텍스트 네트워크 분석을 활용한 작은학교 운영 이슈 분석

손영화(Young-Hwa Son) 영곡사회심리발달학회 2023 사회심리발달연구 Vol.4 No.2

목적 본 연구의 목적은 작은학교 관련 학술논문을 바탕으로 작은학교 연구 동향의 키워드를 알아보고, 강원도의 작은학교 정책인 ‘작은학교 희망만들기’ 사업을 운영하는 여러 작은학교들의 교육과정을 분석하여 공통되고 특색있는 교육활동을 찾아 작은학교지원 및 활성화 방안 설정을 위한 기초자료를 마련하는 데 있다. 방법 2000년 이후의 작은학교 관련 학술논문, 2017∼2021년 단위학교별 작은학교 희망만들기 운영 결과보고서와 2022년 운영계획서를 바탕으로 분석하였고, 강원도 P지역의 작은학교에 근무하는 초등교사를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 자료 분석은 넷마이너4를 사용하여 텍스트 네트워크 분석을 하였으며, 자료의 처리 방법은 토픽 모델링, 연결 중심성 분석을 하였다. 결과 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 작은학교와 관련된 논문들의 연구 동향 키워드 분석은 ‘작은학교와 마을교육공동체’, ‘작은학교 통폐합의 발전과 개선 방향’, ‘공동교육과정 운영’, ‘작은학교 관련 정책’이다. 둘째, 작은학교의 교육과정을 키워드 분석한 결과, 코로나 이전인 2017년∼2019년과 코로나 이후인 2021년∼2022년에서 가장 연결 중심성이 높은 키워드는 ‘현장체험학습’이며, 코로나 이전과 이후의 기간 동안 모두 5순위 안에 있는 키워드는 ‘문화예술’로 나타났다. 또한 ‘스키’, ‘서핑’ 등 공통으로 나타난 키워드로 지역의 자연환경과 시설의 여부가 작은학교의 운영 프로그램에 많은 영향을 준다는 것을 알 수 있다. 한편 P지역의 작은학교에 근무하는 초등교사 25명에 대한 설문조사에서는 전체의 88%가 작은학교에서의 근무 만족도가 높고 보람과 성취감을 느끼며 앞으로도 작은학교에 근무하길 희망한다고 응답하였다. 이는 수업 운영의 자율성, 학년 중심의 교육활동, 학생들과의 원만한 관계, 학교의 분위기에 대한 만족 이유를 기초로 한다. 결론 연구 결과를 바탕으로 앞으로 작은학교만의 공통되고 특색있는 교육활동이 지속될 수 있도록 지역 교육과정과의 연계가 요구되고, 더 나아가 작은학교와 지역을 연결하는 통합 관리 네트워크의 구축을 제언한다. Objectives This study aimed to identify keywords in the research trends of small schools based on academic papers and analyze the educational programs of various small schools operating under Gangwon Province's policy 'Creating Hope in Small Schools.' It aimed to discover common and distinctive educational activities, providing foundational data for supporting and revitalizing small schools. Methods Academic papers related to small schools after 2000, unit school reports on the operation of 'Creating Hope in Small Schools' from 2017 to 2021, and the 2022 operational plan were analyzed. Additionally, a survey was conducted among elementary school teachers working in small schools in Region P. The data analysis involved using Netminer 4 for text network analysis, employing methods such as topic modeling and centrality analysis. Results The primary findings include: Firstly, keyword analysis of papers related to small schools revealed research trends in 'Small Schools and Community-Based Education,' 'Development and Improvement Directions of Small School Mergers,' 'Cooperative Curriculum Implementation,' and 'Small School-related Policies.' Secondly, analyzing keywords in small schools' educational programs showed that 'Experiential Learning' held the highest centrality both before COVID-19 (2017-2019) and post-COVID-19 (2021-2022). Additionally, 'Cultural Arts' consistently appeared among the top five keywords during both pre- and post-COVID periods. Moreover, commonly occurring keywords like 'Skiing' and 'Surfing' indicate the significant influence of local natural environments and facilities on small schools' operational programs. The survey of 25 elementary school teachers in Region P revealed that 88% expressed high satisfaction, fulfillment, and a desire to continue working in small schools, citing reasons such as autonomy in teaching, grade-centric educational activities, positive relationships with students, and overall school atmosphere. Conclusions Based on the study's findings, it is recommended to establish a connection between regional curriculum and distinctive educational activities unique to small schools, ensuring their continuity. Furthermore, the proposition involves creating an integrated management network connecting small schools and their respective regions.

