미생물 오염 개선을 위한 화장품 용기 사례 분석

송지성(Song, Ji Sung),배은혜(Bae, Eun Hae) 한국디자인문화학회 2015 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.21 No.4

본 논문은 화장품의 미생물 오염 개선을 위한 방안을 기술과 디자인 융합 사례를 통해 가능성을 밝히고자 한다. 화장품의 미생물 오염 원인인 2차 오염 중 ‘손’접촉을 최소화할 수 있는 화장품 용기와 기술을 결합한 화장품 용기 사례 바탕으로 디자인 제안 한다. 연구 범위는 화장품의 미생물 오염에 대한 이론적 고찰로 화장품 용기에 대한 이해와 미생물 오염원인, 화장품의 미생물 오염 기초 실험 분석 통하여 심각성을 밝히고자 한다. 이를 통해 화장품 사용 후 ‘손’접촉을 최소화한 화장품 용기 사례를 분석하여 디자인 제안 시 반영하도록 한다. 연구 방법은 향후 연구 과제를 제안하기 위해 화장품 용기에 적용한 기술 사례를 비교 분석한다. 인터넷을 이용한 국내외 정보 D/B 및 네트워크 검색, 논문과 단행본을 포함한 도서ㆍ출판물 등 문헌조사를 통한 고찰 및 분석하였다. 연구의 내용과 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여성용 일상 필수품인 ‘화장품’의 미생물 오염개선을 위한 방안을 기술과 디자인을 융합한 연구기반으로 모색하는데 의의를 두고자 한다. 둘째, 화장품 사용 후 미생물 오염 발생에 대한 기초 실험 자료를 통해 심각성을 밝히고자 한다. 실험 대상인 화장품 중 미생물 오염도 측정 시 저장온도, 사용빈도, 보존제 유무 등으로 ‘립스틱’이 미생물 오염도가 가장 높은 것으로 조사되었다. ‘립스틱’ 대상으로 디자인 제안 시 향후 연구에 반영할 것이다. 셋째, 화장품의 미생물 오염 개선을 위해 화장품 패키지의 역할과 트렌드에 대해 알아본다. 사례는 화장품 용기에 적용한 ‘진동’, ‘전동’ 조사하였다. 마지막으로 분석을 통해 향후 연구로 디자인 제안시 세 가지를 구분하였다. 첫째 2차 오염, 둘째 용기 형태, 셋째 화장 도구 이다. 세 가지를 통하여 미생물오염을 최소화할 수 있는 용기를 개발할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 생활에서 환경오염으로 인하여 소비자들이 ‘살균’의 중요성을 인식하고 있다. 화장품도 생활에 필요한 필수품으로써 공기, 접촉, 분비물에 의해 세균감염이 쉽게 접할 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 문제점을 이론과 사례를 통해 향후 연구에 디자인 제안 시 개선 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다. This paper has purpose to explain to reveal the possibility of plans to improve microbial contamination of cosmetics through the convergence of technology and design. It suggests design from the case studies about convergence technology and design of cosmetics because cosmetic container has some problem with the microbial contamination from ‘Hand touching’.Therefore, This problem need to figure out the idea of minimize the touching when consumer wears make up. The content and range of this study find out the problem from basic analysis and factor of microbial contamination of cosmetics and container in use. For this reason, It suggest the minimize of cosmetic container design after make up and use with hand. The method of study is comparative analysis techniques applied in the case study of cosmetic containers in oder to suggest after make up. Also it need to analysis data from professional journals, information from internet, D/B, network discovery papers and books such as publications. According the result of the studies are : First, analysis a basis of study about convergence design and technology of cosmetic containers when it has some problem with microbial contamination. Second, after cosmetic use, experiments with a basic material for microbial contamination. For the test of microbial contamination from cosmetic after make up, microbial contaminations have higher problem from temperature, frequency of use, antiseptic treatment. Third, It find out the role and trend of cosmetic package for improving from microbial contamination. The case studies are ‘vibration’, ‘transmission’. These has technology with cosmetic container when consumer uses easy to remove and make up. This study suggest and analysis from three proposals for future research. First is the second contamination, second is design of shape from container, third is tool of make up. These are necessary to develop containers capable of minimizing microbial contamination through them. Therefore, this study recognizes the importance of consumers due to the contamination in their lives ‘sterilization’. Cosmetics essentials necessary for life as air and contact discharge by the bacterial infection is easily accessible. It needs to research ways to improve upon the design suggestions for future research through the problems.

