Modification of tumor micro-environment to enhance anti-tumor immune response

Wu, Chao-Yi Joy The Johns Hopkins University 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

Increasing attention have been generated to minimized the adverse immune impact of tumor infiltrated myeloid cells to increase the anti-tumor immune response and potentially enhance tumor control. In present study, we've demonstrated that intratumorally administration of a peptide based vaccine in well defined solid tumor combining PADRE peptide and poly I:C leads to an enhanced antitumor effects in treated mice comparing with conventional vaccine route giving subcutaneous (Chapter 2). This challenges the prevailing notion of the tumor as an inherently immune-suppressive site and underscores the dynamic nature of interactions between the tumor and the immune system. Also, we evaluate the phenotype change of macrophages in the peritoneal cavity of disseminated ovarian cancer model after poly I:C treatment. With the help of PEI to increase the uptake of poly I:C by the peritoneal cells, significant improvement was observed in the antitumor effects against murine ovarian tumors. This anti-tumor effect was contributed by the alternative MI activation of peritoneal macrophages when treated and sequentially activate NK cells to clear tumor (Chapter 3). This suggests that the environment of ill-define disseminated tumors can also be changed to significantly benefit tumor control. Last, we focus on how conventional cancer treatments, tumor irradiation impact the tumor microenvironment. In chapter 4, we've show that by combining RT and targeted delivery of antigenic peptide to the tumor, the adjuvant effect generated by RT itself is sufficient to elicit the priming and expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells through the type 1 interferon and toll like receptor 4 dependent pathways and leads to a potent therapeutic antitumor effect. In addition, we demonstrated that CTL-mediated killing of CD11b+ myeloid stromal cells, in the tumor by our approach is important for the control of tumor growth using two different transgenic mouse models. Altogether, we observed a greater tumor control achieved through the suppression of the immunomodulatory effects and the enhancement of favorable immune stimulation due to local RT. In summary, these results demonstrate that the immune-suppressive tumor micro-environment can be reversed by available, commonly practiced, interventions and provide impetus for the development and clinical translation of novel immune-based strategies for cancer therapy. iii.

Analysis of muscle discomfort and fatigue based on screen shape and haptic operation when using large screen smartphone with one hand

무예총 한양대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

Analysis of Muscle Discomfort and Fatigue Based on Screen Shape and Haptic Operation When Using Large Screen Smartphone with One Hand YICONG WU Department of Human-Computer Interaction The Graduate School Hanyang University This study aims at determining the effect of different one-handed modes and task factors on the comfort of right hand when using large-screen mobile devices. For this purpose, tapping task, texting task, dragging task were designed as this experiment three tasks. Four muscles of APB, APL, FDI, ED muscle in the thumb and forearm were measured by electromyography (EMG), and use the developed experiment interfaces with two onehanded modes of reduction mode in android and half screen mode in iPhone, the full screen mode was as comparison. The experimental interface was developed to simulation of the three modes. Subjects use the experimental smartphone and did the three interaction tasks of tapping, dragging, and texting tasks in each of the three modes. Considering whether thumb lengths has influence on muscle activity and fatigue, three thumb length levels of small, medium and large were divided into three groups. Borg CR-10 scale is used for the perception of the muscle effort and System Usability Scale (SUS) was used for subjective evaluation for the availability of three modes. The result showed that the APB and FDI muscles’ activation is higher than the ED and APL muscles in three modes. Repeated Measure ANOVA and One-way ANOVA was used in analyzing muscle activity. When using reduction mode, APB muscle activity showed the lowest muscle activity and had significant differences in all three tasks. There was a similar tendency for FDI muscle activity and a significant difference between the reduction mode and the half screen mode during the dragging task. In terms of task, for APB muscles, muscle activity was highest in the dragging task and was significantly different from the tapping task in all 3 modes. Tasks had relatively little effect on FDI muscle activity, but there was also a significant difference between the dragging task and the tapping task in full screen mode. Muscle activity was strongest in the dragging task and weakest in the tapping task. RMANOVA analyses of muscle fatigue showed significant differences in fatigue over time. But no significant fatigue differences between modes. The overall tendency was for fatigue to be lowest in the reduction mode, but it was still relatively high doing the texting task more than 60s. Correlation analysis result showed that the longer the thumb length, the lower the muscle activity. The results of the SUS questionnaire showed the highest and most significant scores for the reduction mode, but there was only a tendency for the reduction model to have the lowest muscle effort perceptual score but no significant difference in the perceptual scores on the Borgs' CR10 scale. The usability evaluation of the three modes was analyzed by physiological signal measurements. For all 3 modes, the reduction mode performed better on all tasks no more than 60s and on subjectivity scores, the half screen modes had great fatigue-reducing effects when doing tapping task long time, and full screen mode had the lowest fatigue in texting task more than 60s. This study was conducted on a simulated smartphone interface, it is hoped that this study will provide guidance for future studies and the chose of one-handed modes, and provides data support for reducing the proportion of higher muscle activity tasks design for interface interaction design.