수업과 교육과정 운영의 측면에서 본 소규모 초등학교 통ㆍ폐합 : 전라북도 지역을 중심으로

박종필 ( Park Jong-il ) 안암교육학회 2020 한국교육학연구 Vol.26 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 소규모 학교에 근무하는 교사들의 목소리를 통해 학교의 가장 중요한 부분이라고 할 수 있는 수업 및 교육과정 운영이 소규모 학교에서는 어떻게 이루어지고 있는지를 파악하고, 이를 토대로 소규모 학교 통ㆍ폐합에 대한 방향 또는 시사점을 탐색하고자 하였다. 이러한 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구에서는 소규모 학교에 2년 이상 근무하고 있는 5명의 교사들을 대상으로 면담을 실시하였다. 면담 결과가 시사하는 바는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 소규모 학교 통ㆍ폐합에 관한 논쟁은 수업과 교육과정 운영에 초점을 두고 이루어져야 하며, 현재와 같은 수업 및 교육과정 운영 형태가 지속한다면, 소규모 학교는 통ㆍ폐합하는 것이 타당하다고 판단된다. 둘째, 소규모 학교를 존속시키고자 한다면, 공동 교육과정이 아닌 소규모 학교의 실정에 맞는 교육과정의 개발 및 적용이 이루어져야 한다. 셋째, 교사 양성 과정에서 소규모 학교 관련 경험을 사전에 제공할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 소규모 학교에 대한 예산 지원 방식의 변화가 필요하다. 끝으로, 비교과 프로그램의 경우 순회 교사 제도를 활용하는 방안을 적극적으로 모색할 필요가 있다. The purpose of the Study is to examine how the curriculum and instruction at small schools are operated and to suggest some implications for the school close policy. For the purpose of the study, the researcher interviewed 5 teachers working at small schools for at least two years in Jeollabuk-do. The results of the study suggest that the debate on the school close should be focused on the operation of the curriculum and instruction. And if current conditions of the curriculum and instruction at small schools are continued, it is reasonable to say that small schools should be closed. Second, if the government intends to make small schools exist, specific curriculum for small schools needs to be developed and applied, not the common curriculum for all schools. Third, for small schools, the curriculum for the teacher preparation needs to be changed to provide small school experience to student-eachers as a form of practice teaching programs and core subjects. Fourth, the budgeting system of the small school needs to be changed from lump sum payments to program-ased payments. Finally, for teaching the non-ubject study themes, small schools need to make active use of circuit school teachers.

작은 학교 살리기를 위한 정책적 시도 고찰: 작은 학교 특색 교육과정 편성 및 운영을 중심으로

김재윤 한국교육정치학회 2023 敎育政治學硏究 Vol.30 No.4

This study was conducted for the purpose of conducting in-depth discussions on policy to invigorate small school, focusing on the organization and implementation of school characteristic curriculum. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, this study theoretically examined policies on small school and focused on understanding small school characteristic curriculum organization and implementation plans to invigorate small schools. In this study, policy to invigorate small school were identified by examining small school policy flows, and furthermore, small school characteristic curriculum as a policy to invigorate small school was reviewed overall. Based on this, we considered the operation of the characteristic curriculum that is being attempted to invigorate small school. In revitalizing the operation and implementation of small school characteristic curriculums to enhance the educational power of small school, it is necessary to shift the policy approach to small schools from the administrative and financial level to the curriculum policy level. In addition, various and careful support is required at the policy level so that the unique curriculum of small school can be operated to enhance and revitalize the educational power of small school.