A comprehensive database of human and livestock fecal microbiome for community-wide microbial source tracking: a case study in South Korea

Song Hokyung,Tatsuya Unno 한국응용생명화학회 2024 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.67 No.-

Fecal waste from livestock farms contains numerous pathogens, and improperly managed waste may flow into water bodies, causing water-borne diseases. Along with the popularization of high-throughput technologies, community-wide microbial source-tracking methods have been actively developed in recent years. This study aimed to construct a comprehensive fecal microbiome database for community-wide microbial source tracking and apply the database to identify contamination sources in the Miho River, South Korea. Total DNA was extracted from the samples, and the 16 S rRNA gene was amplified to characterize the microbial communities. The fecal microbiome database was validated by developing machine-learning models that predict host species based on microbial community structure. All machine learning models developed in this study showed high performance, where the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was approximately 1. Community-wide microbial source tracking results showed a higher contribution of fecal sources to the contamination of the main streams after heavy rain. In contrast, the contribution of fecal sources remained comparatively stable in tributaries after rainfall. Considering that farms are more concentrated upstream of tributaries compared to the main streams, this result implies that the pathway for manure contaminants to reach the main streams could be groundwater rather than surface runoff. Systematic monitoring of the water quality, which encompasses river water and groundwater, should be conducted in the future. In addition, continuous efforts to identify and plug abandoned wells are necessary to prevent further water contamination. Fecal waste from livestock farms contains numerous pathogens, and improperly managed waste may flow into water bodies, causing water-borne diseases. Along with the popularization of high-throughput technologies, community-wide microbial source-tracking methods have been actively developed in recent years. This study aimed to construct a comprehensive fecal microbiome database for community-wide microbial source tracking and apply the database to identify contamination sources in the Miho River, South Korea. Total DNA was extracted from the samples, and the 16 S rRNA gene was amplified to characterize the microbial communities. The fecal microbiome database was validated by developing machine-learning models that predict host species based on microbial community structure. All machine learning models developed in this study showed high performance, where the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was approximately 1. Community-wide microbial source tracking results showed a higher contribution of fecal sources to the contamination of the main streams after heavy rain. In contrast, the contribution of fecal sources remained comparatively stable in tributaries after rainfall. Considering that farms are more concentrated upstream of tributaries compared to the main streams, this result implies that the pathway for manure contaminants to reach the main streams could be groundwater rather than surface runoff. Systematic monitoring of the water quality, which encompasses river water and groundwater, should be conducted in the future. In addition, continuous efforts to identify and plug abandoned wells are necessary to prevent further water contamination.

치과 임상실습에서의 장갑의 미생물 오염 차단 효과

정선주 ( Sun Ju Jeong ),김정인 ( Jung In Kim ),김지연 ( Ji Yeon Kim ),반세희 ( Se Hee Ban ),엄지영 ( Ji Young Um ),정문진 ( Moon Jin Jeong ),임도선 ( Do Seon Lim ),정순정 ( Soon Jeong Jeong ) 한국치위생과학회 2014 치위생과학회지 Vol.14 No.4

We conducted a study to access the effectiveness of glove and washing hands for the prevention of microbial contamination during the dental clinical practice. Microbial numbers at unwashed hands and gloves were 9.938×103 (CFU)/ml, those at washed with soap were 9.44×103 CFU/ml And those at washed with a typical liquid soap including disinfectant, Dettol (Reckitt Benckiser, Slough, SL1 3UH, UK) were 6.58×102 CFU/ml. In case of unwashed hand and hand washing with soap had similar microbial numbers and in case of hand washing with Dettol showed a rapid decrease of microbial number. Hand washing with Dettol was effective to prevent microbial contamination than hand washing with soap. Also microbial numbers in all case wearing gloves decreased. It showed effectiveness of gloves for prevention of microbial contamination. In addition to microbial numbers showed a tendency to increase from 3 hours on wearing gloves, the change of new gloves after 3 hours on wearing is necessary to minimize the danger of microbial contamination.

