전환기 한⋅중 환경협력의 진단과 전략

강택구,윤정호 중국지역학회 2017 중국지역연구 Vol.4 No.2

The aim of this study is to first, examine the current status and the main features of environmental cooperation between Korea and China; and second, to analyze the constraints and facilitating factors for environmental cooperation between the two countries. Environmental cooperation between Korea and China began in 1993 when the environmental cooperation agreement between the two countries was reached. Over the past 25 years, the main features of environmental cooperation between the two countries were identified as follows: the paradigm of development and growth highlights the environmental cooperation; the portion of Korean environmental goods in China’s market is maintained at about 20% since 2008 compared with the portions in other countries; the volume of trade with China in the area of environmental technology is relatively high compared to other service sectors. However, investments for environmental protection service sector with China is relatively low. Furthermore, the agendas and participants in regards to environmental cooperation are diverse. The factors that are constraining the development of environmental cooperations between the two countries are the current unstable situations in regional security and the differences between the two countries’ views on the sources of pollution. The facilitating factors for the cooperation between the two countries are the high levels of interest of the two countries’ leaders in environmental pollution and their commitments to support the current environmental policy. First of all, considering the changed status of China’s economic power, Korea needs to promote environmental cooperation with China on the basis of a new paradigm and global norm in environmental protection. In order to ensure sustainable environmental cooperation with China, Korea needs to separate environmental cooperation from other areas of cooperation with China. In addition, Korea needs to make an effort to actively prepare measures to create and secure new markets in China, linking between green policies and ecological environment-related industries, which are recently under tight regulations in China. 본 연구의 목적은 전환기를 맞이하고 있는 한⋅중 환경협력의 지속가능한발전을 도모하기 위한 전략 방향을 모색하는 것이다. 이를 위해 양국의 환경협력 현황을 검토하여 주요 특징을 살펴보고 이에 기초하여 향후 환경협력 발전의 제약 및 추진요인을 분석한다. 양국 환경협력은 한⋅중 환경협력협정을 체결한 1993년부터 시작되었다. 2000년대 들어 한국은 중국의 환경시장 진출을위한 교두보 마련과 시장 진입 가속화를 본격적으로 도모한 동시에 중국은 환경보호에 대한 인식이 변화하는 시기였다. 이후 대기, 기후변화, 에너지, 생물다양성 등 다양한 분야의 협력을 강화해왔다. 지난 25년간 한⋅중 환경협력의 주요 특징은 개발과 성장의 패러다임이 주도하였고, 이러한 성과로 우리의 대중국 환경상품 시장 점유율은 약 20%를 유지하고 있으며, 환경기술 분야 교류는다른 나라와 비교해볼 때 중국과의 교역량이 상대적으로 높다. 한편 중국과의환경보호 서비스업의 투자는 다른 분야에 비해 미미한 수준이다. 환경협력 이슈는 다양화되고 행위자 역시 다원화 추세를 보이고 있다. 한⋅중 환경협력의발전을 제약하고 있는 요인으로는 역내 안보정세와 오염원에 대한 양국 간의인식차이다. 촉진요인으로는 환경오염에 대한 양국 정상들의 높은 관심도와 이에 대한 양국의 정책적 지원이다. 이상에 기초하여 우선 중국의 변화한 위상을고려하여 새로운 패러다임과 글로벌 규범에 기초하여 중국과의 환경협력을 진행한다. 중국과의 지속가능한 환경협력을 보장하기 위해서 환경협력을 다른 영역의 협력과 분리하여 추진한다. 이를 위해 양국 민간 영역 간에 협력을 강화한다. 더불어 중국에서 최근 규제를 강화하고 있는 생태환경 관련 산업과 녹색정책을 연계한 새로운 시장을 확보하기 위한 방안을 마련한다.

인도 물관리 정책의 비교분석과 환경협력 확대 방향

김익재 ( Ikjae Kim ),김교범 ( Gyo Beom Kim ) 한국환경연구원 2017 한국환경정책평가연구원 기초연구보고서 Vol.2017 No.-

India is the 14th largest treading partner country to Korea. India has shown steady economic growth for a last decade, and ranked world’s top economic growth in 2015. The export sector to India has been changed from the industrial industry in the past to the knowledge-based, cutting edge technology-oriented industry. Despite the remarkable economic growth, the environment status and infrastructure development is still under on-going progress. For the sustainable growth in economy and environment, India has initiated and implemented many environmental projects and programs such as defense of flood, water supply, and hygiene provision for human feces disposal by promoting environmental policy and infrastructure investment. Among many projects, the water management infrastructure demand is particularly high to develop a safe water facility including the sewage treatment, water supply system, water pollution monitoring, construction of water circulation city. The Indian government is expected to invest a continuing and large amount of budget to develop the water facilities. Despite a rising of the infrastructure demand for the development of the water facilities in India, A policy research of the water management policy to develop a sustainable market strategy has been barely conducted. For this study, reviewing related literature and interviewing the experts of India have been conducted. This report aims to provide a preliminary or basic policy study to establish a policy incubation for a sustainable cooperation of water management between Korea and India. The chapter 1 of this report has examined the current state of Indian water management infrastructure and has proposed the rationale and purpose of the study. In spite of the rapid economic growth in India, the environmental developments such as water supply and sanitation facilities have been depreciated in number of distribution from the past . Unfortunately, the analysis of water management situation and policy study of India in Korea is premature. In chapter two of this report, we have surveyed the geographical and climatic conditions in India. Also, we have analyzed the economic, social and environmental data from past to present through statistical analysis of Korea and India. Geographically, India is located on the continent of South Asia. India is actively promoting economic exchange through FTAs with neighboring countries including India and South Asia, India-ASEAN and India-Africa for economic cooperation. Not only Korea can expand the economical and environmental cooperation with India, but also Korea can secure a base for export between India. Unlike Korea, India is divided into the central government, the state government and the local government. Among the government organizations in India, the environmental sector is the Environment, Forest and Climate Change Department, the Drinking and Sanitation Department, and the Water Resources Department. Chapter two has presented the organizational structure, the main roles and objectives of each organization for environmental cooperation. In Chapter 3 of this report, we have conducted the studies on water management and analysis of current issues. First, we have looked at the progress of the water management project. India aims to supply a safe drinking water and connect water to rural areas by 2017 and is aiming to diminish the number of the outdoor defecation through the installation of sanitation facilities. To achieve this goal, World bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) have invested in India. This chapter has discussed the strategies of each institution on cooperation including the policy building, and budget allocation. In addition, this chapter has presented the case-study of drinking water supply and sanitation facilities using WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) data, which is operated by WHO/UNICEF JMP (Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply). In Chapter 4 of the report, we have examined the transition process of the water management policies of the time to analyze the implications of the water management policy in India. The major mishap of water management policies in India was the flood damage in an area of about 40 million hectares in 1987. Since then, the “National Water Policy” has been introduced for the purpose of national level management and guidance on drought and flood. In 2002 and 2012, “National Water Policy” was revised in response to the demand from the local governments and provincial governments. In addition, the chapter has discussed the present status of international organization water management program development and financial support plans such as bilateral cooperation between countries for environmental cooperation and national-private business venture in India. In Chapter 5 of this report, we have examined at the trend of expanding environmental cooperation between Korea and India. By signing the ECDF Framework Agreement between India and Korea in 2017, Korea became the first non-G7 country to support India’s ODA. Korean government has agreed to support export financing worth about USD 10 billion(EDCF USD 1billion + export financing USD 9 billion). As a result of analyzing detailed measures for Korea-India environmental cooperation, we have found three environmental sectors to be strongly considered for a future cooperation (1) industrial waste reduction technology, (2) wastewater management and (3) air pollution monitoring equipment in the existing strategy of advancement into India. In order to establish the infrastructure, which has been addressed for its vulnerability, the national level of cooperation, and also the partnership among private sectors between Korea and India must be discussed. According to the ‘National Water Policy (2012)’of India, Indian policy priority is focused on rural areas. However, Korean corporations’ focuses are on the cities. The strategy for business incubation to the rural area should be developed for the Korean corporations in India. Korea’s experience in economic development, water management and environmental conservation is important element in exchange of meaningful policy knowledge with a rapidly developing country like India. However, Korea’s international environmental cooperation have challenges that the government sectors and organizations weak in coordination for project management, and overly technology oriented. In addition, Korea should build its own research capacity on collecting water profile and water market analysis data of India overcoming the oversea data dependency. With India’s heavy environmental issues and demands for a sustainable solution, Korea seek a sustainable environmental cooperation with India by developing a tangible policy strategy. For a robust cooperation between countries, it is critical to collect and process water related information and data of India to understand a comprehensive water management system and policy of India. Finally, we have proposed to build a task force (TF) organization such as a joint research team with government institutes, private sector, academia, and non-governmental organization to develop a strategy for Korea-India environmental cooperation.