통합운영학교를 통한 소규모 학교 운영체제 개선

이병환 ( Byung Hwan Lee ) 경북대학교 중등교육연구소 2003 중등교육연구 Vol.51 No.1

The purpose of this study is to investigate the actual condition and problems of rural small scale schools which have educational and economical difficulties and to analyze the developing scheme and current situations of school consolidation between schools of different levels. Almost all small schools have problems with decreased student academic achievement and escalated educational cost per student. Review and analyze the operating status of the small-scale schools through a questionnaire and then analyze the difference of the teacher` consciousness on the operation of those schools through analyzing the difference in accordance with various background factors. Consolidational schools should be given the authority of changing school system in order to accept the characteristics of their communities` conditions according to each communities` background. It is not desirable to manage consolidational schools in the nationwide in order to solve the problem of rural small schools. Rural small schools should be managed carefully when we consolidate them. It is not desirable to consolidate elementary and secondary schools, especially high school and elementary school. When we decide to close small rural schools, we should consider rural communities` situation carefully.(Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development)

대도시 내 소규모학교의 운영 현황 및 실태에 관한 탐색적 연구: A교육청 사례를 중심으로

박수정,이호준,박정우,박근아 한국교육행정학회 2024 敎育行政學硏究 Vol.42 No.1

This study aims to diagnose the issues surrounding small schools in large cities by comprehensively analyzing the operation status and actual condition of small schools in large cities. To this end, a mixed method was used to analyze the operation status of small schools in large cities. A survey was conducted on 108 teachers, 103 parents, and 169 students of small schools in A education office, and at the same time, interviews were conducted with 16 teachers who have worked in small schools or are interested. The main research results are as follows. First, there are two sides to small-scale school educational activities. Second, the rigidity of the curriculum and school management and the excessive burden of work are the main factors that cause difficulties. Third, in order to minimize the difficulty of operating small schools and at the same time improve the educational effect of small schools, Fourth, as a characteristic of small schools in large cities, various projects were implemented centering on unit schools rather than local governments and communities. Based on this, it was proposed to internalize the characteristic curriculum, apply the joint academic system, establish governance of small schools, organize small-scale school councils, establish command centers, and strengthen the autonomy of the curriculum and school operation of small schools.

집합형 학교 건축계획에 관한 연구 - 미국의 공립 학교시설을 중심으로-

권지훈 대한건축학회지회연합회 2007 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.9 No.3

The purpose of this study is to clarify the theoretical background and the architectural planning characteristics of Small Schools complexes. The educational concept of 'Small Schools' has been applied to the public school education in the United States. The recent researches have proved the enhancement of students' performance, consideration of each student's character, parents' involvement, curriculum quality, extracurricular activity, school security and affiliation to teachers in the new school environment. This study analyzed six school complexes composed of multiple component schools. The results of the case studies show the following; (1) A Small School complex contains shared common spaces and private classroom suites. (2) Shared corridors and private corridors are used for a complex composed of three or more component schools, and shared corridors without private corridors are used for a complex composed of two component schools. (3) Complex facilities mainly serve similar grade students. (4) Each component school has its own teaching and learning spaces. (5) User groups of similar grade levels and ages make the common spaces shared equally. (6) Common spaces such as Cafeteria, Adminstration Office, Special Classroom, Gym, Auditorium, Playground are shared by all component schools. (7) The proper distribution of Intelligibility needs to be considered for planning shared common areas and private areas. (8) The 'Small Schools' concept can be applied for providing school facilities in the economically disadvantaged areas. Finally, this study proposed the new school environment with the concept of 'Small Schools' in order to enhance our educational quality. "The present research has been conducted by the Bisa Research Grant of Keimyung University in 2007."

