경남지역 대나무림의 입목축적량 산정 및 탄소저장량 추정

정재엽,류재철,노혜정,신윤희,이선정,손영모 경상국립대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2023 농업생명과학연구 Vol.57 No.4

This study was conducted to estimate the carbon storage amount and the calculation of standing tree volume of bamboo forests inthe Gyeongnam province. Currently, the forestry statistical yearbook of the Korea Forest Service presents only the area, which is spatialinformation on bamboo forests, and no information on the standing trees volume is provided. Therefore, in this study, the bamboo volumetable was used to calculate the standing trees volume in the Gyeongnam-do, and the carbon storage was also calculated using the carbonemission factors. The area of the bamboo forests was extracted from a digital forest type map (1/5,000), and the field survey data wasused to calculate the standing trees volume. In the sampling site, the diameter at breast height and height were measured for each individualtree, and the volume of the survey site was calculated by applying the stem volume table. The spatial distribution area of bambooforests in the Gyeongnam-do area is 6,038 ha, accounting for about 30% of the national bamboo forests (20,262 ha). Among theGyeongnam-do districts, Hadong-gun was found to have the largest area, 1,027 ha. The time-series distribution area change in theGyeongnam-do districts decreased by about 20.3% in 2022 compared to 2013, and by about 0.4% compared to 2019. The standing trees volume of bamboo forests in the Gyeongnam-do area was calculated to be 148,510 ㎥ as of the end of 2022, and the standingtrees volume per ha was about 25 ㎥. And the carbon dioxide storage of bamboo forests in the Gyeongnam-do area was 287,277 tCO2,and the storage per ha was 47.6 tCO2. 본 연구는 경남지역 대나무림에 대한 면적 및 입목축적량 산정과 함께 탄소저장량을 추정하기 위하여 수행되었다. 현재 산림청의임업통계연보에는 대나무림에 대한 공간정보인 면적만 제시되고 있을 뿐, 입목축적에 대한 정보는 전혀 제공되고 있지 못하다. 따라서본 연구에서는 최근에 만들어진 대나무 재적표를 활용하여 경남지역의 입목축적량을 계산하고, 여기에 탄소배출계수를 이용하여 탄소저장량을 계산하였다. 대나무림에 대한 면적은 1/5,000 수치임상도에서 추출하였으며, 입목축적을 산정하기 위해 현지조사한 표준지 자료를활용하였다. 표준지의 대나무는 개체목 별로 흉고직경과 수고에 재적표를 적용하여 표준지의 재적을 산정하였다. 경남지역 대나무의공간분포 면적은 총 6,038ha로서, 전국 대나무림(20,262 ha)중 약 30%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 경남지역 중에서는 하동군이 가장많은 면적인 1,027 ha가 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 경남지역의 시계열적인 분포면적 변화는 2013년 대비 2022년에 약 20.3% 감소하였으며, 2019년 대비 약 0.4%가 감소하였다. 경남지역 대나무의 입목축적량은 2022년말 현재 148,510 ㎥인 것으로 계산되었으며, ha당축적은 약 25 ㎥으로 나타났다. 그리고 경남지역 대나무 숲의 이산화탄소저장량은 287,277 tCO2 이었으며, ha당 저장량은 47.6 tCO2인 것으로 나타났다.

백양사 사찰림 비자나무 임분의 테르펜류 잔존량과 성분특성

김애란 ( Ae-ran Kim ),양천은 ( Cheon-eun Yang ),허예나 ( Ye-na Heo ),김강산 ( Kang-san Kim ),박종석 ( Jong-suk Park ),김은일 ( Eun-il Km ),안기완 ( Ki-wan An ),김민희 ( Min-hee Kim ) 한국산림경제학회 2018 산림경제연구 Vol.25 No.1