Characterization and evaluation of PI/PVDF-TrFE composite nanofiber based triboelectric nanogenerators depending on types of electrospinning nozzle systems

오신위 한양대학교 대학원 2020 국내석사

Characterization and evaluation of PI/PVDF-TrFE composite nanofiber based triboelectric nanogenerators depending on types of electrospinning nozzle systems Xinwei Wu Dept. of Mechanical Design The Graduate School Hanyang University Recently, energy problems have become a hot spot of global concern. In order to solve the energy problem, people have developed a variety of energy harvesters, in which triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a portable energy harvester. It has attracted attention because of its high output power, simple, and low-cost structure. In order to improve the performance of TENG, many studies have been performed such as increasing the surface charge density and increasing the contact area. In this study, using designed single-nozzle, conjugated-nozzle and multi-nozzle three electrospinning nozzle systems successfully fabricated different forms of PI/PVDF-TrFE composite nanofibers. These three forms of composite nanofibers were made as the dielectric layer of TENG, and the electrical properties of TENG were measured. Among them, multi-nozzle nanofibers showed the highest open-circuit voltage of 364 V and short-circuit current of 17.2 μA, respectively. The power density of TENG made with multi-nozzle nanofibers is 1.18 W/m2. It was able to stably harvest energy during the tapping experiment of 10,000 cycles and even from palm and foot tapping. The M-TENG could be used for various practical applications such as capacitor charging and LED lighting.