일부 의료기관 종사자가 사용한 마스크의 미생물 오염 사례

서혜경 한국산업보건학회 2023 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.33 No.4

Objectives: Microbial contamination of face masks used by healthcare professionals can vary depending on the degree of exposure to bioaerosols in various healthcare environments. However, research on this topic is limited. Therefore, we analyzed microbial contamination of N95 respirators used in hospital offices, wards, and outpatient settings. Methods: Samples isolated from N95 respirators worn for 2, 4, and 6 hours were incubated at a temperature of 35–37°C or 25–28°C for 24 hours or for 3–7 days, and colony-forming units were counted in chocolate agar, tryptic soy agar, and Sabouraud dextrose agar plates. Total indoor airborne bacteria were also measured in the healthcare environments. Finally, microbial species were identified using Gram staining with a microscopic speculum. Results: The three types of environments did not deviate from the maintenance of standard indoor air quality. There was no difference between the microbial species identified in the healthcare environment and mask contamination. However, the number of bacteria in the masks worn in each environment differed, and the degree of contamination increased with mask-wearing time (p<0.05). Conclusions: Therefore, care must be taken to avoid recontamination of masks due to improper use and exposure to biological hazards in healthcare environments. In conclusion, scientific evidence is necessary for safe mask-wearing times. Based on the results of this study, we hope to conduct further research to establish guidelines for the safe use of face masks during respiratory disease epidemics.

Irrigation with Microbial-Contaminated Water and Risk of Crop Contamination

최연식,송인홍,권순국,Choi, C. Yeon-Sik,Song, In-Hong,Kwun, Soon-Kuk The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 2007 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.49 No.2

The aim of this study was to compare crop contamination between two irrigation methods using microbial-contaminated water. The effect of relative humidity on microbial survival of the three indicator microorganisms was also investigated. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 3624, and coliphage PRD1 were applied to irrigation water to grow cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell pepper. Half of the sixteen plots were subsurface drip irrigated (SDI) and the other half were furrow irrigated (FI). Two relative humidity levels were controlled at 15-65 % and 55-80 % for the dry and humid condition experiments, respectively. Samples of produce, surface soil, and subsurface soil at a depth of 10 cm were collected over a two-week period following the application of the study microorganisms. Overall, greater contamination of both produce and soil occurred in the FI plots. For the SDI plots, preferential water paths and resulting water appearance on the seed beds seemed to be responsible for produce contamination. Relative humidity levels did not appear to affect microbial survival in soil. PRD 1 showed lower inactivation rates than 5. coli in both dry and humid conditions. C. perfringens did not experience significant inactivation over the experimental period, suggesting this microorganism can be an effective indicator of fecal contamination.

보관방법에 따른 칫솔의 미생물 오염의 비교

김나경(Na-Kyung Kim),박서영(Seo-Yeong Park),조영원( Young-won Jo),조주희(Ju-Hui Jo),주미라( Mi-Ra Joo),정순정(Soon-Jeong Jeong) 한국구강보건과학회 2014 한국구강보건과학회지 Vol.2 No.1

We examined the degree of microbial contamination of toothbrushes according to the storage method of toothbrush and used time. Microbial numbers at toothbrushes with fine bristles were higher than those at toothbrushes with typical bristles. It showed the toothbrushes with fine bristles contaminated by bacteria those of the toothbrushes with typical bristles. In all case of keeping in a UV sterilizer, bateria on toothbrushes was not detected, in all case of keeping in a cool and shady place like bathroom, microbial numbers on toothbrushes were 8.7×10 CFU/㎖ at the first day, 3.2×10 2 CFU/㎖ at the fourth day and 1.217×10 CFU/㎖ at the seventh day, and in all case of keeping in a plastic tub, were 1.273×10 CFU/㎖ at the first day, 8.937×10 CFU/㎖ at fourth day and 3.585×10 CFU/㎖ at seventh day. Keeping in a plastic tub is the way to increase microbial contamination of toothbrushes (p<0.05), and microbial numbers of keeping in a cool and shady place and a plastic tub increased significantly according to the used time (p<0.05). Based on the results, the most basic and essential way to prevent infectious diseases mediated by a toothbrush is a proper storage method and a regular replacement of toothbrush, toothbrush with fine bristles should be often replaced for prevention of microbial contamination.