인구구조 변화에 따른 농산어촌 소규모학교의 문제와 대응 방향

주동범 역사와교육학회 2023 역사와 교육 Vol.37 No.-

본 연구의 목적은 인구구조 변화에 따른 농산어촌 소규모학교의 문 제를 살펴보고, 이러한 문제에 적절히 대응할 수 있는 방향을 제안하는 것이다. 이를 위해 선행연구 및 이론적 배경, 학령인구 변화와 소규모학 교 문제, 소규모학교 현황과 주요 쟁점, 그리고 소규모학교 문제에 대한 대응 방향 등을 살펴보고자 하였다. 먼저 선행연구 및 이론적 배경을 소 규모학교 관련 집단의 인식 연구, 소규모학교 제도⋅정책 관련 연구, 소 규모학교 교육과정 관련 연구, 소규모학교 교사 관련 연구, 소규모학교 학생 관련 연구, 소규모학교와 지역사회 관련 연구 등으로 구분하여 분 석하였으며, 그 시사점을 6가지 제시⋅논의하였다. 그리고 UN의 세계 인구 추계, 우리나라 출생지표 및 학령인구 추세, 시도별 학생 수 변화 등에 기초하여 학령인구 변화와 소규모학교 문제를 제시하였다. 또한 통계청 장래인구 추계, 지역규모별 학생 수 변화, 학교통폐합 현황 등을 통해 소규모학교 현황을 제시하였고, 학교통폐합과 관련된 주요 쟁점 등을 제시하였다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 소규모학교의 교육력 향상 차원 에서 소규모학교 문제에 대한 대응 방향 6가지를 제시⋅논의하였으며, 소규모학교와 지역사회의 융합 차원에서 소규모학교 문제에 대한 대응 방향 6가지를 제시⋅논의하였다. 마지막으로 향후 학령인구 감소 및 학 교통폐합에 대응하고, 소규모학교와 지역사회의 연계 발전을 위해 어떤 점들이 연구될 필요가 있는지 등을 논의하고 제언하였다. The purpose of this study is to examine the problems of small school in rural area due to changes in population structure and to suggest directions that can appropriately respond to these problems. To this end, I sought to examine the previous research and theoretical background about small school, changes in the school-age population, small school issues, the current status and major issues of small school, and the response directions of the problems of small school. First, the previous research and theoretical background about small school were analyzed by research on perceptions of groups related to small school, research on small school systems and policies, research on small school curriculum, research on small school teachers, research on small school students, and small schools and local communities and six implications were presented and discussed. And, based on the UN's world population estimates, Korea's birth index and school-age population trends, and changes in the number of students by city and province, changes in the school-age population and the problem of small school were presented. In addition, the current status of small school was presented through Statistics Korea's future population projections, changes in the number of students by regional size, and the status of school consolidation, and major issues related to school consolidation were presented. Through this, this study presented and discussed six response directions for the problems of small school in terms of improving their educational capabilities, and presented and discussed six response directions for the problems of small school in terms of convergence between small school and the local community. Lastly, I discussed and made suggestions on what needs to be studied to respond to future school-age population decline and school consolidation, and for connections and development between small school and the local community.