본 연구는 비자나무 임분내의 NVOCs 잔존량을 규명하고 비자나무에서 방출되는 NVOCs의 성분을 규명하고자 수행하였다. 실험은 2017년 4월부터 10월까지, 총 7회에 걸쳐 장성군에 위치한 내장산국립공원 백양지구 내 비자나무 임분에서 이루어졌다. NVOCs의 포집은 가지에 테틀러백을 씌우고 순수공기를 주입시켜 11시부터 12시까지 포집하는 테틀러백 법과 임분 내에서 직접 포집하는 미니펌프법으로 실시하였다. 테틀러백을 이용한 비자나무의 월별 NVOCs 잔존량은 각각 146,156 pptv/4월, 176,786 pptv/5월, 132,466 pptv/6월, 22,908pptv/7월, 73,782pptv/8월, 38,736pptv/9월, 41,233pptv/10월로 측정되었으며, 비자나무 임분 내에서 측정한 월별 NVOCs는 5,169 pptv/4월, 11,940 pptv/5월, 7,657 pptv/6월, 6,864pptv/7월, 13,912pptv/8월, 2,640pptv/9월, 1,828pptv/10월로 나타났다. NVOCs의 15종에 대한 성분을 7회 평균값을 산출한 결과, limonene이 약 43∼52%로 가장 많은 함량을 차지하고 있었으며 α-pinene 은 약 35∼39%의 비율인 것으로 분석되었다. 비자나무를 대상으로 포집방법의 차이에 따른 NVOCs 잔존량은 최소 15배에서 28배까지 차이를 보였으며, NVOCs 성분의 대부분이 limonene과 α-pinene으로 나타났다. 임분내 NVOCs에 대한 기초자료로서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. This study aims to identify the NVOCs(Natural Volatile Organic Compound) retention volume of Torreya nucifera stand and the characteristic of chemical compositions of the NVOCs emitted from it. This experiment was performed seven times in total from April to October, 2017 at Torreya nucifera temple forest of Naejangsan National Park Baekyangsa in Jangseong-gun. Two methods were used as the sampling methods of NVOCs. The first one was to use tedlar bags. After placing a tedlarbag over a branch and leafs, we injected pure air into it and captured NVOCs for 2 hours from 11 a.m. to 12 p.m. The second one was to capture NVOCs directly in a stand of Torreya nucifera used mini pump. When tedlarbags were used, the monthly NVOCs retention volumes of Torreya nucifera were 146,156pptv/April, 176,786pptv/May and 132,466pptv/June, 22,908pptv/July, 73,782pptv /August, 38,736pptv/September, 41,233pptv/October respectively. In addition, when measured using minipump in the stand, the monthly NVOCs retention volumes were 5,169 pptv/April, 11,940pptv /May, and 7,657pptv/June, 6,864pptv/July, 13,912pptv/August, 2,640pptv/September, 1,828pptv/October respectively. In order to identify the characteristic of compositions, 15 kinds of terpenes were analyzed, and their average was calculated seven times. As a result, limonene had the highest percentage of 43 to 52%, and α-pinene accounted for 35 to 39%. The NVOCs retention volume depended on the sampling method from Torreya nucifera stand. The highest NVOCs retention volume was at least 15 to 28 times higher, and most components of NVOCs were limonene and α-pinene. It is believed that NVOCs within the domain can be utilized as a baseline.

국가산림자원조사를 이용한 혼효림의 입지환경 탐색 및 임분수확량 추정

정성엽,임종수,이선정,송정은,박효근,이정빈,염규진,손영모 한국산림과학회 2023 한국산림과학회지 Vol.112 No.1

This study was established to investigate the site environment of mixed forests in Korea and to estimate the growth and yield of stands using national forest resources inventory data. The growth of mixed forests was derived by applying the Chapman-Richards model with diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and cross-sectional area at breast height (BA), and the yield of mixed forests was derived by applying stepwise regression analysis with factors such as cross-sectional area at breast height, site index (SI), age, and standing tree density per ha. Mixed forests were found to be growing in various locations. By climate zone, more than half of them were distributed in the temperate central region. By altitude, about 62% were distributed at 101-400 m. The fitness indexes (FI) for the growth model of mixed forests, which is the independent variable of stand age, were 0.32 for the DBH estimation, 0.22 for the height estimation, and 0.18 for the basal area at breast height estimation, which were somewhat low. However, considering the graph and residual between the estimated and measured values of the estimation equation, the use of this estimation model is not expected to cause any particular problems. The yield prediction model of mixed forests was derived as follows: which is a step- by-step input of basal area at breast height (BA), site index (SI), and age among several growth factors, and the determination coefficient (R2) of the equation was about 96%. Using our optimal growth and yield prediction model, a makeshift stand yield table was created. This table of mixed forests was also used to derive the rotation of the highest production in volume. 본 연구는 국가산림자원조사 자료를 활용하여 우리나라 혼효림에 대한 산림 입지조건을 탐색하고 임분의 생장 및수확량을 추정하기 위하여 수행되었다. 혼효림의 생장은 흉고직경, 수고, 흉고단면적을 변수로 하는 Chapman-Richards 모델을 적용하여 식을 도출하였으며, 수확량은 흉고단면적, 지위지수, 임령, 입목밀도 등의 인자를 단계적회귀분석 적용으로회귀식을 도출하였다. 국내 혼효림은 다양한 입지에 생육하고 있었는데, 기후대별로는 온대중부권역에 과반수 이상이 분포하고 있었으며, 해발고별로는 101~400 m 지역에 약 62%가 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 임령을 설명변수로 하는 혼효림 생장모형의 적합도(FI)는 흉고직경 0.32, 수고 0.22, 흉고단면적 0.18로 도출되어, 다소 낮은 적합도 값을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 추정식의 실측치와 추정치 간의 관계 그래프 및 잔차 등을 고려할 때, 임령을 설명변수로 이용하는 추정모형의사용은 특별한 문제가 없을 것으로 판단되었다. 혼효림의 수확모형은 여러 생장인자 중 흉고단면적(BA), 지위지수(SI), 임령(Age)이 단계적으로 투입되는 회귀식이 도출되었으며, 식의 설명력 (R2)은 약 96% 였다. 앞서 도출된 최적의 생장 및 수확모형을 이용하여 임시 임분수확표가 만들어 졌다. 또한 임시 임분수확표 자료를 활용하여 혼효림의 재적수확최대벌기령을 도출하였다.