국내 소사육농가의 자가용 가축음용수 오염실태 평가조사

장양호,이수진,김효비,이정학,이만호,길혜경,최농훈,Jang, Yangho,Lee, Soojin,Kim, Hyobi,Lee, Jeonghak,Lee, Manho,Gil, Hyekyoung,Choe, Nonghoon 대한수의학회 2011 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.51 No.1

In Korea, groundwater is main water source in livestock farms. Most dairy and cattle farms have constructed their own wells for human drinking and livestock farming. However, these private residential wells have not been controlled by government and also there was scant study about livestock drinking water quality. Therefore this study was to monitor of the livestock farms' groundwater quality in Korea. Water samples were collected at 123 dairy and cattle farms and were analysed forty six substances with quality standard for drinking water approved by the Minister of Environment. Seventy eight (63.4%) of 123 samples failed to drinking water stand a test. The most frequent contaminants were nitrate-nitrogen and microbial. 22.8% (n=28) of samples showed nitrate-N concentration of higher than 10 mg/L meant that can't be used drinking water for human and the Nitrate-N concentration analysed in the range of 0.2 to 61.2 mg/L. All of 78 failed to drinking samples had microbial problems, especially 5.7% (n=7) of samples indicated water could be contaminated by feces. Other contaminants detected were zinc and evaporation residue. Especially detected zinc concentration (32 mg/L) was about ten times higher than standard of zinc (3 mg/L). Regression analysis indicated that groundwater pH did not influence to nitrate-N concentration but the hardness and chloride could affect to nitrate-N concentration in the groundwater. Most livestock farms were adjacent to crop farmland in Korea. This could cause contamination of groundwater with nitrate-N and pesticide that could accumulate livestock product. Moreover Heavy metal such as zinc and copper could be released from a corrosive plated water pipe in livestock farm. Put together, Korea livestock system is indoor, not pasture-based, hence livestock could be exposed to potential contaminated water consistently. Therefore on the basis of these data, appropriate livestock drinking water quality standards should be prepared to keep livestock healthy and their product safe. Further, livestock drinking water quality should be monitored continuously in suitable livestock drinking water standards.

신선편이 양상추의 가공단계별 미생물 품질평가

조순덕;김동만;김건희 덕성여자대학교 자연과학연구소 2012 자연과학 논문집 Vol.18 No.-

Most fresh-cut produce is less stable than the unprocessed materials from which it is made. As most fresh-cut produce is consumed without heat treatment, it is susceptible to microbial infection and other hazardous factors. One survey has revealed that manufacturers consider the external appearance and freshness of final products as important and recognize the importance of safety and security against microbial contamination. Manufacturers have also revealed they prefer agricultural products that are easily confirmed as safe and of high quality. Another investigation on the degree of microbial contamination during the production process of fresh-cut produce revealed that microbial levels of final products increased compared to levels in raw materials, except for coliforms and Listeria. This can be attributed to the decreased effect of microbe elimination with the repeated use of a cleansing solution in the sanitization stage, whereas initial microbial levels can increase due to microbial contamination in the cutting stage.

제대혈에서 미생물 오염률 및 접종량 평가

심다해,김희정,홍혜경 대한임상미생물학회 2016 Annals of clinical microbiology Vol.19 No.1

Background: Microbial screening tests of umbilical cord blood (UCB) are essential for stem cell transplantation. We analyzed the microbial contamination rate and distribution of isolated microorganisms over 10 years of samples from the MEDIPOST Cord Blood Bank. In addition, we studied the influence of inoculum volume microorganism culture and compared the yield and speed of microorganism detection. Methods: Microbial screening tests were performed using a manual method, which includes using an inoculum of 2 mL of plasma, a byproduct of UCB processing from pediatric culture bottles. When positive blood culture was detected, each set was once again inoculated with 2 mL and 4 mL of plasma. Results: From 2004 to 2013, a total of 133,610 UCB units were screened, of which 1,311 (0.9%) tested positive for contamination. The most frequently identified microorganism was Escherichia coli (34.6%), followed by Bacillus spp. (12.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (5.3%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.4%). The total yield rate increased by 0.2% over this time period, although the yield rate of Bacillus spp. increased by 8.3%. Conclusion: The results of this study could be used in many ways with both domestic and international data regarding cord blood contamination. Also, other microbiology laboratories using culture conditions similar to ours could refer this study when preparing guidelines. Finally, by detecting low levels of bacteria, we have contributed to cord blood safety.