활성탄의 후처리에 의하여 제조된 전기이중층 커패시터용 전극재의 전기 화학적 특성

WU JINGYU 명지대학교 일반대학원 2008 국내석사

Electrochemical Performance of Activated Carbon Electrode Materials with Post Treatment for EDLC Jingyu Wu Dept.of Chemical Engineering Graduate School Myongi University Two types of commercial activated carbons of coconut shell based and coal char based were applied for EDLC electrode by removing impurities with chemical treatments, and controlling pore size distribution and content of surface functional group with heat treatment. The electrochemical properties were evaluated with coin cell using these activated carbons as electrode. The porosity and surface area of the electrode materials were analyzed by nitrogen adsorption at 77K, and the surface functional groups were studied by Boehm and TPD method. The effects of the pore structure and surface functional groups on the electrochemical performance of the activated carbon electrodes were investigated. The initial gravimetric capacitance of the commercial activated carbon electrodes with coconut shell based and coal char based were 66 and 70 F/g respectively, and after 100 cycles the values were decreased to 54 and 66 F/g respectively showing 82% and 94% of charge-discharge efficiency. Their initial volumetric capacitances were 39 and 36 F/cc, and after 100 cycles, the values were turned out to be 32 and 34 F/cc. The properties of CV graph with the commercial activated carbon electrodes showed the serious polarization as the result of additional reaction between electrolyte and impurities of the electrode materials. So, it was concluded that the commercial activated carbons were not suitable as the EDLC electrode materials. In order to remove the impurities, the commercial activated carbons were chemical treated with various acids. The initial gravimetric capacitances of coconut shell and coal char based activated carbon electrodes which were acid treated by aqua regia were 75 and 79 F/g, and after 100 cycles the values were turned out to be 63 F/g and 71 F/g, showing the highest capacitance among the various acid treatments. The commercial activated carbons were heat treated after nitric acid treatment to control the surface functional groups and were used as electrode to evaluate the electrochemical properties. The initial gravimetric and volumetric capacitances of coconut shell based activated carbon electrodes which were acid treated by HNO3 and then heat treated at 800℃ were 90 and 42 F/cc respectively with 94% of charge-discharge efficiency, showing much improved capacitance. The commercial activated carbons were alkali treated to remove the impurities, which were not soluble in acid solution. The commercial activated carbon treated by NaOH showed a little bit improved gravimetric capacitance but the volumetric capacitance was similar to the raw materials of commercial activated carbon electrode. The removal of impurities from the electrode materials was more efficient with acid treatment than with alkali treatment, showing higher capacitance. In order to remove impurities more efficiently the commercial activated carbons were alkali and acid treatment, and then were heat treated to control the surface functional groups. The surface functional groups decreased with the increased heat temperature and the specific capacitance increased with the decreased surface functional groups. The initial volumetric capacitance of coconut shell based activated carbon electrode which was alkali and nitric acid treated, and then heat treated at 800℃ was 44 F/cc. After 100th cycles the value turned out to be 42 F/cc, showing 95% of charge-discharge efficiency. Such a good electrochemical performance can be possibly applied to the medium capacitance of EDLC. 국문요약 Coconut shell 및 coal char 계 상용활성탄을 전기이중층 커패시터의 전극재로 적용하기 위하여 화학적 처리에 의하여 전극재의 불순물 성분을 제거하였으며 열처리에 의하여 표면 관능기를 제어하고자 하였다. 제조된 활성탄을 전극재로 사용하여 coin cell형태의 전기이중층 커패시터를 제작하여 전기화학적 특성을 평가하였다. 질소등온흡착에 의하여 비표면적과 세공특성을 분석하였고 Boehm 법 및 TPD 방법에 의하여 전극재의 표면의 산성관능기의 종류와 양을 측정하여 전극재의 물리화학적 특성과의 상관관계를 조사하였다. Coconut shell 및 coal char 계 활성탄을 별도의 처리 없이 전기이중층 커패시터의 전극재로 사용하였을 때 초기무게용량은 각각 66과 70 F/g, 100사이클 후의 용량은 54와 66 F/g으로 각각 82%와 94%의 효율을 나타내었고, 초기부피용량은 각각 39와 36 F/cc, 100사이클 이후 32와 34 F/cc로 감소되었다. CV 특성도 사이클 진행에 따라 불순물과 전해질의 부반응에 의한 분극현상이 크게 발생하여 미처리한 상용활성탄은 전극재로서의 사용에 적합하지 않다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 원료의 불순물을 제거하여 전해질과의 전기화학적 부반응을 감소시키기 위하여 상용활성탄을 여러 가지 산에 의하여 화학적으로 처리하였다. 산 처리를 한 활성탄의 무게용량은 원료에 비하여 높은 용량을 나타내어 왕수 처리를 한 coconut shell 및 coal char계 활성탄을 전극 물질로 사용했을 때 초기무게용량은 각각 75와 79 F/g을 나타냈으며 100사이클 후에 63과 71 F/g을 보임으로서 가장 높은 용량을 나타내었다. 열처리에 의하여 산 처리된 활성탄의 관능기를 제어하고 이를 전극재로 사용하여 전기화학적 특성을 평가하였다. 질산 처리된 coconut shell 및 coal char계 활성탄은 열처리 이후 용량이 모두 증가되었으며, 사이클 특성도 우수하였다. 질산 처리 된 coconut shell 계 활성탄을 800℃에서 열처리하여 전극재로 사용한 경우 초기 무게용량은 90 F/g, 100사이클 충•방전 반복 후 무게용량은 85 F/g으로 가장 높은 용량을 나타냈으며, 94%의 충•방전 효율을 나타내었다. 화학적 처리 및 열처리에 의하여 용량에 기여 가능한 크기의 micropore가 증가함에 따라 무게용량과 부피용량이 모두 증가하였으며 mesopore 와 macropore가 증가함에 따라 무게용량과 부피용량이 모두 감소하였다. 활성탄을 알칼리에 용해 가능한 불순물을 제거하기 위하여 여러 가지 알칼리 용액으로 처리하여 전극재로서의 특성을 평가한 결과 수산화나트륨용액으로 처리한 활성탄이 상대적으로 높은 용량을 나타내었으며 원료에 비하여 무게용량은 다소 증가되었으나 부피용량은 원료와 비슷하였다. 알칼리 처리에 의한 전극재의 불순물 제거효율은 산 처리에 의하여 제조된 전극재에 비하여 상대적으로 낮으므로 산 처리에 의하여 제조된 전극재의 용량의 향상효과가 더 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 불순물을 보다 효과적으로 제거하기 위하여 활성탄을 알칼리와 산으로 차례로 처리하였으며 관능기 제어를 위하여 열처리를 하여 전극물질로 사용하였다. Boehm 법과 TPD 방법을 이용하여 분석한 결과 열처리에 따라 관능기의 양이 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이에 따라 무게용량과 부피용량이 모두 원료에 비하여 증가되었으며 사이클 특성도 우수하여 coconut shell 계 활성탄을 알칼리 및 질산 처리 후 800℃에서 열처리한 전극재의 경우 초기 부피용량 44 F/cc, 100사이클 후 42 F/cc로서 실용화 가능한 수준의 높은 부피용량 및 95% 이상의 높은 충•방전효율을 나타내었다.