종가시나무 임분의 솎아베기에 따른 흉고직경 및 재적생장 모니터링

윤준혁,배은지,손영모,전형국,이광수,정수영 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2021 농업생명과학연구 Vol.55 No.4

본 연구는 종가시나무의 솎아베기에 따른 흉고직경 및 재적생장 변화를 위해 수행되었다. 솎아베기 시험구는 재적을 기준으로 약도 및 강도의 처리를 하였고, 생장변화는 솎아베기를 실시하지 않은 대조구와 상대적인 비교를 실시하였다. 솎아베기 실시 7년 후 결과는, 흉고직경의 경우 강도의 솎아베기 처리구가 대조구와 비교하였을 때 뚜렷한 생장차이가 나타났다. 7년간의 정기평균생장량 역시 강도의 솎아베기 처리구가 대조구와 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었고, 약도의 처리구 흉고직경생장 변화는 대조구 비교하였을 때, 통계적으로 유의적 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 7년 후의 재적생장 변화는 처리구별 모두 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그리고 정기평균생장량 역시 강도의 처리구가 수치적으로 간벌 후 재적생장량이 높으나, 통계적으로는 유의적 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 종가시나무 임분의 솎아베기 처리에 따른 생장변화는 입목들의 공간 확장에 따라 강도의 처리구에서 흉고직경생장 변화가 나타났다. 그러나 입목본수 감소에 따라 재적생장은 처리구별로 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않음을 알 수 있었다. This study was conducted to investigate the changes in diameter and volume increment according to thinning treatments of the Quercus glauca stands. The thinning treatments were treated with light and heavy based on volume. Increment changes were compared between the thinning treatments and control group. Seven years later, the diameter of breast height in heavy thinning treatment was significantly different in the DBH increment compared to the control group. The periodic annual increment of the heavy treatment was also different from that of the control group, and the change of diameter increment of the light thinning treatment was not statistically significant when compared with the control group. The volume increment change after 7 years did not show significant difference in treatment groups. And the periodic annual increment of the heavy thinning treatment was numerically high, but there was no significant difference statistically. In conclusion, the increment change by the thinning treatments of the Quercus glauca stands was changed in the diameter of the heavy thinning treatment according to the expansion of the growth space of the standing trees. However, volume increment did not show significant difference by thinning treatments according to the decrease of number of standing trees.

海松林의 林分形狀高에 依한 林分材積表 調製에 關한 硏究 : 麗川 地域을 中心으로

徐丁源 건국대학교 1994 대학원 학술논문집 Vol.39 No.-

The purpose of this study is to develop the method of stand volume estimation by stand form height(H.F). The required data were obtained from 50 sample plots of plot size 0.05ha in black pine(Pinus thunbergii PARL.) stand which were located in Chon-nam and related factors were measured actually. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1.For establishing the stand volume table, estimated regression equation in induced from the relation between D.B.H and H.F, Volume and H.F respectively and correlation coefficient, standard error of residual, F-value, and R-square were, as a SAS (Statistical Analysis System) program, calculated. 2.In the relationship between D.B.H and H.F best fit equation obtained from the form of 1/H.F=0.0536+1.6569×1/D.B.H. 3.In the relationship between H.F and Volume best fit equation obtained from the form of in V=―1.8926+3.4559×In H.F. 4.Significant difference between actual volume and estimated volume was not shown, and estimated error calculated with the application of these stand volume table is 13.348% for black pine.