미국 소규모학교의 운영 정책과 사례 분석 및 시사점

정일환,주동범,박찬호 한국비교교육학회 2021 比較敎育硏究 Vol.31 No.4

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the operational policy and case of small-size school in the United States, and to draw implications for Korea's small-size school policy through them. Methods: In order to achieve this purpose, various literature(research reports, internet sites, etc.) and journal articles related to small-size school in the United States were analyzed to review the concept of small-size school, operational policy and issues, and case in the United States. Results: The main research results are as follows. First, the size of small-size school is a problem. In the United States, very important factors in the concept of small-size school are the number of students and the location of the school. In the United States, by continuously reviewing and analyzing this issue, several principles have been established to establish standards for the number of students and school locations in small-size school. Second, it is change in the policy direction for small-size school. Since the 1930s, policies on rural schools have been consolidation and abolishment according to economic logic, but since the 1980s, active investment plans for rural schools have been prepared and promoted. Third, it is the diversification of small-size school operation. Holy Spirit School in the United States operates regular curriculum, extra-curricular activity programs, STEAM community programs, Parents & Friends Association, etc. through kindergarten and elementary consolidation school. Conclusion: It is necessary to review and analyze the appropriate size of small-size school in Korea more systematically and scientifically, and a policy direction to foster small-size school and develop and operate substantial educational programs rather than closing or consolidating it is necessary. And in order to persist and activate small-size schools, joint efforts of schools and local communities are needed. [연구목적] 이 연구의 목적은 미국 소규모학교의 운영 정책과 사례를 분석하고 이를 통해 한국의 소규모학교 정책을 위한 시사점을 도출하는 것이다. [연구방법] 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 미국의 소규모학교 개념, 운영 정책 및 쟁점, 사례 등을 검토하기 위해 미국 소규모학교와 관련된 각종 문헌(연구보고서, 인터넷사이트 등)과 학술지 논문 등을 분석하였다. [연구결과] 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소규모학교의 크기가 문제 시 되고 있다. 미국의 경우 소규모학교의 개념에서 매우 중요한 요소는 학생 수 및 학교 위치이다. 미국에서는 이 문제를 지속적으로 검토․분석하여 몇 가지 원칙을 세워 소규모학교의 학생 수 및 학교 위치 기준을 마련하고 있다. 둘째, 소규모학교에 대한 정책의 방향 변화이다. 1930년대 이후 농촌 학교에 대한 정책은 경제적 논리에 따른 통폐합이었지만 1980년대 이후에는 농촌 학교에 대한 적극적인 투자 방안을 마련하여 진흥시키고 있다. 셋째, 소규모학교 운영의 다양화이다. 미국 Holy Spirit School은 ‘유․초 통합학교’를 통해 정규 교육과정, 교과 외 활동 프로그램, STEAM 지역사회 프로그램, Parents & Friends Association 등을 운영하고 있다. [결론] 한국 소규모학교의 적정 규모에 대해 좀 더 체계적․과학적으로 검토․분석할 필요가 있으며, 소규모학교를 폐교 또는 통폐합하기보다는 육성하고 내실 있는 교육프로그램 개발․운영의 정책 방향이 필요하다. 그리고 소규모학교를 존속․활성화하기 위해서는 학교 및 지역사회의 공동 노력이 필요하다.

The Development of Multi-Grade Teaching and Learning in Information and Communication Technology Model for Small Sized Schools in Rural Areas of Thailand

( Kulrapas Tiamtiporn ),( Wudhijaya Philuek ),( Thitiphong Rakasrikorn ) 한국교육공학회 2016 한국교육공학회 학술대회발표자료집 Vol.2016 No.1

This presents the development of teaching and learning the Information and Communication Technology subject instructional model for multi-grade classroom in small sized schools of Thais`` rural areas. The purposes of this research were to 1) analyze the appropriated instructional model on teaching Information and Communication Technology for multi-grade in small sized schools in Krok Pra District, Nakhon Sawan Province, Thailand, 2) design, develop, and experiment the instructional model on teaching Information and Communication Technology for multi-grade in small sized schools. The sample groups were 26 people who work in in 9 small sized schools in Krok Pra District, Nakhon Sawan (school directors, teachers in Information and Communication Technology subjects, and teachers in other subjects who taught in Information and Communication Technology subjects) which selected by using purposive technique. The research consisted of 4 stages: 1) investigation the instructional model and many types of learning and teaching management, 2) investigation the multi-grade teaching techniques for students in different class, age group, and ability, 3) analysis by using SWOT to determine the teaching methods for Information and Communication Technology subject in primary schools, 4) development the Information and Communication Technology subject teaching model and confirmed by experts, and 5) implementation into schools. The research found that, after SWOT analysis was implemented in determining the learning management of Information and Communication Technology subject in small sized schools by focused group. There were 4 main criteria, first is strength was teachers have more interaction with students and can observe all students`` behavior, and in contrast to the second is weakness was have no lesson plans and limited equipment and the third is opportunity was if they have chance to teach students by using appropriate lesson plans, teaching by using appropriated methods, and was trained by experts that will be the best solution, and lastly is threats was budget and readiness. The appropriated teaching methods were teaching the practical skill and literacy is the most suitable method, followed by using instructional media, and last was participating in activities. The developed instructional model in teaching Information and Communication Technology subject was SSED Model which will implement to small sized schools.