포스트 코로나 시대 국제환경협력 전략 연구

추장민,명수정,김춘이 한국환경연구원 2020 수시연구보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

1. Background □ The global spread of COVID-19 in 2020 led to environmental, health, and economic crises. ㅇ The COVID-19 pandemic caused the trilateral crisis of ‘eco-economic -climate crisis’. ㅇ A new approach and reflection on the existing development methods that brought about ecological damage and the climate crisis are needed. 2. Objective □ Establishment of an international environmental cooperation strategy in the Post-COVID Era ㅇ Diagnosis of the current and future impacts and trends of international environmental cooperation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. ㅇ Development of an international environmental cooperation strategy to lead international cooperation in the environmental field in the Post-COVID Era. Ⅱ. Domestic and International Environmental Issues related to COVID-19 1. The status of COVID-19 outbreaks □ Global trends ㅇ The number of patients infected with COVID-19 has been continuously increasing, with 47,405,395 cumulative confirmed cases and a total of 1,213,735 cumulative deaths worldwide, as of November 4, 2020. □ Domestic trends ㅇ As of November 4, a total of 26,925 cases were confirmed and the number of deaths was 474, which shows that the virus is rapidly spreading not only in the metropolitan area but across the nation. 2. COVID-19 and domestic and foreign environmental factors □ Covid-19 quarantine measures and environmental impact factors ㅇ The first path of environmental impact factors for various preventive activities to prevent the spread COVID-19 pandemic and test-trace-treatment measures named ‘3T’ for COVID-19 patients. - Potential risk factors affecting the environment, such as soil, water quality, and atmosphere during the generation, collection, transport, and incineration of large amounts of medical waste. - Impact of personal quarantine activities, such as wearing a mask to prevent COVID-19 infection, and disinfecting the environment. □ Changes in traffic and energy and water use ㅇ Air quality improvement due to the reduction in traffic and energy use ㅇ An increased share of household water use in the total water use □ Structural change of the overall socio-economic field and environmental issues ㅇ The emergence and settlement of a non-face-to-face (untact) society causes fundamental changes in lifestyle and consumption methods. ㅇ Acceleration of the digital economy caused by COVID-19 leads to unmanned, automated, and online spaces and economic entities such as consumers, companies, factories, etc. 3. COVID-19 and domestic and international environmental issues □ Medical and safety measures and environmental issues in COVID-19 prevention ㅇ Increased risks of air, soil, and water pollution due to the increase in medical waste - From January 23 to August 25, 2020, a total of 3,023 tons of medical waste was incinerated due to COVID-19 which was about 12 times larger than the amount of medical waste generated during the MERS outbreak in 2015. - Potential risks of COVID-19 virus spreading in wastewater including hospital wastewater and drinking water. - It is necessary to establish safe treatment equipment, facilities, and systems for medical waste related to COVID-19. □ Restrictions on COVID-19 quarantine measures, socio-economic structural changes, and environmental issues ㅇ Improved air quality and reduced greenhouse gas emissions ㅇ Increase in waste discharge: Due to the environmental impact factors that occurred in the second path, such as restrictions on socio-economic and daily activities including ‘social distancing’, and voluntary self-restraint actions, the amount of parcel delivery surged following the increase in online consumption. □ COVID-19-Environment-Human interrelationship and environmental issues. ㅇ Wildlife management and infectious diseases: The increased number of viruses transmitted to humans and the risk of spread of common infectious diseases due to increased human-to-wild animal contact due to development and urbanization. ㅇ COVID-19 and climate change: Climate change affects the frequency of occurrence of viral infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and it is likely to act as an environmental factor suitable for transmission of infectious diseases. ㅇ COVID-19, environmental conditions, and environmental justice: COVID-19 occurs regardless of country, region, occupation, and class, but the coping capacity and damage level are different among countries, regions, classes, and races depending on socioeconomic, occupational, and environmental conditions as well as health conditions. Ⅲ. Domestic and International Environmental Measures to Respond to COVID-19 and Future Directions 1. Environmental measures in response to COVID-19 by major international organization and country □ Major international organizations ㅇ UNEP: Published a fact sheet on the management of COVID-19-related waste such as medical waste for environmental and health protection, titled ‘No Uncontrolled Dumping, No Open Burning’. ㅇ OECD: In order to block future viral pandemics through 「Environmental Health and strengthening resilience to pandemics」, it is necessary to strengthen resilience, and an integrated approach that considers human health and environmental health at the same time. □ Major countries ㅇ Korea: Promote environmental measures such as prompt and safe disposal of medical waste, safety measures for sterilization and disinfection of facilities, supplies, and individuals, prevention of the inflow of wild animals from abroad, and safe disposal of household waste. ㅇ U.S.: The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), distributes ‘Cleaning and Disinfection Guides in Public Places, Workplaces, Offices, Schools, and Homes. ㅇ EU: The European Federation of National Association of Water Services (EurEau) has tested drinking water and wastewater for coronavirus and published the results and the ‘Waste Management in the Context of the Coronavirus Crisis’. ㅇ China: Preventing the spread of coronavirus to the outside environment, focusing on major coronavirus outbreak areas such as Wuhan, safe treatment of coronavirus-contaminated medical waste, and promoting environmental management in consideration of economic recovery in the time of COVID-19 stabilization. 3. Future direction of environmental policy in response to COVID-19 □ Major international organizations ㅇ UN: Call for action for just recovery through ‘A Time to Save the Sick and Rescue the Planet’ ㅇ OECD: Presenting an approach that takes COVID-19 as an opportunity to transform into a better society ㅇ UNEP: Blocking the chain of infectious diseases and suggesting ten measures for better reconstruction ㅇ Others: Policy proposals linked to economic recovery packages in response to COVID-19, such as linking climate resilience and economic stimulus measures, etc. □ Major countries ㅇ Korea: The ‘Green New Deal’ policy was announced through the ‘Korean New Deal’ as a strategy for overcoming the COVID-19 crisis and responding to the climate environment crisis, emphasizing the digital New Deal in response to the non-face-to-face (unact) society cthat has emerged due to. ㅇ U.S.: Present linking policies for overcoming COVID-19 and responding to the climate crisis, making the transition to a clean economy and creating jobs, and restoring the role of a global leader in responding to climate change as the basis of the pledge in the field of climate and environment ㅇ European Countries: Emphasis on digital investment, just recovery, and a ‘better reconstruction policy’ - ‘Climate change and environmental protection policies, measures, and actions in the context of overcoming COVID-19 in Germany’ and the 15-minute City of Paris, France, etc. ㅇ China: From 2021 to 2035, the direction of the long-term environmental strategy is set to ‘promote green development and harmony as well as coexistence between humans and nature’ Ⅳ. Strategies for Promoting International Environmental Cooperation in the Post-COVID Era 1. COVID-19 pandemic and international environmental cooperation status □ COVID-19 and international environmental cooperation ㅇ Cancellation and delay of international environmental conferences negatively affect environmental negotiations and implementation. - Cancellation and postponement of major international environmental meetings such as the 25th United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the 22nd Korea-China-Japan Environment Ministers’ Meeting - Delays and temporary suspension of implementation of environmental agreements due to delays in holding international conferences □ International environmental cooperation trends in international organizations and major countries ㅇ International organizations have mostly created non-face-to-face online communication channels for international cooperation and although partial and limited, are establishing, disseminating, and sharing environmental countermeasures and strategies for coping with COVID-19, as well as holding various online meetings. ㅇ In the case of Germany, international cooperation is included as one of the four strategies in the policy on climate change and environmental protection in the context of COVID-19 recovery. ㅇ Japan seeks international momentum by building an online platform called the ‘Platform for Redesign 2020’ to recover from COVID-19 in a sustainable and resilient way. ㅇ Korea is promoting related activities such as online video conferencing to disseminate the Green New Deal policy to the international community and discuss international cooperation measures for responding to COVID-19. 2. Conditions for international environmental cooperation in the post-COVID-era and characteristics of new normals □ External conditions ㅇ Changes in the international order due to the COVID-19 pandemic: 1) proliferation of the phenomenon of weakened global multilateral governance (international organizations and international agreements), 2) opening of the international community, the accelerated decline in globalization, and realization of changes in the structure of the international branch office system, 3) continued strategic competition and conflict between the United States and China and the weakened global leadership, 4) emergence of the new global leadership, such as soft power in middle power countries that effectively carried out COVID-19 quarantine, and 5) emergence of environmental and health issues as core agenda items in international politics. ㅇ Influence of changes in international relations and the international order on international environmental cooperation: 1) as the international cooperation system becomes vulnerable, it weakens international environmental regimes such as the Paris Convention on Climate Change and decreases the effectiveness and reliability of international cooperation and 2) at a global level, with reflection on the existing development-oriented and human-centered development methods from the perspective of the history of civilization, a positive environment for expanding the scope of international environmental cooperation is created. In addition, various international cooperation opportunities in green technologies and industries for responding to the Paris Agreement are expected to be created. □ Internal conditions ㅇ Policy for the internationalization of ‘K-quarantine’ and the ‘Green New Deal’ to lead the international community based on the successful cases of ‘K-quarantine’ in response to COVID-19. ㅇ Establishment of the ‘National ODA Strategy for COVID-19 Response’ and the prospects of strengthened ODA for overcoming COVID-19. ㅇ The government plans to expand international environmental cooperation to participate in and lead the world’s green recovery strategy to overcome COVID-19 in connection with the Green New Deal. □ Key features of new normal in the international environmental cooperation ㅇ Establish an online method to cope with the unstable and unexpected situations of cross-border movement due to blockades and restrictions resulting from the frequent infectious diseases and pandemic. ㅇ A non-face-to-face (untact) implementation mechanism is established and expanded according to the creation of a non-face-to-face society. ㅇ A shift toward securing the life security of not only humans but all living things. ㅇ Integrated international cooperation under the banner of ‘One Health’ to respond to emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic as well as daily cooperation for human and environmental protection. 3. International environmental cooperation promotion strategy in the Post-COVID Era □ Basic direction of international environmental cooperation in response to COVID-19 ㅇ Five basic directions - Resolving immediate environmental problems caused by COVID-19, such as safe disposal of medical wast. - Based on the experience of COVID-19 quarantine, present an international cooperation model that combines the technology and know-how of K-prevention and medical waste treatment technology as a package. - In line with the international trend that is shifting from the existing ‘human-centered’ cooperation to cooperation for ‘protection of all life on earth,’ create and lead the model of international environmental cooperation in response to the new normal of the post-COVID-era and renew the foundation for cooperation. - In order to overcome COVID-19 and respond to the climate crisis, closely link diplomatic strategies such as the Korean New Deal and the New Southern policy and at the same time, promote bilateral or multilateral cooperation programs by closely reviewing policies in major countries and regions such as President-elect Joe Biden’s climate and environmental policies and the European Green Deal. □ Implementation strategy and cooperation tasks ㅇ Strategy for each of the three goals - Strategies to achieve the goal of ‘improving resilience over COVID-19’: 1) strengthening cooperation in building green infrastructure to prevent infectious diseases and 2) establishing a cooperation system for preventing and coping with infectious diseases. - Strategies for achieving the goal of ‘building a safe global village from the climate crisis’: 1) reinforcing decarbonization, green recovery, and cooperation for social/urban system development and 2) expanding support for disaster response systems in countries vulnerable to natural disasters. - Strategies to achieve the goal of ‘realizing the establishment of the new normal, non-face-to-face environmental cooperation system’: 1) construction of an eco-friendly online communication system and capacity building support system and 2) creation of international cooperation initiatives and establishment of an integrated domestic environmental cooperation system.

