral vector, PEI offers the potential in gene therapy for bone engineering.

Extraordinarily selective adsorption of CO₂ over N₂ in a polyethyleneimine-impregnated NU-1000 material

Kang, Jo Hong,Yoon, Tae-Ung,Kim, Seo-Yul,Kim, Min-Bum,Kim, Hyung-Ju,Yang, Hee-Chul,Bae, Youn-Sang Elsevier 2019 Microporous and mesoporous materials Vol.281 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Developing an efficient adsorbent for selective separation and capture of CO<SUB>2</SUB> from CO<SUB>2</SUB>/N<SUB>2</SUB> mixture is an important and challenging issue for mitigating global warming. In this study, we posited that high CO<SUB>2</SUB>/N<SUB>2</SUB> selectivity could be obtained by impregnating polyethyleneimine (PEI) within the pores of NU-1000, a zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MOF), since it has a high surface area (∼2320 m<SUP>2</SUP>/g) and free and exposed OH groups but does not have unsaturated metal sites possibly having strong interactions with N<SUB>2</SUB> molecules. A series of PEI-impregnated NU-1000 (PEI(x)@NU-1000) materials with varied PEI loadings have been successfully prepared. As reasoned, PEI(50)@NU-1000 showed the highest CO<SUB>2</SUB>/N<SUB>2</SUB> selectivity among the PEI-loaded adsorbents in the literature under similar conditions. Remarkably, it exhibited extremely high CO<SUB>2</SUB>/N<SUB>2</SUB> selectivities (∼8000) at low pressures and a very high CO<SUB>2</SUB>/N<SUB>2</SUB> selectivity (661) at a typical pressure of flue gas (1 bar). Furthermore, PEI(50)@NU-1000 could efficiently separate CO<SUB>2</SUB>/N<SUB>2</SUB> mixture under a dynamic flow condition and maintained its CO<SUB>2</SUB> uptakes during three consecutive adsorption and desorption.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> PEI was loaded in a MOF without open metal site to enhance CO<SUB>2</SUB>/N<SUB>2</SUB> selectivity. </LI> <LI> PEI species were loaded into a MOF through a wet impregnation method. </LI> <LI> PEI(50)@NU-1000 exhibits extremely high CO<SUB>2</SUB>/N<SUB>2</SUB> selectivity. </LI> <LI> PEI(50)@NU-1000 shows good CO<SUB>2</SUB>/N<SUB>2</SUB> separation under mixture flow condition. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

양이온성 고분자 (polyethylenimine)가 코팅된 알지네이트/폐바이오매스 복합 흡착소재를 사용한 유해 미세조류 Microcystis aeruginosa의 제거

김호선,변종웅,최인태,박윤환,김석,최윤이 한국환경생물학회 2019 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.37 No.4

As the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become severe in precious water resources, the development of efficient harmful algae treatment methods is considering as an important environmental issue for sustainable conservation of water resources. To treat HABs in water resources, various conventional physical and chemical methods have been utilized and showed treatment efficiency, However, these methods can lead to discharging of cyanotoxins into the water bodies by chemical or physical algal cell lysis or destruction. Thus, to overcome this limitation, the development of safe HABs treatment methods is required. In the present study, adsorption technology was investigated for the removal of harmful algal species, Microcystis aeruginosa from aqueous phases. Industrial waste biomass, Corynebacterium glutamicum biomass was valorized as biosorbent (PEI-modified alginate/biomass composite fiber; PEI-AlgBF) for M. aeruginosa through immobilization with alginate matrix and cationic polymer (polyethylenimine; PEI) coating. The functional groups characteristic of PEI-Alg was determined using FT-IR analysis. By adsorption process used PEI-AlgBF, 52 and 67% of M. aeruginosa could be removed under the initial density of M. aeruginosa 200×104 cells mL-1 and 50×104 cells mL-1, respectively. As the increasing surface area of PEI-AlgBF, the removal efficiency was increased. In addition, we could find that adsorptive removal of M. aeruginosa has occurred without any M. aeruginosa cell lysis and destruction. 본 연구에서는 바이오매스 폐기물인 Corynebacterium glutamium을 Alg를 이용한 고정화와 PEI 표면개질 과정을 통하여 유해 미세조류인 Microcystis aeruginosa를 제거할 수 있는 흡착소재인 PEI-AlgBF를 개발하였다. 녹조의 발생단계에 상관없이 PEI-AlgBF는 수계로부터 M. aeruginosa를 성공적으로 제거할 수 있었으며 유해조류 제거과정에서 M. aeruginosa 세포의 파괴를 유발하지 않았다. 흡착소재의 표면적은 M. aeruginosa의 제거효율에 매우 큰 영향을 주는 주요인자로 확인할 수 있었다. PEI-AlgBF를 사용한 M. aeruginosa 흡착/제거 방식은 기존 기술에 비하여 환경영향성이 낮기 때문에 보다 안전하고 안정적인 유해조류의 제어 방식이 될 것이다.

Evaluation of Lipid-polyethylenimine Conjugates as Biocompatible Carriers of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides to Macrophages

양지원,최은서,유가연,목혜정 한국생물공학회 2021 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.26 No.4

Considering the potent immune stimulation by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpGs), the development of CpG carriers is a prerequisite for efficient cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we conjugated 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoethanolamine-N-[hydroxyl succinimidyl (polyethylene glycol)] (DSPE-PEG-NHS) with polyethylenimine (PEI) to develop a PEI-PEG-DSPE conjugate that can serve as a biocompatible and efficient CpG carrier. Five types of PEIPEG- DSPE conjugates were developed, each with different molecular weights of PEI and different degrees of DSPEPEG modification, and all exhibited significantly lower cytotoxicity. In particular, compared to CpG delivery via natural PEI, delivery with PEI (25 kDa)-PEG-DSPE and DSPE-PEG-NHS/(amine groups of PEI) at a molar ratio of 0.1 resulted in a higher uptake of CpGs into RAW264.7 cells, probably because of the presence of a hydrophobic lipid moiety. In addition, PEI-PEG-DSPE/CpG complexes triggered significant cytokine secretion (TNF-α) from RAW264.7 cells, comparable to that triggered by PEI/CpG complexes. Thus, PEI-PEG-DSPE conjugates could serve as biocompatible and efficient carriers of the immune stimulator CpG to the macrophages.

PEI를 처리한 면직물의 다색성 천연염료에 대한 염색성 변화

이보영 ( Bo Young Lee ),유효선 ( Hyo Seon Ryu ) 한국의류학회 2013 한국의류학회지 Vol.37 No.4

This study examined the change in the dyeability of natural dyes on cotton fabrics by a PEI (polyethyle-neimine) pretreatment instead of mordants. Cotton fabrics were treated with PEI and the changes in the dyeability were shown by measuring the amount of PEI on cotton fabrics. Samples treated with PEI were dyed with two natural polychromatic dyes with a different affinity to cotton fibers: Alizarin Red S and Cur-cumin. The changes in dyeability by three variables (time, temperature and concentration of dyes) on cotton fabrics were analyzed by the K/S value to define optimum dyeing conditions. Subsequently, the PEI treat-ment improved the dyeability of cotton fabrics with both dyes of low and high affinity to cotton fibers. Thus, PEI could be a suitable heavy metal mordant replacement.