Analysis of Microbiological Contamination in Cultivation and Distribution Stage of Melon

Kyeong-Hun Park,Hye-Jeong Yun,Won-Il Kim,Jun-Won Kang,Patricia D. Millner,Shirley A. Micallef,Byeong-Seok Kim 한국토양비료학회 2013 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.46 No.6

재배단계와 유통단계에서 멜론의 미생물 위해요소를 조사하기 위하여 전북 익산과 충남 논산에 위치한 멜론 재배지에서 토양과 관개수, 식물체를 채집하였다. 수원시에 위치한 대형마트, 농산물시장, 재래시장으로부터 유통되는 멜론과 시판종자를 채집하여 위생지표세균 3종 (총호기성균, Coliform, E. coli)과 병원성 미생물 4종 (B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., S. aureus)을 분석하였다. 멜론 재배과정 중 총호기성균과 대장균군은 각각 0.43~6.65, 0.67~2.91 log CFU g<SUP>-1</SUP> 수준으로 검출되었다. Bacillus cereus는 익산지역의 토양과 멜론 잎에서 각각 2.95, 0.73 log CFUg<SUP>-1</SUP>으로 검출되었고, 논산지역의 토양에서 3.16 log CFU g<SUP>-1</SUP> 로 검출되었다. 농산물시장, 대형마트, 전통시장에서 멜론의 총호기성균은 각각 4.82, 3.94와 3.99 log CFU g<SUP>-1</SUP>로 확인되었다. 유통중인 멜론에서 대장균군은 0.09~0.49 log CFUg<SUP>-1</SUP> 범위였으며, 판매장소에 따라 총호기성균과 대장균군 수준에 유의적인 차이가 나지 않았다. 모든 시료에서 Listeria monocytognes, Salmonells spp., Staphylococcus aureus는 검출되지 않았다. 멜론 종자의 총호기성균은 0.33~3.34 log CFU g<SUP>-1</SUP> 수준이었다. 관개수, 토양, 가축분뇨와 수확후 처리를 포함한 다양한 농업 활동이 미생물오염의 잠재적인 원인이기 때문에 토양, 물 과 농자재에 대한 위생관리와 모니터링이 안전한 멜론 생산을 위하여 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate microbial contamination of melons in Korea. A total of 123 samples including melon fruits, leaves, seeds, soils, and irrigation water were collected from farms and markets to detect total aerobic bacteria, coliform, Escherichia coli, and pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Samples were collected from Iksan and Nonsan farms to monitor bacterial levels on pre-market melons. The total aerobic and coliform bacteria on melon cultivation were between 0.43 and 6.65 log CFU g<SUP>-1</SUP>, and 0.67 and 2.91 log CFU g<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. Bacillus cereus, a fecal coliform, was detected in soils and melon leaves from Iksan farm at 2.95, 0.73 log CFU g<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively, and in soils from Nonsan farm at 3.16 log CFU g<SUP>-1</SUP>. Market melon samples were collected to assay bacterial load on melon being sold to consumers. The contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria in agricultural markets, big-box retailers, and traditional markets were 4.82, 3.94, 3.99 log CFU g<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. The numbers of coliform in melon on the markets ranged from 0.09 to 0.49 log CFU g<SUP>-1</SUP>. Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in any samples. The count of total aerobic bacteria on melon seeds ranged from 0.33 to 3.34 log CFU g<SUP>-1</SUP>. This study found that irrigation water, soil, manure and various farm work activities including post-harvest processes were latent sources of microbial contamination. These results suggest that hygienic management and monitoring of soil, water, and agricultural material should be performed to reduce microbial contamination in melon production.