중국사회주의 체제하의 인터넷 수용방식

Wu, Jingjing 경북대학교 대학원 2014 국내박사

The Pattern of Internet Acceptance in the Socialism System of China* Jingjing Wu Department of Journalism and Mass Communication Graduate School, Kyungpook National University Daegu, Korea (Supervised by Professor Nam Jeiil) (Abstract) As the main object of study, the process of Internet Acceptance in China from 1994 to 2013, the related laws and regulations enacted by the government of China and the typical social events happened in this period were discussed to analyze the role that the internet played in Chinese socialism, the effect of it on the society and the variation of the related laws and regulations in different stage of internet development, which were compared with that of representative capitalist country. The purpose of this study is to summarize the experience and lessons from the development of internet in China to find the optimum administration of networks which is fit for the present system of China and then promote the mutual development of internet and Chinese society and the progress of democratic society of China. The firsthand information, a large number of research papers and books about the related subject and involved historical material, the secondhand data, various kinds of data sets, annuals, annual reports and white books issued by the government, and some data from the third party were collected to analyze systematically the two main research questions in this paper described as follow by using the method of Literature Research, Data Analysis, Example Analysis and Comparative Analysis. First question is what the acceptance of Chinese internet and the differences of that between socialism and capital is mare. The second question is what the differences of policies of the internet acceptance between socialism and capital is mare. Besides, the collected information was divided into different stage according to the period to analyze the development content of that stage and obta in the results of this thesis. Firstly, the results about question 1 were as follows: With the development of Chinese economy and technology Chinese network and network media have grown up at an explosive speed in the field of popularizing rate and relevance grade, which is similar to that of capitalism countries. In capitalism countries, network is an kind of mainstream media for intensifying the system of democracy, while in the socialism countries as China the progress of internet acceptance was the course of fostering the democratic awareness of citizen and democratic strength and also the development progress of social supervision of Chinese media. The traditional media as the popularsation means of Chinese Communist Party didn’t play any role in the democratic development because of the special system, while the appearance of network offered a field of participant for public voice, which has lighted the infinite and increasing passion of democracy and freedom in China. The results for the question 2 were as follows: All of the countries either the socialism or capitalism are trying their best to seek the balance point between national interest and personal rights of citizen in spite of the difference of social system. The freedom of expression, rights and interests of citizen and standard of network cannot go forward parallelly so that all of countries are doing their best to contain the dysfunction of network while they are also trying to find their own key point under their own social system. In the capitalism countries human rights, privacy and the freedom of expression are the most important factors considered in the administration of network and formation of lows and regulations. However, in the socialism of China the political stability and social safety are considered firstly so that the standard of network is taken the most seriously in that three parties. Because the government of China have to intervene in the standard administration of network to guarantee the political stability which is the most important thing for a single-party system country. Furthermore, China possess the most population in the world, 618 millions till December, 2013 but the degree of education of netizen and the popularizing rate of network are both so low that if complete freedom of expression is implemented, more cyber-violence will happen in China. The appearance and development of network as being a important camp of public voice are extraordinary for Chinese socialism that possess some unsurpassable social function which the traditional media don’t have. Because of its character network has been being the most exoteric mainstream media all over the world although every country have their own feature and principle in the adminstration of network and network media on account of their different social system. The present thesis combined the system of Chinese socialism and the acceptance process of network and network media to carry out a macroscopic study to state the function of network in the development of socialism and the difference of that from capitalism and analyze deeply the cause of this difference and lessons learned from it to provide some theoretical foundation for related subsequent research. Because of the difference of the region and popularizing rate of network every district has their own laws and regulations fit for the local situation which limited our study so that it’s necessary to do some follow-up study in the future about the popularizing rate of network in different regions of China.