남북 그린데탕트 추진을 위한 국내법제 정비 방안

류지성 통일과북한법학회 2023 북한법연구 Vol.30 No.-

This paper raises the necessity and utility of environmental cooperation in the context of the climate change crisis caused by environmental pollution and the strained North-South relations influenced by the US-China rivalry. It presents a plan for the domestic legal revision needed to facilitate this. Particularly, in the case of North and South Korea, where land and sea are interconnected, a joint response to climate change is necessary, and such cooperation can be mutually beneficial. Additionally, environmental improvement projects in North Korea can enhance the quality of life of its residents, offering a humanitarian aspect and potentially not conflicting with international sanctions against North Korea. In this regard, efforts for environmental cooperation are necessary for both Koreas, and there is a considerable possibility that North Korea will respond to these efforts. According to reports submitted to the UN and others, environmental pollution in North Korea is at a serious level, and there is observed intent to seek international support for its resolution. This situation implies that the resolution of environmental issues between North and South Korea can at least be achieved within the framework of multilateral international cooperation. The South Korean government has proposed the “Green Detente” policy as part of its North Korea policy to address the problems arising from climate change in North and South Korea and East Asia. The Green Detente can be understood as a process that aims for unification through reconciliation and cooperation by enhancing mutual benefits through cooperation in the environmental sector, which is a non-political field. In a situation where political exchanges are difficult, environmental cooperation has the advantage of being less burdensome as it can be conducted through local governments, private sector, or so-called 1.5 track exchanges. However, when examining the current state of domestic legislation for promoting the Green Detente as part of this policy, several limitations and problems have been identified. Firstly, our laws do not anticipate the divided situation and are not formulated to be applicable to North Korean areas. Nor is there a special law for the promotion of Green Detente. Even if there were such a law, it would not be simple to pre-emptively legislate for various unpredictable situations. Therefore, the most useful approach currently available is to create a legislative environment for the implementation of the Green Detente policy by revising laws, particularly those governing North-South relations and laws addressing environmental pollution and disaster preparedness. A brief examination reveals that the Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation Act, which regulates all areas of inter-Korean exchange and cooperation, needs revision due to unnecessary and complex regulatory elements concerning environmental exchange and cooperation. Individual environmental laws lack the foundation for research and study on North Korean areas and nearly lack provisions considering the possibility of cooperation with North Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to legislate including plans for cooperation, investigation, and research on North Korean areas in the provisions for establishing basic plans in individual environmental laws. Additionally, provisions related to international cooperation may be difficult to apply to bilateral cooperation issues between North and South Korea. The revision of domestic laws should be done in a way that respects the basic principles of unification under the constitution, does not harm North-South relations, prepares for unification, and complies with international standards on environmental issues. 본 논문은 환경오염으로 인한 기후변화 위기와 미국-중국간의 대립에 영향을 받은남북관계의 경색국면 속에서 환경협력의 필요성과 유용함을 제기하면서 국내법적 정비방안을 제시한 것이다. 특히, 육지와 바다가 연결된 남북한의 경우 기후변화에 따른 대응은 공동으로 할필요가 있으며 이러한 협력은 상호간 공동의 이익이 될 수 있다. 또한 북한지역의 환경개선 사업은 북한주민의 삶의 질을 개선할 수 있다는 측면에서 인도적이며 국제사회의대북제재에도 저촉되지 않을 수 있다. 이러한 점에서 환경분야의 협력을 위한 노력은남북한이 동시에 할 필요가 있고 북한도 이에 응할 가능성이 적지 않다고 판단된다. 특히, 유엔 등에 제출된 보고서에 따르면 북한내 환경오염 문제는 심각한 수준에 있고이를 해소하기 위한 국제사회의 지원을 구하는 의사도 관측된다. 이러한 상황은 남북간의 환경오염이 최소한 국제사회 다자간의 틀 속에서는 이루어질 수 있다는 의미이기도 하다. 우리 정부는 남북간 및 동아시아의 기후변화에 따른 문제들을 해결하기 위하여 “그린데탕트”정책을 대북정책의 하나로 제시하고 있다. 그린데탕트는 비정치적 분야인환경분야에서 남북간 협력을 통해 상호이익을 증대해 나가면서 화해와 협력을 통해통일을 지향하는 과정의 하나로 이해할 수 있다. 정치적 분야에서의 교류가 쉽지 않은상황에서 환경협력은 지자체, 민간 또는 소위 1.5트랙의 교류를 통해서도 가능하여 부담이 적다는 장점이 있다. 그러나 이러한 정책의 일환으로서 그린데탕트를 추진하기 위한 국내 법제도는 어느정도로 정비되어 있는가를 살펴볼 때 적지 않은 한계점과 문제가 나타났다. 우선, 우리의 법률은 분단상황을 예정하지 않고 있어 북한지역에 적용될 수 있는형태로 규정되어 있지 아니하다. 그렇다고해서 그린데탕트 추진을 위한 특별법이 존재하는 것도 아니다. 또한 특별법이 있다고 하여도 예측 불가한 다양한 상황을 미리 전제하여 제정하는 것도 간단하지 않을 것이다. 따라서 현재 취할 수 있는 가장 유용한방안은 국내 법률 가운데 특히 남북관계를 규율하는 법률과 환경오염 및 재난에 대비하는 법률의 정비를 통해 그린데탕트 정책의 추진 환경을 입법적으로 조성하는 것이다. 이를 간단히 살펴보면 남북교류협력법이 모든 분야의 남북간 교류협력사업을 규율하다보니 환경분야의 교류협력에 대한 사항에 불필요하고 복잡한 규제적 요소가 있다는 점에서 문제가 있어 정비가 필요하다. 개별 환경관련 법률은 북한지역에 대한 조사나 연구의 기초가 마련되어 있지 않고 남북간 협력의 가능성을 염두에 둔 조항이 거의부재하다는 문제가 있다. 따라서 개별 환경분야의 법률에서 기본계획 수립 조항에 북한지역에 대한 협력과 조사, 연구에 대한 계획을 포함하도록 입법할 필요가 있다. 또한국제협력에 관한 조항을 마련하고 있는 경우 다자간이 아닌 남북한 양자간의 협력사안에 대해서는 적용되기 어려울 수 있다는 문제를 지적한다. 이러한 국내법의 정비는큰 틀에서 볼 때 헌법상 통일에 관한 기본원칙을 준수하면서 남북관계를 해치지 않을것과 통일을 대비할 것 그리고 환경문제에 대한 국제적 기준을 준수하는 방향으로 이루어져야 한다.