잣나무 임분수확표를 이용한 등급별 목재 이용량 분석 연구

권순덕,곽두안 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2020 농업생명과학연구 Vol.54 No.1

본 연구는 직경분포에 근거한 잣나무 임분수확표(지위지수 14)를 활용하여 등급별 목재 생산량을 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 잣나무 임분수확표는 국립산림과학원에서 개발된 직경분포 함수를 이용하여 직경급별 본수를 예측하였으며, 목재 생산량은 말구직경 을 기준으로 3개 등급으로 구분하였다. 연구결과 잣나무 임분수확표를 활용한 원목생산량은 임령이 증가할수록 1등급 생산량이 증가하였고, 1등급(재장 3.6m) 원목은 40년부터 생산 가능한 것으로 분석되었다. 임분단위 원목의 생산량은 직경급별 생산되는 등급별 원목 개수와 직경급별 본수에 따라 생산량에서 차이를 보였다. 임령에 따른 등급별 원목의 이용재적은 원목 생산량에 비례하였 고, 2등급 이용재적비율은 30년과 40년일 때 전체 임분 이용재적의 60% 이상을 차지하였으며, 임령이 증가할수록 1등급 이용재적비율 이 높아짐에 따라 감소하였다. 임분단위 이용재적은 임령이 증가할수록 1등급과 2등급(재장 3.6m) 이용재적은 증가하였고 3등급은 감소하였다. 임분단위 이용재적비율은 3등급의 경우 20년일 때 85% 이상 차지하였고, 2등급은 40년일 때 74% 이상 차지하였으며, 1등급 이용재적이 증가하는 50년 이후 부터 감소하였다. This study utilized stand yield table (site index 14) of Pinus koraiensis based on diameter distribution in order to analyze timber production by grade. The stand yield table of Pinus koraiensis used the diameter distribution function, developed by the National Institute of Forest Science, to predict the number of trees by diameter classes. Timber production was classified into three grades based on the small-end diameter. The study result shows that in terms of log production, which utilized the stand yield table of P. koraiensis, the 1st grade production has risen as stand age increased, while the 1st grade (log length 3.6m) log has been analyzed that it will be able to produce starting from the year of 40. Production of log by stands unit has presented differences based on the number of trees by diameter classes, and on the amount of log by grade, which is produced by diameter classes. Merchantable volume of the log by grade based on stand age is proportional to the log production, and in the year of 30 and 40, the 2nd grade merchantable volume rate has occupied more than 60% of the entire stands merchantable volume, while it has decreased as stand age increased which leads to a rise in the 1st grade merchantable volume rate. In terms of merchantable volume by stands unit, the 1st and 2nd grade (log length 3.6m) merchantable volume has increased, and the 3rd grade has decreased as stand age increased. Moreover, in respect of merchantable volume rate by stands unit, the 3rd grade has occupied more than 85% in the year of 20, and the 2nd grade has comprised more than 74% in the year of 40, while it has decreased starting from the year of 50, when the 1st grade merchantable volume rises.

국가산림자원조사 자료와 임상도를 이용한 경기지역 산림의 임분재적 공간분포 추정

김은숙 ( Eun Sook Kim ),김경민 ( Kyung Min Kim ),김종찬 ( Chong Chan Kim ),이승호 ( Seung Ho Lee ),김성호 ( Sung Ho Kim ) 한국산림과학회 2010 한국산림과학회지 Vol.99 No.6

Reliable forest statistics provides important information to meet the UNFCCC. In this respect, the national forest inventory has played a crucial role to provide the reliable forest statistics for several decades. However, the previous forest statistics calculated by administrative district has not provided spatial information in a small scale. Thus, this study focused on developing models to estimate an explicit spatial distribution of forest growing stock. For this, first, stand volume model by stand types was developed using National Forest Inventory(NFI) data. Second, forest type map was integrated with this model. NFI data were used to calculate plot-level stand volume and basal area. The stand types of NFI plot including the species composition, age class, DBH class and crown density class are very crucial data to be connected with forest type map. Finally, polygonlevel stand volume map was developed with spatial uncertainty map. Average stand volume was estimated at 85.7 m3/ha in the study area, and at 95% significance interval it was ranged from 79.7 m3/ha to 91.8 m3/ha.