Characterization of Various classes of Einstein's Metrics : Hwang, Seung Wu

Hwang, Seung Wu State Univ. of New York at Stony Brook 1996 해외박사

이 논문은 두 부분으로 구성되어 있다. 첫 부분은 Einstein 다양체에 어떤 써클 action 이 주어졌을때 그러한 메트릭은 유일함을 보인 것이고, 둘째 부분은 긴밀한 리만 다양체에 Einstein 메트릭이 존재함을 보이고자 한 것이다. 첫 번째 부분은 리찌곡률(Ricci curvature)이 영인 임의의 차원의 완비 리만 다양체(complete Riemann manifold)에 어떤 isometric한 S¹action이 있을 경우를 다루고 있다. S¹action으로 인한 submersion의 기저 다양체가, 주어진 다양체의 부분 다양체가 되는 경우를 static이라고 한다. 이 경우 기저 다양체가 스핀(spin)이고 유도되는 메트릭이 점근적으로 평평(flat)해질 때 주어진 리만 다양체가 리만 Schwarzschild메트릭이 됨을 보였다(정리3). 이 사살은 4차원일 경우에는 알려져 있는데 이 논문에서는 임의의 차원에 대해서도 성립함을 보인 것이다 또한 임의의 n개의 조화함수들이 주어지면, (n+3)차원의 리찌곡퓰 영인 리만 다양체를 구성할 수 있음도 보였다. 두 번째 부분은 주어진 긴밀한 리만 다양체(complete Riemann manifold)에 대한 Yamabe 메트릭 공간 상의 스칼라 곡률 범함수 (scalar curvature functional)의 특이점이 Einstein임을 보이고자 하였다. Yamabe 메트릭 공간이란 스칼라 곡률이 상수인 메트릭들의 집합이다. 주어진 특이점 메트릭의 스칼라 곡률이 양이 아닐 경우에는 Einstein 임이 이미 알려져 있다. 그러나 양일 경우에는 알려져 있지 않다. 이 논문에서는 리만 다양체가 3차원이고 스칼라 곡률이 양일 경우를 다루고 있다. 먼저 포텐셜 함수 f의 level집합들의 위상적 구조를 다루었다(정리6). 또한 주어진 특이점 메트릭의 여러 기하학적 구조를 조사한 후, ()가 f의 함수일때 특이점이 Einstein임을 보였다.(정리7).

한중 의학 전문용어 대조 연구

WU, YINGQIU 이화여자대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

본 연구의 일차적 목적은 사전과 자료들에 나타난 한국어와 중국어의 의학 전문용어에 대한 개념을 세우고 그 범위를 설정하는 것이고, 이를 바탕으로 이차적 목적은 의학 전문용어의 형태적 및 의미적 특성을 밝히는 것이다. 우선 Ⅰ장에서는 본 연구의 목적과 필요성, 한중 의학 전문용어의 선행 연구 및 연구의 방법과 논의의 구성에 대해 검토하였다. Ⅱ장에서는 한국어와 중국어 의학 전문용어에 대해 정의하고 그 범위를 정리하면서 본 연구의 구체적인 대상을 제시하였다. 기존의 여러 견해를 통해 볼 수 있듯이, 의학 전문용어의 개념과 범위를 검토하였는데, 한국어와 중국어 의학 전문용어 사이에 차이가 존재하기 때문에 이런 과정을 통해 그 차이를 분석함으로써 개념과 범위를 설정하는 것이 앞으로의 작업을 위해 필수적이라 할 수 있다. Ⅲ장에서는 한국어와 중국어 의학 전문용어의 형태적 특징을 분석하기 위해 먼저 한중 양국의 의학 전문용어를 어종별로 나누어 살펴보았다. 다음으로 단어 형성이라는 측면에서 단일어, 합성어, 파생어로 분류하여 분석하는 것이다. 이 과정 중에서 한국어와 중국어 의학 전문용어 형태적 특성의 공통점과 차이점도 파악할 필요가 있다. Ⅳ장에서 한국어와 중국어 의학 전문용어의 의미적 특성을 비교하기 위한 의미 변화와 의미 관계의 특성을 파악하고자 한다. 의미 변화의 측면에서 한국어와 중국어는 차별 없이 일반 어휘의 의학 전문용어화와 타 분야 전문용어의 의학 전문용어로의 의미 차용으로 나누고 의미 관계를 상하 관계, 동의 관계와 반의 관계로 분류하고 있다. 또 이를 통해 한중 양국 의학 전문용어의 의미적 특성의 공통점과 차이점을 분석하였다. Ⅴ장에서는 본론의 논의를 요약하며 결론적인 연구 결과를 정리하여 남은 문제 및 전망을 제시하였다. The primary purpose of this study is to establish the concept and scope of medical term in Korean and Chinese, which appear in dictionaries and materials, and based on this, the secondary purpose is to reveal the morphological and semantic characteristics of medical term. First of all, Chapter I reviewed the purpose and necessity of this study, the preceding research on Korean-Chinese medical term, the method of research, and the composition of discussions. In Chapter II, Korean and Chinese medical terms were defined and the scope of them was summarized, and this study was specifically targeted. As can be seen from many previous views, the concept and scope of medical term were reviewed, and since there is a difference between Korean and Chinese medical term, it was prepared as an essential part of analyzing the difference through this process. In Chapter III, in order to reveal the morphological characteristics of Korean and Chinese medical terms, the medical terms of Korean and Chinese were first divided and examined by word types. Next, in terms of word formation, it is classified into a single word, a compound word, and a derivative word. In this process, it is also necessary to understand the commonalities and differences between the morphological characteristics of Korean and Chinese medical terms. Chapter IV attempts to understand the semantical characteristics and semantic relationships to compare the semantic characteristics of Korean and Chinese medical terms. In terms of meaning change, Korean and Chinese are divided into terminologization and transdisciplinary borrowing. and the semantic relationship is classified into a hypernym and hyponym relation , a synonym relation , and an antonymous relation. In addition, through this, the commonalities and differences of the semantic characteristics of medical terms between Korea and China were analyzed. Chapter IV summarizes the discussion of the main body, summarizes the conclusive research results, and presents the remaining problems and future prospects.