북한 환경상태 조사 및 남북 환경협력사업 개발 연구 : 총괄보고서

강택구,전동준,명수정,구경아,이정호,박규홍,이승희,장은미,정종필 한국환경연구원 2021 사업보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. Background and Objectives 1. Rationales and objectives □ Carbon neutrality to tackle climate change is an urgent task and challenge in this era, and the Korean peninsula is not an exception in the global efforts for this initiative. ○ To combat climate crisis, the South Korean government announced the 2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy and finalized its scenario to go neutral and targets for greenhouse gas reduction. North Korean is also known to have a keen interest in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. ○ However, assessing environmental conditions in North Korea remains challenging due to lack of information and systematically organized data. In addition, researchers have a different understanding of environmental conditions in North Korea. ○ The establishment of database for environmental status in North Korea should be proceeded on a long-term and consistent basis, separately from the dynamics within and outside the Korean peninsula. ○ Systematic database for North Korea’s environment shall provide basic information for the effective exploration and execution of Inter-Korean cooperation projects going forward, serving as a foundation for sustainable development in a unified Korean peninsula. ○ This is the second-year research of a multi-year project. This research focuses on plans for (1) studies on inter-Korean environmental cooperation and project development, (2) surveys of environmental conditions in North Korea and establishment of environment database, and (3) the creation of environmental research ecosystem and dissemination of progress and results in North Korea. 2. Topics and execution □ This research is comprised as follows: ○ Six volumes of reports, including a comprehensive report, were published as a final outcome of studies on inter-Korean environmental cooperation and project development. These reports include discussions on policy agendas. ○ For surveys of environmental conditions in North Korea and establishment of environment database, this research was conducted in two tracks -website creation and data collection. ○ The establishment and operation of network are also discussed for the creation of environmental research ecosystem and dissemination of progress and results in North Korea. Ⅱ. Major Research Projects in 2021 1. Subtopics for studies on inter-Korean environmental cooperation and project development A. Environmental Impact Assessment for Development Project in DMZ Region : Focus on DMZ and its Border Area in the Gyeonggi Province □ Surveys were conducted to establish database on environmental conditions and development projects/plans in the DMZ and border areas in Gyeonggi Province. Project sustainability and environmental impact assessment methodology were examined. ○ This research was conducted for the natural environment, industrial facilities, and polluting facilities in the border areas in Incheon Metropolitan City and Gyeonggi province, including the DMZ (established in accordance with the Korean Armistice Agreement) and five counties (Ongjin-gun, Gangwha-gun, Gimpo-gun, Paju-gun, and Yeoncheon-gun) where the Northern Limit Line (NLL) is demarcated. ○ Database and the surveys of conditions shall be used to prepare for a potential implementation of climate impact assessment by the South Korean government as part of its efforts to achieve carbon neutrality. ○ This research collected information on historical changes in land cover maps, the quality of flora and fauna habitats, and carbon stock in the DMZ and border areas in Gyeonggi province. - Locations: 339 parks, 17 wetlands, two water source protection areas, 108 mines, 11,183 pollutant emitting facilities, 40 water intake/treatment plants, 17 incineration plants, 24 public wastewater treatment plants (a capacity of 500m3/d or over), nine livestock waste treatment facilities, eight waste landfills, and 16,676 industrial facilities. ○ The survey results and project plans are to be used to project future changes in land cover maps and carbon stock and to explore methods to support policy decisions on climate change response. B. Building Data on Natural Disaster of North Korea and Cooperation Strategies □ We developed strategies for cooperative response to natural disasters in North Korea based on the analysis of major characteristics of natural disasters in the past 30 years and examination on natural disaster response system in North Korea. ○ The results of this research could be used to develop projects paving the way for inter-Korean cooperation over the course of a potential lifting of sanctions on North Korea. □ Over the past 30 years, a total of 272 natural disasters had occurred in North Korea. Among them, 88 events had hit the country simultaneously with other disasters. ○ The most frequent disaster was torrential rains, hitting the country 66 times and accounting for 24.2% of the 272 natural disasters that happened during the 30-year period. □ Below are the current legal and response systems for natural disaster management in North Korea. ○ Kim Jong-un’s directives and on-site instruction assume absolute authority as the principles of government administration. Thus, they are conveyed as the Party’s policies, taking priority over any legal and institutional systems. Currently, the Law on Disaster Prevention, Relief and Recovery governs natural and social disaster control in North Korea. ○ Notable changes have been witnessed in North Korea’s disaster response efforts, including a shift in the perception of disaster response by the Supreme Leader, the media’s live broadcast, organizational changes, and efforts to conform to international trends. Despite these changes, however, there are still many limitations and hurdles in the country’s disaster relief activities. □ Disaster management and relief efforts in North Korea require the leadership of South Korea and the further sophistication of cooperation measures. The issue also calls for discussions on securing sufficient financial resources. Principles and directions in inter-Korean cooperation for natural disaster response are as follows: ○ South Korea maintains the principles of preventive, governance, international and stable cooperation. ○ In the short-term, tasks that had been agreed but not been fulfilled shall take priority. A comprehensive approach is required to deal with natural disasters. ○ Over the long-term, inclusive cooperation encompassing the issues of life and safety is desired. - Future tasks include the establishment of the “Council for the Life and Safety on the Korean Peninsula (or Inter-Korea Life and Safety Council)” to address the public health and environmental issues and the conclusion of the “Agreement on the Joint response to life and safety on the Korean Peninsula” to promote inter-Korean cooperation for life and safety. C. North Korea's vulnerability to climate change and inter-Korean cooperation to respond to climate change (I) □ Background and objectives ○ Objectives - The information on conditions and vulnerability regarding climate change in North Korea was collected to mitigate the effects of climate change and push ahead with cooperation for climate change response. - To understand vulnerability, data on the trends of climate change vulnerability and risks and other relevant data were compiled. - Based on the results, more sophisticated analysis of North Korea’s climate change vulnerability will be performed in the next year’s research. In addition, implications for inter-Korean cooperation for climate change response shall be induced on the basis of the data in this research. □ Results of reviews on North Korea’s climate change vulnerability and risks and implications of the first year research ○ Utilizing the established database, vulnerability and risks for climate change in North Korea was reviewed in accordance with the aforementioned definition and analysis framework. - For this purpose, standardized and integrated lower-level data were used as inputs to upper-level data. - To assess risks by region, this research mathematically formulated climate change risks based on the four factors - damage, exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation capability. We standardized the data again for regional comparison. ○ Climate change exposure, damage, sensitivity and adaptation capability - Exposure to climate change was the highest in North-/South Hamgyong provinces and North-/South Hwanghae provinces, while South Hwanghae province and North Pyongan province displayed the highest climate change sensitivity. Pyongyang and South Pyongan province surpassed other regions in adaptation capability. ○ Climate change vulnerability and risks - While Pyongyang and Ryanggang province were exposed to relatively lower risks, South Hwanghae and South Hamgyong provinces displayed higher risks. ○ Implications - In light of regional differences in climate change vulnerability and risks, cooperation should be concentrated on areas displaying higher vulnerability. - Pyongyang showed superior adaptive capacity compared to other regions. However, some regions with low capacity are urgently required to strengthen climate change-related capabilities. ○ Future plans - The second-year research will update the results of the first-year research on climate change vulnerability and risks by collecting additional available data on vulnerability and complementing input data. - We will devise inter-Korean cooperation measures for climate change response and select priority areas for cooperation based on climate change vulnerability data and domestic and overseas trends. Such efforts are expected to lay a foundation for further cooperation between the two Koreas. 2. Key results of investigations on environmental conditions in North Korea and environmental database establishment A. In-depth analysis of documents on North Korea’s sewage system □ Relevant policies and legal system ○ Enacted in 2009, the Sewage Law in North Korea consists of the basic laws on sewage, construction and maintenance of sewage facilities, wastewater treatment, and control and instruction for sewage projects. ○ The Ministry of City Management manages, maintains, and repairs drinking and wastewater treatment facilities via the Construction Bureau. Facility offices under the Construction Bureau in each province and directly governed city are responsible for the construction of drinking and wastewater facilities. □ General sewage conditions in North Korea ○ It is known that sewage treatment plants were constructed in Pyongyang in the 1960s and 1970s (Yun Zu-Whan, 2008). The city had built three sewage treatment plants in the Pyongchon District, in the suburban area, and on the Tongil Street (Kim Geon-ha, 2020). - However, the volume of wastewater has exceeded the capacity of sewage treatment plants, exacerbating pollution in the Taedong River (Kim Jeong-wook et al., 2008). Furthermore, the treatments plants often fail to operate due to power shortages (Yun Zu-whan, 2008; Kim Geon-ha, 2020). ○ The sewage treatment rate was calculated based on the data of human excreta generation and disposal methods presented in the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (DPRK and UNICEF, 2018). - The sewage treatment rate in the urban areas stood at 75.5%, 2.7 times higher than the rate of 27.9% in the rural areas. The disparity of sewer services between urban and rural areas is significant. - By province, North Hamgyong Province recorded the highest sewage treatment rate of 63.7%, followed by Chagang Province (62.7%), South Hamgyong Province, North Hwanghae Province, North Pyongan Province, South Pyongan Province, Ryanggang Province, Gangwon Province, and South Hwanghae Province(35.1%). □ Sewage system management in North Korea ○ North Korea is expanding the distribution of small-scale decentralized wastewater treatment system modules, emphasizing the technology in wastewater engineering textbooks for universities. The policy is a stopgap measure, but considered appropriate in light of the current destitute conditions in North Korea. B. In-depth analysis of documents on waste □ Amid continued sanctions, North Korea is promoting re-resourceization based on the spirit of self-reliance as a way to address worsening economic crisis. In 2020, the Re-resource Law was enacted to stipulate command and responsibility for the country’s re-resourceization initiative. ○ North Korea does not have the classified list of waste with information on sources of generation. The only available data on waste generation and disposal are limited to the ones for Pyongyang in 2008 and 2010. ○ Hazardous materials, including PCBs, are still produced and used in North Korea. However, the waste is not been disposed properly with some of it flowing back into factories or to residential areas. In addition, the waste generated in industrial complexes and mines are barely treated or processed. ○ Although North Korea ratified the Basel Convention in 2008, the country continues to import waste materials as a way to generate foreign currency income. However, due to lack of transportation, the bulk of the imported materials remain piled at the ports, polluting the marine environment. C. Analysis of documents on environmental conditions in North Korea in major U.S. libraries □ Due to the closed nature of North Korea, there is a limited availability of documents and data. Foreign documents are even more scarce relative to domestic ones. Accordingly, it is required to collect, organize and summarize English documents about the environment and ecosystem in North Korea. ○ The collection, organization and summarization of English documents regarding to the environment and ecosystem in North Korea is one of the primary objectives of this research. ○ We had selected approximately 5,000 English documents in the Library of Congress on the environment in North Korea via keyword searches. However, the access to or summaries of the documents were not available. Thus, we changed a target archive. ○ Due to an immensely extensive archive of Harvard University, we limited our search to articles published from 2010 to 2021. After selecting the 6,200 documents through keyword searches, we reviewed them again, checking tables of contents, abstracts, and part of full documents. ○ Finally, 102 articles were selected for review and summarization. - We catalogued the 120 articles based on the criteria of titles, authors, publishers, and summaries. D. Creation of database and web page on the environment in North Korea □ Database establishment ○ This research aims to create a database from the data presented in a number of research papers published by the KEI on the basis of systematic categorization standards. The results will be provided by the Center for Environmental Information of North Korea on the KEI website to support research on North Korea’s environment. ○ To establish a database, we developed a data classification scheme based on the results of independent study projects (ISP) conducted in 2020 and the opinions of researchers at the KEI specializing in North Korea. ○ We entered data contained in the reports and appendices in the spreadsheets in accordance with our classification scheme and formatted the data into PDF and HWP files to publish them on the website. □ Website creation ○ The website for the Center for Environmental Information of North Korea was created based on our classification scheme. ※ Some items that remain unfilled due to the longer-than-expected time required for internal reviews and task procedures will be updated later. ○ The website was designed with the color scheme and structure consistent with the KEI website. Links to read or download documents are provided in each category. ○ A separate server for the website was purchased to be used for other additional services. Documents on data restructuring requirements analysis and designs were also prepared. 3. Creation of research ecosystem on the environment in North Korea and dissemination of achievements □ The KEI hosted international and domestic academic conferences, a domestic symposium, and the Inter-Korean Environment Forum. It also published the KEI Environmental Review of North Korea and the KEI Environmental Issues and Research Trends in North Korea 2021. ○ On November 12, 2021, the KEI hosted an international conference jointly with HK+ National Strategies Research Project Agency of Hankook University of Foreign Studies with a theme of Border and the Environment: Search for Transnational Cooperation and Communication for Carbon Neutrality. ○ The KEI also held a symposium on Inter-Korean Cooperation for Carbon Neutrality on the Korean Peninsula on September 8, 2021, with the National Institute for Unification Education under the Ministry of Unification and Korea Consensus Institute. - Hosted by Dr. Chun Dong-jun of the KEI, the symposium opened with a welcome address by Dr. Yoon Je-yong, President of the KEI, and a congratulatory address by Lee In-young, the Minister of Unification. ○ The KEI also held the Inter-Korean Environment Forum four times under the themes of forest ecosystems, agricultural ecosystems, disasters, and exchange/cooperation with local governments in North Korea. ○ In addition, the KEI operated a special session at the Autumn Annual Conference of the Korean Society of Remote Sensing. The institute also issued the KEI Environmental Review of North Korea twice and published the KEI Environmental Issues and Research Trends in North Korea 2021. Ⅲ. Review and Future Plans 1. Achievement of 1st Phase Project and Limitations □ Launched in the first-phase of the project, the Center for Environmental Information of North Korea conducted the research on environmental conditions in North Korea and the development of inter-Korean cooperative projects to establish and solidify an internal and external basis for the Center’s operation. ○ The four areas - forest, ecosystem, water resources, and natural disasters - were selected as the focuses of inter-Korean cooperation in the environment field. A variety of themes on the environment in North Korea, which had been relatively ignored, have been discussed, and a three-phase roadmap was created for further cooperation. Data and documents related to North Korea’s environment were collected and organized via in-house or commissioned research projects. The KEI hosted international academic conferences and held a symposium on carbon neutrality jointly with the Ministry of Unification. The publication of the KEI Environmental Review of North Korea and the creation of a video report were also notable achievements. ○ Nevertheless, obstacles to promoting domestic and overseas cooperation still exist, including under-capacity in organization and workforce and lack of manpower support. 2. Current status of inter-Korean environmental cooperation □ Inter-Korean cooperation in the environmental area is characterized as follows: ○ The history of environmental cooperation between South and North Korea is relatively short, and cooperative efforts between governments have failed to produce substantial outcomes. Up until now, inter-Korean cooperation in the environmental field has been led by the central governments of the two countries. Meanwhile, North Korea, which is making efforts to conform to international trends, prefers cooperation with the international community than with South Korea. Inter-Korean cooperation also lacks a systematic and long-term roadmap. 3. Future plans □ Future plans formulated in 2020 were revised and complemented based on the review of the first-phase project. Inter-Korean cooperation in the environment area shall proceed in three directions. ○ The KEI will conduct surveys on environmental conditions in North Korea and establish a database. It will also search for inter-Korean cooperation opportunities and develop projects. The next steps shall include creating an ecosystem for environmental research in North Korea and disseminating the outcomes of research.