소규모학교의 고교학점제에 대한 교원 및 전문가 인식 분석

조용(Yong Cho) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2023 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.23 No.8

목적 본 연구는 고교학점제 도입에 따른 G 교육청의 소규모학교 고교학점제 운영의 어려움을 교원 및 전문가 심층면담을 통하여 소규모학교 고교학점제의 효과적인 운영 방안을 탐색해 보고자 하였다. 방법 이를 위해 소규모학교에서의 고교학점제 담당 교사 및 업무 담당 교육전문직원(지역청, 도교육청) 대상으로 1~9차 심층면담(2022. 5.~2022. 9.)을 진행하였다. 1차 면담에서 소규모학교 고교학점제 담당자와 학교 간 공동교육과정 참여자의 면담 내용을 집중적으로 논의하였고, 9차 면담에서는 지역 단위학교 간 공동교육과정 사례를 면담하였으며, 면담 자료는 녹음 후 전사문을 작성하였다. 결과 G 교육청의 소규모학교 고교학점제 운영 사례에 대한 면담 분석을 통해 (1) 교과 신청 및 개설, (2) 교원 수급, (3) 업무 증가, (4) 학사일정 조정 및 학교 간 이동거리, (5) 학교시설 및 지역자원 활용, 공감대 형성 및 인식의 전환 등 여섯 측면에서 이에 대한 의견을 파악하였다. 또한, 소규모학교 고교학점제 운영 현황, 학교 간 공동교육과정 운영 사례, 소규모학교 간 공동교육과정 활성화를 위한 요구, 소규모학교 간 공동교육과정 활성화를 위한 요구 운영 모형 등을 다각적으로 분석하여 시사점을 도출하였다. 결론 첫째, 현재 지역 내 교과연구회 차원의 교류를 넘어 교육지원청 중심의 교사 간 소통이 일상화되도록 지역별 협의체를 활성화되어야 한다. 둘째, 외부 강사 활용 인력풀 구축 및 안정적인 교원 수급 개선이 시급하다. 셋째, 고교학점제 운영을 위한 학교 업무조직이 개편되어야 한다. 넷째, 담당 교사의 업무량 적정성의 원칙이 적용되어야 한다. Objectives This study attempted to explore the effective operation plan of the high school credit system in small schools through in-depth interviews with teachers and experts on the difficulty of operating the high school credit system in small schools by G Office of Education following the introduction of the high school credit system. Methods To this end, 1st to 9th in-depth interviews (May 2022 to September 2022) were conducted with teachers in charge of the high school credit system in small schools and professional education staff in charge (regional offices and provincial offices of education). In the first interview, the content of the interview between the person in charge of the high school credit system in a small school and the participants in the inter-school joint curriculum was intensively discussed. In the ninth interview, cases of joint education courses between local unit schools were discussed, and the interview materials were recorded and transcribed. Results G Through interview analysis on small school high school credit system operation cases, (1) course application and opening, (2) teacher supply and demand, (3) work increase, (4) academic schedule adjustment and travel distance between schools, (5) Opinions were identified in six aspects, including the use of school facilities and local resources, the formation of consensus, and the shift in perception. In addition, implications were derived by analyzing the current status of high school credit system operation in small schools, cases of joint curriculum operation between schools, demand for vitalization of joint curriculum between small schools, and demand operation model for vitalization of joint curriculum between small schools. Conclusions First, regional consultative bodies should be activated so that communication between teachers centered on the Office of Education becomes routine beyond exchanges at the level of current subject research associations in the region. Second, it is urgent to establish a human resource pool using external instructors and improve the stable supply of teachers. Third, the school work organization for the operation of the high school credit system must be reformed. Fourth, the principle of adequacy of the teacher's workload should be applied.