SNS 이용, 지각된 SNS 압력, SNS상의 외모 비교 및 마른 몸매의 내면화가 부정적 신체 이미지에 미치는 영향 : 사회비교이론을 중심으로

Wu, Hao 경희대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

사람들은 항상 타인과 비교하면서 산다. SNS가 빠르게 발전함에 따라 일상생활의 일부가 됐으며 이제는 사회 비교의 새로운 플랫폼이 되었다. 사람들은 SNS에서 긍정적인 것만 게시하는 경향이 있으므로 SNS는 이미 외모의 경연장을 제공함으로써 여성의 신체 이미지에 대해 중요한 영향력을 행사하고 있다. 이러한 현상에 관해 본 연구는 중국 18~29세 여성을 대상으로 SNS의 수동적 및 능동적 이용과 지각된 외모에 대한 SNS의 압력이 SNS에서 여성의 외모 비교 경향, 마른 몸매의 내면화, 그리고 자기 신체에 대한 불만족에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지, 아울러 외모 비교 및 마른 몸매 내면화와 신체 불만족 간에 어떠한 관계가 있는지, 그리고 이 관계에서 외모 자기 가치가 어떤 역할을 하는지를 살펴보고자 했다. 연구 결과, 수동적 SNS 이용이 외모 비교에만 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 마른 몸매의 내면화와 신체 불만족에 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 능동적 SNS 이용은 외모 비교와 마른 몸매의 내면화에 영향을 미치지 못했지만 직접적으로 신체 불만족에 부적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 지각된 SNS 압력은 외모 비교, 마른 몸매의 내면화 그리고 신체 불만족에 모두 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 외모 비교와 신체 불만족 사이에 마른 몸매의 내면화가 매개효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 전통 미디어와 마찬가지로 SNS도 여성의 신체 이미지에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 본 연구는 SNS 이용을 능동적·수동적으로 구분하여 이 변인들이 외모비교 및 신체 불만족에 대해 서로 다른 영향을 미친다는 것을 보여줌으로써 이같은 SNS 이용 행태의 구분이 중요하다는 점을 제시하였다. 향후 SNS 이용을 이용의 빈도 등 일차원적으로 측정하기 보다는 SNS의 다양한 기능을 고려하여 SNS의 영향력을 탐색하고자 하는 노력이 필요하다는 점을 시사한다. 아울러 SNS의 외모에 대한 압력이 외모비교, 마른 몸매의 내면화, 그리고 신체불만족에 모두 영향을 미치는 것을 확인함으로써 여성의 신체 이미지를 연구할 때 지각된 SNS 압력이 매우 중요한 영향변인임을 밝혔다. 미에 대한 그릇된 인식과 추구는 여성이 자기 신체에 대해 불만족하게 만듦으로써 각종 심리적 고통과 섭식장애를 초래한다. 따라서 본 연구는 여성의 신체 만족도에 부정적 영향을 미치는 위험 요소를 확인함으로써 향후 올바른 자아 인식과 건강한 신체 이미지를 확립하는데 기초자료로 활용될 수 있는 것으로 기대된다. The main purpose of the current investigation was to examine how the passive andactive SNS uses, the perceived pressure from SNS, the comparison of physical appearance comparison and the internalization of the thin ideal affected women's own body dissatisfaction. Results showed that the passive SNS use had a positive effect on the physical appearance comparison and didn’t significantly affect the internalization of the thin ideal and the dissatisfaction with one’s own body. The active SNS use did not have a significant effect on the physical appearance comparison and the internalization of the thin ideal, but I found that the active SNS use have a negative effect on the women’s own body dissatisfaction directly. And the perceived SNS pressure has a positive effect on the physical appearance comparison, the internalization of thin idea, and one’s own body dissatisfaction. Furthermore, the internalization of the thin ideal has been shown to have a mediating effect between appearance comparison and body dissatisfaction. Through this study, I have confirmed that SNS, like traditional media, could affect women's body images. The wrong perception and pursuit of women's beauty could causes various psychological distress and eating disorders by making women dissatisfied with their own bodies. Therefore, this study is expected to serve as a foundation for establishing the appropriate self-awareness of women's healthy body images in the future by identifying risk factors that negatively affect women's body satisfaction. Limitations and suggestions for future studies were proposed there after.