사업보고서 2013-06-02 : 시진핑시대 중국의 역내 환경협력 전망

강택구 한국환경연구원 2013 사업보고서 Vol.2013 No.-

The aim of this study is to not only analyse the current aspect of China`s regional environmental cooperation but also provide prospects for regional environmental cooperation of China. Furthermore our work seeks the way to use China`s position and interests to promote and strengthen Northeast environmental cooperation for fulfilling regional goal, sustainability. Through the study, several things can be expected as following. First, this paperwork could provide essential fundamental information about China`s regional environmental cooperations and also it would be possible to apply results of the work to related practical environmental programmes. Second, the study enables us to device future strategies to foster Northeast Asia environmental cooperation. Third, the results of the work could contribute to widen Korea-China cooperation to environmental field, strengthening their trust relationship and influencing on peace-building in Northeast Asia. In order to understand the current aspect of China`s regional environmental cooperation, our paperwork focused on multilateral governmental mechanisms for regional environmental cooperation over East Asia, Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia and Middle Asia, then compared each of the aspects under the mechanisms. Prospects for China`s regional environmental cooperation were described under the consideration of China`s increased interest in developing environmental industry, its role as an responsible powerful state, change in China`s motivation for environmental cooperation and so on. In addition, the study proposed five ways to use the position and interests of China to accelerate multilateral environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia. These are in terms of Xi Jin-ping government`s strategies, the plural approach through Governmental and non governmental actors, development of strategies using market mechanism, Park Geun-hye adminstration`s Northeast Asian strategies and maximization of Korea`s leadership as a middle power.