Effects of 45 Degree Knee Ballistic Movement on Exercise Volume, Performance Time and Muscle Activity during the Standing Barbell Shoulder Press Exercise

Ki Hong Kim,Hwan Jong Jeong,Hyeon Jib Kim,Byung Kwan Kim 대한의학레이저학회 2022 MEDICAL LASERS Vol.11 No.1

Background and ObjectivesThe use of ballistic movements during resistance exercises can improve the efficiency of force and change the momentum and muscle activity due to the selective mobilization of the motor unit. This study was conducted to analyze the number of repetitions, exercise time, and body muscle activity during traditional resistance and ballistic resistance exercises.Materials and MethodsEight males in their 20s were selected as the study subjects and two exercise types (non-ballistic, ballistic) were performed. The following results were obtained by measuring the number of repetitions, exercise time, and the electromyography (EMG) response during exercise.ResultsFirst, there was a statistically significant difference in the number of repetitions with the ballistic movement during the standing shoulder press (p = .037). Second, there was a statistically significant difference in the exercise time with the ballistic movement during the standing shoulder press (p= .042). Third, there was a statistically significant difference in the erector spinae (p = .002), rectus femoris (p = .001), gastrocnemius (p = .012) activity with the ballistic movement during the standing shoulder press.ConclusionIt was confirmed that muscle activity and power output could be changed with the use of ballistic movements.

단일심정 지열히트펌프의 수치적 모델링 Part I: 수치해석 모델 검증

박두희,김광균,곽동엽,장재훈,박시삼 한국지반공학회 2010 한국지반공학회논문집 Vol.26 No.2

Geothermal energy is gaining wide attention as a highly efficient renewable energy and being increasingly used for heating/cooling systems of buildings. The standing column well (SCW) is especially efficient, cost-effective, and suitable for Korean geological and hydrological conditions. However, a numerical model that simulates the SCW has not yet been developed and applied in Korea. This paper describes the development of the SCW numerical model using a finite-volume analysis program. The model, through hydro-thermal coupled analyses, simulates heat transfer through advection, convection, and conduction. The accuracy of the model was verified through comparisons with field data measured at SCWs in the U.S. and Korea. Comparisons indicated that the SCW numerical model can closely predict the performance of a SCW. The numerical model was used to perform a comprehensive parametric study in the companion paper.

4분과 : 미래 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 우리나라 소나무 임부의 재적 추정

김문일 ( Moon Il Kim ),이우균 ( Woo Kyun Lee ),( Gui Shan Gui ),( Hang Nan Yu ),최솔이 ( Sol E Choi ),김창길 ( Chang Gil Kim ),권태성 한국임학회 2014 한국산림과학회지 Vol.103 No.1

본 연구는 우리나라 주요 수종인 소나무림을 대상으로 RCP(Representative Concentration Pathway)8.5 시나리오에 따른 임목 재적의 시·공간적 변이를 예측하기 위해 수행되었다. 전국 규모의 예측을 위해 5차임상도와 국가산림자원조사 자료를 이용하였으며, 기후와 공간의 변이가 임목 생장에 미치는 영향을 반영하기 위해 기상 및 지형인자를 반영한 생장모형을 적용하였다. 모형의 검증을 위해 시, 도별 산림통계와 모형 결과를 비교한 결과, 비교적 높은 적합도를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 기후변화를 고려하였을 때, 소나무림의 임분 재적은 현재 131 m3/ha에서2050년에는 212.42 m3/ha까지 증가 할 것으로 예측되었으며, 현재의 기후가 유지될 경우에는 221.92 m3/ha까지 증가할 것으로 예측되었다. 기후변화의 영향으로 인해 일부 고산지대를 제외한 대부분의 지역에서 소나무림의 생장률이감소할 것으로 예측되었으며, 특히 해안지역과 남부지역에서 생장률의 감소가 클 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 통해 기후변화가 소나무림 생장에 미치는 영향을 시·공간에 따라 정량화 할 수 있었으며, 이는 기후변화 적응을 고려한 산림관리 및 시업계획을 수립하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다. The main purpose of this study is to measure spatio-temporal variation of forest tree volume basedon the RCP(Representative Concentration Pathway) 8.5 scenario, targeting on Pinus densiflora forests which is the main tree species in South Korea. To estimate nationwide scale, 5th forest type map and National Forest Inventory data were used. Also, to reflect the impact of change in place and climate on growth of forest trees, growth model reflecting the climate and topography features were applied. The result of the model validation, which compared the result of the model with the forest statistics of different cities and provinces, showed a high suitability. Considering the continuous climate change, volume of Pinus densiflora forest is predicted to increase from 131 m3/ha at present to 212.42 m3/ha in the year of 2050. If the climate maintains as the present, volumeis predicted to increase to 221.92 m3/ha. With the climate change, it is predicted that most of the region, except for some of the alpine region, will have a decrease in growth rate of Pinus densiflora forest. The growth rate of Pinus densiflora forest will have a greater decline, especially in the coastal area and the southern area. With the result of this study, it will be possible to quantify the effect of climate change on the growth of Pinusdensiflora forest according to spatio-temporal is possible. The result of the study can be useful in establishing the forest management practices, considering the adaptation of climate change.