중국기업 최고경영진 특징이 국제화에 미치는 영향 : 상장기업, 벤처기업 비교분석

WU YUNFAN 서강대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

본 연구는 중국기업 최고경영진의 특징과 기업국제화의 관계를 분석하기 위해, Hambrick (1984)이 제안한 최고경영층 이론(Upper Echelon Theory)을 기반으로 2011년부터 2019년까지 상장된 중국 제조업체의 데이터를 사용하여 최고경영진의 특성 (연령, 교육 수준)이 기업 국제화 전략에 미칠 수 있는 영향을 논의하였다. 실증분석 결과, 중국기업 최고경영진의 나이가 국제화에 부(-)의 영향을 미치며, 최고경영진의 교육 수준이 국제화에 부(-)의 영향을 미친다는 결과가 나타났다. 또한 상장기업의 최고경영진과 벤처기업의 최고경영진에 대한 비교분석을 통해 최고경영진의 나이와 국제화의 관계는 상장기업보다 벤처기업에서 더욱 강하게 나타난다는 결과를 얻었다. 결론적으로 중국 경영환경에서 최고경영진의 나이가 적을 수록 국제화에 영향을 더 많이 미치게 되고 이는 벤처기업에서 더욱 강하게 나타나며, 최고경영진의 교육수준이 높을수록 국제화에 부정적인 영향을 미친다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 다음과 같이 세 가지 시사점을 도출하였다. 첫째, 최고경영진의 특성이 기업의 국제화에 영향을 미치는 것에 따라, 최고경영진은 기업의 중요한 전략적 자산이라는 것을 인식하고 경영진의 배치를 잘 해야 함을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 국제화 전략을 수행하는 데에 맹목적으로 고학력자를 추구하는 것은 피해야 한다. 이는 고학력 최고경영진이 위험성이 높은 국제적 운영에 직면했을 때 과도하게 합리적이고 보수적인 태도를 취할 수 있기 때문이다. 셋째, 나이가 국제화와 부(-)적인 관계를 가지고 있으므로 기업은 나이가 많은 최고경영진이 가지고 있는 사회자본을 이용하는 동시에 대범하고 젊은 최고경영진을 채용하는 것이 기업의 원활한 국제화 전략을 수립하고 시행하는 과정에 도움이 될 것이다. This study used data from Chinese manufacturers listed from 2011 to 2019 based on the Upper Echelon Theory proposed by Hambrick (1984) in order to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of Chinese company's top management and corporate internationalization. It was confirmed that the characteristics of top management (age, level of education) influenced the company's globalization strategy. As a result of the empirical analysis, it was found that the age of the Chinese company's top management has a negative (-) effect on internationalization, and that the education level of the top management has a negative (-) effect oninternationalization. In addition, through comparative analysis of the top management of listed companies and venture companies, the result was that the relationship between the age of top management and internationalization was stronger in venture companies than in listed companies. In conclusion, in the Chinese business environment, the younger the senior executives are, the more they have an influence on internationalization, which is stronger in venture companies.On the other hand, the higher the education level of top management, the more negatively affected internationalization. Based on the results of this study, three implications were drawn as follows.First, as the characteristics of top management influence the internationalization of a company, it can be seen that the top management should recognize that it is an important strategic asset of a company and that management should be well placed. Second, blindly pursuing highly educated people in implementing the globalization strategy should be avoided. This is because highly educated top management can take an excessively conservative attitude when faced with high-risk international operations. Third, since age has a negative (-) relationship with internationalization, companies must use the social capital of older top management. In addition, hiring bold and young top management at the same time will help in the process of establishing and implementing a smooth globalization strategy for companies.