북한 환경상태 조사 및 남북 환경협력사업 개발 연구 : 총괄보고서

강택구,추장민,명수정,김충기,전동준,조공장,한상운,안현준,장은미,김승현 한국환경연구원 2020 사업보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. Research Background and Purpose ❏ Necessity for research ㅇ The goals of seeking sustainable development on the Korean Peninsula and realizing an inter-Korean environmental community increase the need to implement the inter-Korean exchange and cooperation in terms of the environment. - Through the Pyongyang Joint Declaration on the 19th of September in 2018, the leaders of the two Koreas agreed to implement environmental cooperation. ㅇ Currently, there is insufficient data and information on and inadequate understanding of the current status of North Korea’s environment. ㅇ Hence, there is a need to solve the environmental problems in North Korea, identify the needs for discovering and implementing the inter-Korean cooperation projects, and create environmental data. ❏ Research purpose ㅇ The long-term purpose of this comprehensive project is to create a database on North Korea’s environment for a long-term and sustainable investigation into environmental conditions. Furthermore, it aims to develop inter-Korean environmental cooperation strategies and projects to solve the environmental problems in North Korea with a view of realizing an inter-Korean environmental community through sustainable development of the peninsula. ㅇ To fulfill the purpose, the project has the following research objectives. - First, survey and analyze the environmental conditions in North Korea and create a database on North Korea’s environment - Second, study the development of key projects in the inter-Korean environmental cooperation - Third, create and operate a network related to North Korea’s environment - Fourth, share and spread achievements in research on North Korea’s environment Ⅱ. 2020 Progress in Implementing Research Projects ❏ As a general report on the investigation of North Korea’s environmental conditions and the development of inter-Korean environmental cooperation projects, this report includes the following: ㅇ The summaries of specific tasks include the research results of the six tasks. ㅇ The summary of strategies and plans for the informatization of North Korea’s environmental conditions includes those of the KEI Center for Environmental Information of North Korea attached to KEI as well as the mid-to-long-term research plans. ㅇ The summary of academic activities and networks includes information on international conferences and forums, publications, literature review, and data building related to inter-Korean environmental cooperation. 1. Summary of specific projects ❏ Analysis of the current status of environmental pollution in the DPRK and inter-Korean environmental cooperation measures―Focusing on air pollution ㅇ The study identifies the spatial distribution of environmental pollutants in North Korea and creates basic data for estimating the heavily polluted areas that would require inter-Korean cooperation for environmental improvement. ㅇ This study collected data and created a map of the industrial complexes in North Korea as its sources of major pollutants. ㅇ As plans to reduce the air pollutants and improve the atmospheric environment in North Korea, this study suggests the installation of an air pollution monitoring network as a project to monitor the atmospheric environment, and “the acquisition of air pollution prevention facilities in the industrial complexes”, “the provision of high-efficiency heating and cooking facilities and equipment for home use”, and “the boosting of the capacity to improve the atmospheric environment” as cooperation projects for air pollution reduction. ㅇ Since access to currently available data puts limitations on the detailed identification of the air pollutants in North Korea, basic data need to be collected by obtaining actually measured on-site data. ❏ Assessment of the conditions of the Han River estuary and development of an environment information sharing platform ㅇ This study presents a plan and a policy for the assessment of the conditions of the Han River estuary according to the long-term change in the environment and its peaceful utilization by identifying the key environmental conditions and issues of the estuary. ㅇ In the sustainability assessment conducted to examine the status of the Han River estuary in terms of the social, economic, and environmental issues, it scored lower in the social sector and relatively higher in the environment sector. ㅇ The research project will explore a plan to improve the pressure-status-response (PSR) system for the Han River estuary by setting the research direction as to measure and create the Ocean Health Index and Land Health Index that take the pressure, condition, tendency, and response into account. ㅇ It is necessary to expand and strengthen the consultative bodies on the Han River estuary including the “Han River Estuary Sustainability Committee” among others and create its legal basis so that the estuary may become a venue for the inter-Korean reconciliation. ❏ Environmental impact assessment for development projects in the DMZ region with the focus on DMZ and its border area in Gangwon Province ㅇ This study aims to present an EIA plan to be applied in the implementation of development projects through reviewing the DMZ development projects in terms of sustainability and collecting and building data on the regional natural environment and development plans. ㅇ The study analyzes the environmental data, development plans, and current development projects, creates spatial information, performs space planning, and develops an EIA plan in the DMZ border areas in Gangwon Province. ㅇ The study has identified the possibility of a clash with environmental concerns during the implementation of development projects and the need to prepare a specific EIA plan for sustainable development. ㅇ With respect to the Ecological Nature Status and the Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM), which are crucial for deciding the adequacy of site and plan in EIA, the five counties in Gangwon Province bordering North Korea, which include a large high-grade area where conservation takes priority, require that harmony be ensured between conservation and development and sustainable development through close reviews and eco-friendly planning of development projects. ❏ A plan to establish a safeguard for the environment and society considering development investment projects in North Korea ㅇ In preparation for development projects in North Korea, the study establishes a plan to improve North Korea’s EIA system and environmental and social safeguards for investment projects to build and reinforce environmental and social safeguards. ㅇ With regard to the direction for the improvement of North Korea’s EIA, North Korea has the EIA law only and has yet to come up with specific enforcement regulations, enforcement rules, and guidelines, which takes the northern regime down to the level of that in South Korea in the early 1980s. With this background, it is necessary to create an EIA system that clearly states the eligible project types and the regulations on the evaluation criteria and includes the procedures for resident participation and information disclosure, the specific evaluation guidelines, and the nurturing of a specialized review agency. ㅇ It is desirable that the safeguards for North Korea’s investment projects comply with those of aid organizations according to the sources of investment instead of merely complying with South Korea’s Act on Assessment of Impacts of Works on Environment, Traffic, Disasters, and so on or North Korea’s EIA law. ❏ North Korea’s environmental legislation trends and DB construction ㅇ This study distinguishes the period before and after Kim Jong-un’s arrival in power to examine the major changes to North Korea’s environmental law and collect related data for in depth analysis of North Korea’s environmental legislation. ㅇ The study has built the foundation for the inter-Korean integration of environmental cooperation projects and laws by creating a database on and tracking the changes to North Korea’s environmental laws and international environmental cooperation before and after Kim Jong-un’s arrival in power. ㅇ North Korea’s environmental law is transforming according to the changes in the current environmental practice and perception of the environment. North Korea has continuously participated in international conferences related to the environment and engaged in specific actions, even after the beginning of the Kim Jong-un administration. ㅇ Considering that the changes in North Korea’s environment-related legal system and individual laws are in line with the changes in South Korea’s environmental law, it can be said that North Korea’s environmental awareness is gradually becoming stronger. ❏ Land cover status and mapping based on satellite images of major areas in North Korea ㅇ The study aims to acquire and establish environmental spatial data on North Korea for the purpose of creating a sustainable Korean Peninsula land management and development plan and objectively and scientifically analyzing North Korea’s environmental conditions. ㅇ It further aims to create a land cover map of economic development zones in North Korea (Rason Economic Trade Zone, Wonsan and Kumgang Mountain International Tourism Zone) by unifying the land cover map classification systems of the two Koreas and selecting the classification criteria based on a digital topographic map and the latest satellite images (SPOT 6/7 1.5 m spatial resolution). ㅇ Based on the medium-category land cover map, the study analyzed the area with a high probability for development using the Land Suitability Assessment criteria and expert-weighted evaluation criteria. 2. Summary of strategies and plans for the informatization of North Korea’s environmental conditions ❏ Research purpose and method ㅇ In seeking to fulfill the vision and goal of the KEI Center for Environmental Information of North Korea and continuously perform data management and services, the study has created a phased computing environment creation plan. - The study describes the internal operations, external environment analysis, consultation from external services, and SWOT analysis of the KEI Center for Environmental Information of North Korea ❏ Key research details ㅇ Regarding the internal operations of KEI, the study analyzes the software used by researchers and analyzes topics and data of North Korea-related reports by establishing standards for different scales. ㅇ Regarding the external environment of KEI, the study has surveyed the data owned by four agencies that can work with the KEI North Korea Environmental Information Center in the future and handle related tasks. - As related agencies, the study selected the Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water), National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NIAS), and National Institute of Forest Science (NIFOS). ㅇ Based on the results of the analysis of the internal and external operations of KEI, the study consulted experts and performed SWOT analysis. ❏ Key research results ㅇ From the expert advice, SWOT analysis, and through the KEI researchers’ discussions, the study identified the tasks and created a roadmap for the purpose of implementing the KEI Plan for the informatization of North Korea’s environmental conditions. - For the purpose of prioritizing the tasks, the study has used the following categories: importance, accessibility, and urgency. ㅇ The study has created a (tentative) scenario for the information service that can be made available in the future from the data on North Korea’s environment that will be collected by the KEI North Korea Environmental Information Center. - The study has presented a (tentative) service scenario that uses the text-based information services, hierarchical items, and spatial data. 3. Summary of academic activities and networks ❏ International academic conference for intranational cooperation and communication for sustainable development on the Korean Peninsula (held online and offline on December 1, 2020) ㅇ The Study has explored the needs for the implementation of international cooperation and communication for sustainable development on the Korean Peninsula and inter-Korean environmental cooperation. ㅇ It explored how to expand the epistemic community that shares an understanding on the future inter-Korean environmental cooperation and sustainable development, build an international cooperation network, and promote active exchange of knowledge. ❏ KEI Inter-Korean Environment Forum ㅇ The forum, which is joined by environment-related research facilities and specialists, aims to explore plans to develop inter-Korean environmental cooperation strategies and projects. ㅇ Four sessions of the KEI Inter-Korean Environment Forum have been held covering the following topics: 1. plans for cooperation on border areas and shared rivers, 2. the Imjin River estuary and inter-Korean environmental cooperation, 3. the peaceful use of the border areas, and 4. plans for the sustainable use of the Han River estuary. ❏ KEI North Korean Environment Review ㅇ The first issue was published in 2020 with the aim of providing current information and analysis on North Korea, inter-Korean relations, and North Korea’s environmental conditions and policies. ❏ KEI North Korean Environment ㅇ KEI North Korean Environment is published with the aim of promoting understanding of North Korea’s environment through major academic journals of North Korea and the media in South Korea and abroad. ❏ An in-depth analysis of the literature on North Korea’s drinking water supply system ㅇ This study aims to create data for identifying the current North Korea’s drinking water supply by reviewing and summarizing the documents related to the supply system that are published by the South Korean government ministries, international organizations, and research facilities, and the documents published in North Korea. ㅇ This study provides analytical summaries of the data related to North Korea’s drinking water supply system that are included in the reports on the supply created by the Ministry of Unification, Ministry of Environment, K-water, Korea Environment Institute (KEI) in South Korea, and the UN’s environmental reports, among others. ㅇ Using 20 selected keywords, this study summarizes 183 items of data from newspapers and journals including the data from the Central Bureau of Statistics of North Korea and Rodong Sinmun. ㅇ The study reviews law, policy, demand and supply of the water system, and water resources and quality of North Korea. ❏ Examining the Japanese literature review on North Korea’s environment and ecology ㅇ Basic data were collected and a database on North Korea’s environment was created through literature review that uses keywords related to North Korea’s environment and ecology in the text data owned by the National Diet Library of Japan. ㅇ Using geographical keywords related to North Korea, about 15,000 books were reviewed from 370,000 items of digitized data available to the general public in the National Diet Library of Japan and classified according to the Japanese bibliographic classification system. ㅇ In the final stage, 89 items of text data in Japanese that are related to North Korea’s environment and ecology were selected for analysis through the survey of the indices, summaries, and parts of the full text from 3,307 items of data searched and identified under the categories related to environment and ecology. - The research created a list of titles, authors, publishers, and summaries for the 89 items of text data. Ⅲ. Future Plans 1. Common areas of interest for the inter-Korean environmental cooperation ❏ Discovering areas of interest shared by the two Koreas ㅇ Common areas of interest have been identified based on South Korea’s suggestions since the launch of the Moon Jae-in government and the new year’s message from North Korea following Kim Jong-un’s arrival in power. ❏ Inter-Korean cooperation agenda in the environment and sustainable development ㅇ South Korea proposes cooperation with North Korea in infrastructure such as railroad and roads, environment and natural disasters such as forests, rivers, and water resources, and food and health. ㅇ North Korea is understood as being interested in energy and forest, river and water resources, and natural disaster management, which are closely related to agricultural and industrial production. ㅇ Forests, water resources, and natural disasters, environment, and sustainable development are common areas of interest. 2. Plans to be implemented ❏ The present study, which is a multi-year project that proceeds year by year, establishes (tentative) plans to be implemented based on the investigation and research conducted in the first year. ㅇ The goals of the research on North Korea’s environment are a) investigating the environmental conditions and creating environmental data, b) investigating and developing projects for the inter-Korean environmental cooperation, and c) building a research ecosystem for the research of North Korea’s environment and implementing the dissemination of achievements. ㅇ To this end, the implementation plan has been set up according to the phases of an establishment period (2020~2021), expansion period (2022~2024), and consolidation period (from 2025).

중일 환경협력 분석을 통해 본 한중 환경협력 강화를 위한 정책적 함의

강택구 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2019 동서연구 Vol.31 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to draw implications for sustainable environmental cooperation between Korea and China through analyzing the current status of environmental cooperation between China and Japan. Through this analysis, this paper aims to provide viable environmental policies for improving sustainable cooperation between Korea and China. The main characteristics of environmental cooperation between China and Japan are as follows. First, Japan’s environmental cooperation with China focuses on promoting official development assistant(ODA) based on an economic perspective. Second, Japan is shifting its government-led cooperation approach to a public-private cooperation approach toward the Sino-Japan environmental cooperation. Third, as political and security conflict between China and Japan grows, political factors become critical when it comes to environmental cooperation between the two countries. Fourth, the frequent cooperation between private sectors of the two countries minimizes the negative effects on bilateral cooperation. Last, various other fields in relation to environmental cooperation between China and Japan are gradually expanding and diversifying. The implications for promoting environmental cooperation between Korea and China are as follows. First, the environmental cooperation between the two countries needs to be changed from a paradigm of economic perspective to a paradigm of sustainable development that incorporates the economic perspective. Second, in order to enhance the efficiency of its environmental cooperation with China, Korea needs to take on a strategic approach to cooperation. Third, it is necessary to encourage active participation of private sectors in environmental cooperation between Korea and China. Last, Korea needs to establish an approach of separating economics from politics toward China and promote a mechanism of multilateral environmental cooperation with its neighboring countries. 본 연구의 목적은 중일 양자 간 환경협력 현황을 통해 주요 특징과 주요 협력 기제를분석하고 향후 지속 가능한 한중 환경협력을 위한 시사점을 도출하는 것이다. 이를 통해 한중 환경협력의 기조를 새롭게 마련하고 중국과의 지속 가능한 협력 제고를 위한참고 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이다. 중일 환경협력의 특징은 다음과 같다. 일본의 대중 환경협력은 일본의 풍부한 자본에 기초한 경제적 관점을 중심으로 공적개발지원진행해왔다. 협력방식의 관점에서 보면, 정부차원 협력방식에서 민간이 주도하고 정부가 밀어주는 민관협력으로의 전환이라는 특징을 보인다. 그리고 양국 간 정치·안보적갈등이 커지는 21세기 들어 환경협력에 있어 정치·안보적 요인이 중요해졌다. 양국 간민간업체와 기관 간의 빈번한 협력을 통해 양국 협력에 미치는 부정적 요인을 최소화하고 있다. 중일 환경협력 분야는 점차 확대되고 다양화되는 추세이다. 앞서 분석에기초하여 한중 환경협력 촉진을 위한 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한중 환경협력의패러다임은 경제적 관점을 포함한 지속가능발전의 협력 패러다임으로 전환한다. 둘째, 한중 환경협력은 협력의 효율성을 높이기 위한 전략적 접근에 기초한다. 셋째, 정부주도의 협력뿐 아니라 민간영역과의 협력도 병행하여 추진한다. 마지막으로 한중 양국관계에 있어 여전히 정치·안보적인 전통적 이슈가 영향력을 미치고 있다는 점에서 정경분리 접근과 다자 환경협력을 지속적으로 추진한다.