온라인 리뷰가 모바일 게임 성과에 미치는 영향 : 앱 가격 타입의 조절효과를 중심으로

WU, MENG YING 이화여자대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

스마트폰이 보급화됨에 따라 많은 변화가 생겼는데 이는 사람들이 게임을 소비하는 습관에서도 찾아볼 수 있다. 과거에는 사람들이 주로 컴퓨터나 콘솔기를 이용하여 게임을 즐겼으나 통신기술과 모바일 장치가 발전한 이후 모바일 장치를 통해 게임을 즐기는 사용자 비율이 급격하게 증가하였다. 특히, 2019년 연말에 시작한 코로나 19로 인하여 사람들이 집에 머무는 시간이 길어짐에 따라 모바일 게임의 다운로드 수가 폭증하게 되었다. 모바일 게임의 인기가 끊임없이 성장하고 있으며, 모바일 게임 시장의 경쟁도 예전에 비해 많이 치열해지게 되었다. 현재 앱스토어에는 수많은 게임 앱이 생겨났는데 이 수많은 게임 앱에 대한 소비자의 선택 과정을 이해하는 것은 기업과 연구자에게 매우 중요한 문제가 되었다. 그러므로 본 연구는 온라인 구전에서 가장 대표적인 형태인 온라인 리뷰가 모바일 게임 앱 성과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 탐구하는 것이 목적이다. 구체적으로 온라인 리뷰의 리뷰 수, 평점, 유용성, 그리고 리뷰 텍스트 내용에서 나타나는 감성 정도 등 4 가지 특성이 모바일 게임 성과인 랭킹에 미치는 영향력을 살펴보았다. 또한, 온라인 리뷰의 이런 영향력은 앱의 가격 타입이 무료인지 유료인지에 따라 차이가 있는지를 추가적으로 알아보았다. 연구 가설을 검증하기 위하여 본 연구는 구글플레이에 있는 실제 데이터를 수집하여 분석을 진행하였다. 분석한 결과, 온라인 리뷰 관련 변수들 중에 리뷰 수, 유용성, 감성지수가 성과에 유의한 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 결과가 나왔으나 평점이 성과에 미치는 영향은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 그리고 앱 가격 타입의 조절효과에 대한 분석 결과, 무료 게임의 경우 유료 게임보다 리뷰수가 높을수록 랭킹이 더 높은 것을 발견하였다. 또한, 유료 게임의 경우 무료 게임에 비하여 성과가 리뷰의 유용성과 감성지수에 의해 더 많은 영향을 받는 것도 확인하였다. 기존 선행연구에서 온라인 리뷰의 영향력이 많이 검증되었지만 이러한 영향력은 유료 제품 뿐만 아니라 무료로 다운로드 가능한 모바일 게임에서도 마찬가지로 적용될 수 있다는 것은 본 연구의 연구 결과를 통하여 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 본 연구의 앱 가격 타입의 조절효과에 대한 검증 결과를 통하여 온라인 리뷰에 있어 가격 조절역할을 고려할 필요가 있다는 점도 시사하였다. With the proliferation of smartphones, widespread social and economic changes have occurred; some of which can be observed in people's video game consumption habits. In the past, consumers mainly enjoyed games using computers or consoles, but after the development of advanced communication technology and mobile devices, the proportion of users who enjoy games through mobile devices has rapidly expanded. In particular, the number of downloads of mobile games has skyrocketed as people spend more time at home due to COVID-19 restrictions, which began at the end of 2019. The popularity of mobile games shows consistent growth, and competition in the mobile game market has reached unprecedented levels of intensity. Currently, there are numerous game apps on the App Store, and understanding the consumer selection process for game app purchasing has become a critically important issue for companies and researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore how online reviews, the most representative form of online word of mouth, affect the performance of mobile game apps. Specifically, the present study focuses on the influence of four characteristics of online reviews on app rankings: the number of reviews, ratings, usefulness, and sentiment score. In addition, it was further investigated whether this influence of online reviews varies depending on whether the app is free or paid. In order to verify the research hypothesis, this study analyzed primary data collected directly from Google Play. The analysis shows that among the variables related to online reviews, the number of reviews, usefulness, and sentiment score had significant positive effects on app performance, but the effect of rating was not statistically significant. Furthermore, as a result of analyzing the moderating effect of the app price type, it was found that, compared to paid games, free games saw a higher ranking, the higher the number of reviews. In addition, it was confirmed that the performance of paid games was more affected by the usefulness and sentiment score of reviews compared to free games. Although the influence of online reviews has been verified in many previous studies, it was confirmed through the results of this study that this influence can be applied not only to paid products but also to mobile games that can be downloaded for free. In addition, the verification results of the moderating effect of the app price type in this study suggest that it is necessary to consider the role of price control in online reviews.