동아시아 환경공동체 발전전략 개발 및 협력사업

김호석,추장민,이현우,김이진,박준현,정성운,최동진,원동균 한국환경연구원 2019 사업보고서 Vol.2019 No.-

Ⅰ. Background and Aims of Research □ Background ㅇ International cooperation and particularly joint efforts by geographically proximate countries are key factors in responding to transnational environmental problems. - Environmental cooperation efforts among East Asian countries continues to grow in number to jointly cope with transboundary environmental issues. ㅇ South Korea has been strengthening environmental cooperation with countries particularly in East Asia to deal with regional as well as domestic environmental problems. - Demand for environmental cooperation between South Korea and ASEAN member states is on the rise as Korea’s new Southern Policy also pursues the establishment of Korea-ASEAN community. ㅇ The development of environmental cooperation strategies is important for the joint implementation of the global environmental agenda, environmental protection and regional economic cooperation of East Asian countries. - The Korea Environment Institute (KEI) introduced the concept of ‘environmental community’ in 2014, an advanced form of international cooperation, and has been carrying out research and networking activities to identify solutions for regional environmental problems in East Asia, thereby promoting sustainable development. □ Purpose ㅇ This study aims to develop cooperative strategies for the East Asian environmental community through the establishment of a partnerships for information and knowledge exchanges as well as the survey and research activities on the key environmental issues of the region, so as to promote sustainable development in East Asia. Ⅱ. Network Activities 1. Domestic network ㅇ Regional forums such as the Inter-Korea Environment Forum, China Environment Forum, and Southern Asia Environment Forum were organized and arranged to interact with the local experts and discuss the demand and strategies for environmental cooperation by each region with them, □ Inter-Korea Environment Forum ㅇ The purpose of the Inter-Korea Environment Forum is to discuss strategies for promoting inter-Korean environmental cooperation. ㅇ The forum has been convened four times under the theme of inter-Korean environmental cooperation, especially pertaining to the Han River and Han estuary and the demilitarized zone (DMZ). □ Southern Asia Environment Forum ㅇ The purpose of the Southern Asia Environment Forum is to lay the foundation for cooperation between Korea and Southeast Asian countries on the conservation and sustainable use of environmental resources, focusing on biological resources, in order to promote the implementation of the environmental aspects of the New Southern Policy. ㅇ The forum was held twice under the theme of Public and Private Partnership (PPP) for the environment of the Mekong region and also the conservation and use of ecosystem services. □ China Environment Forum ㅇ The purpose of the China Environment Forum is to study China’s one-on-one initiative in order to explore ways to cooperate in linking the New Southern and Northern Policies. ㅇ The forum has been held twice on the construction of a Korea-China ecological civilization, green transformation, and the establishment of an one-on-one research center. 2. International network ㅇ In order to enhance understanding of environmental issues in East Asia and discuss ways to strengthen cooperation, the joint seminars and workshops were held with major institutions in East Asian countries. □ Southeast Asia ㅇ KEI contributed to promote the implementation of Korea’s New Southern Policy and International Development Comprehensive Plan through hosting 2019 KEI-VASS-RAC-LASS joint seminar and the Third Korea-ASEAN Environment Forum with partner organizations from major Southeast Asian countries. - KEI has been promoting joint research and exchange activities especially with the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences (VASS), the Cambodian Royal Society (RAC), and the Laotian Academy of Social Sciences (LASS) since 2012, and has held annual knowledge sharing seminars for sustainable development and green growth in Southeast Asia. □ Northeast Asia ㅇ KEI had opportunities to discuss environmental cooperation methods with East Asian countries through holding or participating in international workshops and seminars. These included the KEI-BINM-IGG joint seminar with Mongolian and Russian partner organizations, One Belt, One Road International High Level and Green Silk Road Forum with China, Northeast Asian Environmental Cooperation Seminar with experts from Russia, Germany and North Korea, and Korea-China Air Policy-Science Dialogue. - KEI has been communicating with major research institutes in Russia’s Far East, including the Baikal Natural Management Institute (BINM) since 2012. - Since the early 2000s, KEI has networked with major Chinese research institutes. Particularly in 2019, KEI and Chinese partner institutes dealt with issues of one-on-one cooperation and Particulate Matter. - KEI participated in a seminar hosted by Russia’s Primorsky Argyn on the theme of environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia. Ⅲ. Environmental Information Sharing and Dissemination □ China Environment Brief ㅇ KEI published four volumes of its China Environment Brief, which provides the latest information on environmental status, key environmental issues and new environmental polices in China. □ Environmental Trends in North Korea ㅇ KEI published ‘Environmental Trends in North Korea’, a report providing information on key environmental issues and research themes in North Korea. Information was gathered from newspapers and medias of North and South Korea, including the Rodong Sinmun, Minju Choson, and Choson Sinbo and North Korean academic journals. Ⅳ. Research and Survey 1. Northeast Asian paradox and environmental cooperation □ Background ㅇ Regional environmental cooperation is essential for Northeast Asian countries as they share similar environmental concerns due to their geographical proximity. ㅇ However, historical and political peculiarities in Northeast Asia, including differences in historical perceptions between Northeast Asian countries, military confrontations, and territorial conflicts, are hindering regional cooperation even for the environment. ㅇ It is necessary to seek environmental cooperation that takes into account this paradox of Northeast Asian region. □ Direction for environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia ㅇ It is important to recognize that countries in Northeast Asia constitute an environmental community facing similar environmental problems. ㅇ It is necessary to expand and strengthen cooperation by utilizing the existing cooperative framework, and jointly design a new comprehensive multi-environmental cooperation framework that is effective in the long run. - A transnational epistemic community involving scientists in the region should be established to secure scientific objectivity and legitimacy in environmental cooperation. - The Korea-China-Japan Environment Ministers’ Meeting (TEMM) shall be the basic framework for cooperation, but it is necessary to establish and implement a diversified cooperative model involving private companies, civic groups and international organizations other than the government. 2. Survey on perception of transnational particulate matter □ Background and purpose ㅇ Recently, particulate matter (PM) has emerged as not only an environmental problem but also a social problem in South Korea, and controversy has arisen over the domestic impact of PM from abroad and how to deal with it. ㅇ A survey on PM was conducted to gauge the public perception of the impact of PM, generated abroad and then made its way to South Korea. - The survey was conducted on both the general public and experts to identify differences in perception of PM between the two groups. ㅇ KEI analyzed the differences in perception between the general public and experts and causes thereof, and proposed the ways to increase public support and trust in government measures on overseas PM-related issues. □ Results ㅇ There was a significant gap in the perception of the foreign effects of PM between the general public and expert groups. - Compared to experts, the higher percent of general public believed that the domestic PM was caused by foreign countries such as China. ㅇ It was found that differences in perception between the general public and experts were mainly due to differences in information sources. - The majority of the general public was highly dependent on the media and obtained information on the foreign effects of PM with high confidence. - Experts, on the other hand, showed low confidence in media reports and tended to acquire information through research institutes or academic databases. ㅇ The difference in perception between the general public and experts indicates that there is a lack of understanding of the foreign effects and response measures regarding PM, which acts as a barrier to the implementation of relevant governmental policies. ㅇ Although there were differences in perception between two groups, they shared similar views on the main entities and their roles in dealing with PM. - Both the general public and experts were of the views that the government was to play the most important role in dealing with PM, and that it was important to provide objective information and establish response measures based on accurate and scientific evidence. ㅇ Therefore, the government should establish response measures to cope with PM based on accurate and scientific evidence, and also need to share accurate and objective information with the public.

동아시아 환경공동체 발전전략 개발 및 협력사업

이현우,김성진,강택구,이상헌,박준현,김재원,박도현,김오석,김지윤,한희진 한국환경연구원 2021 사업보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. Project Objectives and Outline □ Background and project objectives ○ A strategic approach is required to promote the concept of environmental community at the regional level in order to resolve environmental problems in East Asia. ○ This project conducted research on environmental problems of East Asia, built domestic and international networks, and disseminated information on regional environmental issues to contribute to developing strategies for environmental cooperation in the region. □ Project outline ○ Research for analyzing circumstances for environmental cooperation in East Asia - A study on Korea-ASEAN cooperation on the environment and climate change - A study on environmental factors of yellow dust sources in East Asia and policy measures - A survey on responses of Korean companies in China to environmental regulations - A survey on people’s recognition about environmental problems of East Asia ○ Domestic and international networking - China Environment Forum - Southeast Asia Environment Forum - International webinar on carbon neutrality strategy of Korea and China ○ Publications for disseminating information on regional environmental issues - China Environment Brief - Environmental Sustainability in Asia (ESA) Ⅱ. Korea-ASEAN Cooperation on the Environment and Climate Change 1. Environmental and climate change issues in ASEAN □ Strategies and plans ○ ASEAN’s current overarching strategies for environmental protection have been built upon the ASEAN 2025, which was adopted at the 27th ASEAN Summit in 2015. - Strategies to respond to environmental and climate change issues are elaborated in the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint 2025. - Its key result areas include: (i) conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity and natural resources, (ii) environmentally sustainable cities, (iii) sustainable climate, and (iv) sustainable consumption and production. □ Environmental challenges in ASEAN ○ Environmental challenges are identified in seven areas: (i) nature conservation and biodiversity, (ii) coastal and marine environment, (iii) water resource management, (iv) sustainable cities, (v) climate change, (vi) air quality, and (vii) chemicals and waste. ○ Southeast Asian countries are facing with an urgent need to preserve natural resources and maintain a sustainable environment. - National governments need to integrate environmental sustainability into national development plans for long-term and sustainable development. - However, international financial aid is essential due to a lack of financial resources and capacity. 2. International development cooperation to address environmental challenges in ASEAN □ Major partners and international organizations ○ Major donors including Japan, the United States, and China have investigated ASEAN’s environment-related needs through various channels including high-level dialogues, cooperation centers, and initiatives. ○ Whereas individual ASEAN member states are actively engaged in cooperation programs with major international organizations including the United Nations, the Asian Development Bank, and the World Bank (WB), the organizations are consistently paying attention to cooperation programs where a pan-ASEAN response is essential such as haze management, marine pollution management, and climate change disaster response. 3. Cooperation between Korea and ASEAN □ Major mechanisms of the Korean government for environmental cooperation between Korea and ASEAN ○ The Korean government proposed seven strategies for Korea-ASEAN cooperation by 2025 in the New Southern Policy Plus. - The cooperation on the environment and climate change is emphasized in the seven strategies, including climate change response and carbon reduction, capacity building for disaster response, and ocean protection and environmental cooperation. ○ The Korean government launched the ASEAN-ROK Dialogue on Environment and Climate Change to strengthen the foundation for closer cooperation between Korea and ASEAN. - The first meeting of the ASEAN-ROK Dialogue on Environment and Climate Change in September 2021 sought ways for Korea and ten ASEAN member states to expand policy and technological cooperation to tackle climate change and other environmental challenges. - The both parties agreed to convene this dialogue regularly to share their experiences and identify cooperation areas. □ The status of development cooperation on the environment and climate change between Korea and ASEAN ○ The water resources and sanitation sector accounted for the highest share of Korea’s ODA (official development assistance) to ASEAN, and it is necessary to develop projects for meeting the needs of ASEAN for addressing the environment and climate change issues. - A closer look into Korea’s ODA programs that were actually implemented in 2021 shows that relatively small shares of budgets were allocated to cooperation programs targeting the environment and climate change in Myanmar (4.5%), Indonesia (13.2%), Lao PDR (14.2%), and Vietnam (15.2%), and the reality runs in stark contrast with the Korean government’s Green New Deal ODA Strategy, which pledged to dramatically increase green ODA to a level above the OECD average of 28.1% by 2025. 4. Suggestions for the future cooperation on the environment and climate change between Korea and ASEAN □ Strategic planning ○ The area of environment and climate change must be mainstreamed in the new Country Partnership Strategies for ASEAN’s priority partner countries. ○ There is an urgent need to ensure that ASEAN ODA partners incorporate climate change and environmental cooperation programs as a priority agenda in their development cooperation plans. □ Technical assistance and capacity building ○ It is necessary to provide more in-depth training and technical assistance programs by matching ASEAN partners with appropriate Korean agencies depending on the type of environment and climate change issues. ○ Korea needs to contribute to the capacity building efforts in the area of environment and climate change by using its advanced information and communications technology. □ Procurement of additional resources ○ The Korean government needs to procure additional resources since it pledged to increase the percentage of green ODA to a level above the OECD average of 28.1% by 2025 in its Green New Deal ODA Strategy. ○ Korea needs to facilitate programs that are linked with the Green Climate Fund (GCF) through Korea’s various GCF-accredited entities. □ Strengthening the foundation for closer cooperation on climate change and environment between Korea and ASEAN ○ There is a need to expand and emphasize the role of the Ministry of Environment to ensure that the ASEAN-ROK Dialogue on Environment and Climate Change finds a more effective channel for cooperation and lays the foundation for closer regional cooperation. ○ The Korean government must work together with the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the United Nations, and other organizations by exchanging information on a regular basis and developing cooperation programs to work more closely with the ASEAN region. Ⅲ. Environmental Factors of Yellow Dust Sources in East Asia and Policy Measures 1. Yellow dust observation in Korea □ Trends of yellow dust occurrence in Korea ○ The frequency of yellow dust ooccurrence increased in 1990s, and the number of days in which yellow dust was observed hit a record high of 27 in 2001, followed by 16 in 2002. ○ Yellow dust is observed mostly between March and May which account for 81% of the total cases of observation. □ Major sources of yellow dust that travels to Korea ○ Sources of about 81% of the total cases between 2002 and 2020 were from the Gobi Desert and Inner Mongolia. 2. Correlation between environmental factors in sources and yellow dust occurrence □ Factors affecting yellow dust occurrence ○ According to the previous studies, wind speed, precipitation, soil moisture, and land cover are major factors that affect yellow dust occurrence at the local level. ○ There have been studies on the impact of various factors at larger scales including air currents, Arctic oscillation, and Antarctic oscillation, but the correlation between these factors and yellow dust remains to be further investigated. □ Correlation between major environmental factors in sources and the number of days in which yellow dust was observed in Korea ○ Analysis of the correlation between meteorological factors in Dalan Dzadagad and yellow dust cases in Korea shows that the wind speed and the number of observation cases have a positive correlation. ○ It is not possible to confirm at present which is the most dominant factor, which requires a long-term investigation on trends of various factors. 3. Policy approaches and implications □ Policy approaches to addressing yellow dust ○ Policy approaches such as afforestation and climate change responses have been taken, while ODA for combating desertification receives relatively less attention than other environmental issues. □ Implication for addressing yellow dust ○ There have been a wide variety of studies on factors that affect yellow dust occurrence, but it is still difficult to confirm the one-on-one relationship between certain factors and yellow dust occurrence. ○ Therefore, a long-term investigation on causes of and solutions to the yellow dust issue is needed, while projects for combating desertification also need to be carried out continuously. Ⅳ. A Survey on Responses of Korean Companies in China to Environmental Regulations 1. Survey overview □ Objectives and design ○ A survey of 100 employees of Korean companies in China was conducted between August 22 and September 28, 2021 to investigate responses of these companies to China’s environmental regulations. ○ The survey consisted of 22 questions about the awareness and impact of environmental regulations, awareness and impact of the Yangtze River Protection Law, and responses to China’s environmental regulations. 2. Results □ Awareness and impact of environmental regulations ○ Korean companies recognized that China’s environmental regulations have been strengthened since 2021, which impacted largely on their business. ○ The newly enacted Regulations on Management of Pollutant Discharge Permits have a large impact on businesses, and respondents anticipated that regulations regarding China’s carbon neutrality target will be strengthened. □ Awareness and impact of the Yangtze River Protection Law ○ 91% of respondents anticipated that environmental regulations will be strengthened due to the Yangtze River Protection Law. ○ However, it seems that actual regulations have not been established yet, considering that 98% of respondents have not been penalized for violation of this law. □ Responses to China’s environmental regulations ○ Major responses of Korean companies to China’s regulations include networking for sharing information, education and training, and enhancing communication with relevant Chinese government branches. ○ Regarding the strengthening of China’s regulations, what respondents expected most is that the Korean government provides relevant information. Ⅴ. A Survey on People’s Recognition about Environmental Problems of East Asia 1. Survey overview □ Objectives and design ○ A survey was conducted among 1,000 Koreans between August 25 and September 5, 2021 to investigate implications for promoting regional environmental cooperation in East Asia. ○ The survey consisted of 25 questions about the awareness of the environment, awareness of international environmental cooperation, awareness of environmental problems in Northeast Asia, awareness of environmental problems in Southeast Asia, and awareness of carbon neutrality. 2. Results □ Awareness of international environmental cooperation ○ People’s awareness of international environmental cooperation has changed positively, and channels providing relevant information have diversified. □ Awareness of environmental problems in Northeast Asia ○ Air pollution was selected as the most serious environmental problem in Northeast Asia, followed by climate change, marine pollution, and wastes. ○ Regarding the environmental cooperation with North Korea, respondents preferred ODA that follows international standards, which shows a perspective viewing North Korea as a cooperation partner rather than to regard it as the same nation as South Korea. □ Awareness of environmental problems in Southeast Asia ○ Climate change was selected as the most serious environmental problem in Southeast Asia, followed by natural environment degradation, marine pollution, water pollution, and air pollution. ○ Vietnam was preferred most for environmental cooperation, followed by Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand. □ Awareness of carbon neutrality ○ International cooperation was preferred to domestic measures for achieving carbon neutrality in Korea. ○ Respondents gave priority to promoting market-based solutions in the international carbon market rather than focusing on specific region. Ⅵ. Domestic and International Networking 1. Domestic networking □ China Environment Forum ○ China Environment Forum was launched in 2018 to enhance networking among domestic experts in China and environment, and two meetings took place in 2021. □ China Carbon Neutrality Forum ○ China Carbon Neutrality Forum was newly launched to share knowledge and information on China’s carbon neutrality strategies and enhance networking between experts. □ Southeast Asia Environment Forum ○ Southeast Asia Environment Forum was launched in 2018 to lay the foundation for environmental cooperation between Korea and Southeast Asian countries, and two meetings took place in 2021. 2. International networking □ International webinar on carbon neutrality strategy of Korea and China ○ Major greenhouse gas emitters including China and Korea have declared carbon neutrality as their national goals. ○ This international webinar provided the ground for sharing information and knowledge on carbon neutrality strategies, relevant laws, and emission trading systems of Korea and China. Ⅶ. Dissemination of Information on Regional Environmental Issues □ Publication of China Environment Brief ○ China Environment Brief was published quarterly to provide up-to-date information on China’s environment and policies to relevant institutions and experts. □ Publication of Environmental Sustainability in Asia ○ Environmental Sustainability in Asia (ESA) is an annual publication to laythe foundation for research cooperation on the environment in Asia and share challenges and achievements of environmental cooperation regarding sustainable development goals (SDGs). ○ The topic of 2021 ESA is the development cooperation on environment and climate change in Southeast Asia.