해결중심상담의 변화기제(change mechanism)로서 해결대화(solution talk)의 역할에 대한 미시분석

최중진 한국가족치료학회 2019 가족과 가족치료 Vol.27 No.1

본 연구는 해결중심상담의 변화기제(change mechanism)로서 해결대화(solution talk)의 역할에 대한 서설적 논의를 제공하고자 Insoo Kim Berg의 ‘No More Lectures’에 등장하는 해결대화를 미시분석하였다. 분석의 초점은 비디오 녹화된 치료자와 내담자 간 대화적 상호작용을 매 순간 별로 검토하는 것이다. 총 68분의 상담대화는 74개의 해결대화와 72개의 문제대화로 구성되었다. 74개의 해결대화 중 70개가 상담자의 주도로 시작된 반면, 72개의 문제대화 중 상담자의 주도로 시작된 것은 단 1개에 그쳤다. 이는 해결중심상담자의 영향이 해결대화에서 상대적으로 더 큰 것임을 의미하는 것이다. 해결중심상담의 변화기제로서 해결대화의 역할에 대한 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 우선, 가장 빈번한 해결대화의 주제는 기적질문과 관련된 해결대화, 내담자의 강점을 탐색하고자 하는 해결대화, 목표설정에 관한 해결대화, 해결중심적 포뮬레이션이 주로 활용된 해결대화 등이었다. 이는 주제별로 다음의 두 가지로 나뉘었다. 1. 해결중심상담의 대표질문을 중심으로 한 해결대화: 1) 기적질문; 2) 예외질문; 3) 척도질문. 2. 해결중심적 철학과 언어의 선택적 활용(lexical choice)을 중심으로 한 해결대화: 1) 내담자의 강점 탐색; 2) 목표설정; 3) 해결중심적 포뮬레이션; 4) ‘알지 못함의 자세’; 5) 내담자의 안전 확인; 6) 공감; 7) 메시지. 본 연구의 결과 각각의 해결대화가 해결중심상담의 독특한 치료적 기제로서 내담자와의 협력적 해결구축이라는 과업수행을 위해 유기적으로 활용됨을 알 수 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 해결중심상담의 중심적 변화기제로서 해결대화에 대한 이론적, 실천적 함의에 대해 논의하였다. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the discussion of what change mechanism contributes to the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy. Methods: To do this, I analyzed the 'No More Lectures' of Insoo Kim Berg, focusing on the question 'What is the role of solution talk as a change mechanism of SFBT?' The focus of the analysis was on a moment-by-moment review of the video-recorded interaction between the therapist and the client. Results: Throughout a total of 68 minutes of the therapy, the dialogues consisted of 74 instances of solution talk and 72 instances of problem talk. The results were divided into the structure and roles of the dialogue. First, in the structural aspect, 70 out of 74 instances of solution talk were initiated by the therapist, whereas only one out of 72 instances of problem talk was initiated by the therapist. This means that the influence of the therapist was fairly larger in the solution talk. Second, the topics of the most frequent solution talk were dialogues related to the miracle question, exploring the client's strengths, setting the goals, and solution-focused formulations. The solution talk instances were divided into two main categories: 1) Solution talk focusing on representative questions of SFBT; and 2) Solution talk focusing on SF philosophy and lexical choices. Conclusions: As a result of this study, it was found that each instance of solution talk was used organically to perform the task as cooperative solution building with the clients as a unique change mechanism of SFBT. Based on this, I discussed the theoretical and practical implications of solution talk as a central change mechanism of SFBT.

적출 쥐 심장의 장시간 보존에 있어서 University of Wisconsin 수정 용액의 우수성

이재성,김송명,김규태,Lee, Jae-Seong,Kim, Song-Myeong,Kim, Gyu-Tae 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1993 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.26 No.6

The paucity of donor hearts for transplantation can be remedied by distant heart procurement. Prolonging donor heart preservation is essential for successful clinical cardiac transplantation. Thirty-two isolated rat hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution for 15 minutes, arrested and preserved at 4 oC for 4 hours, and then reperfused for 25 minutes. The following three groups were prepared and hemodynamic changes, creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme levels and ultrastructural changes of the myocardium were analysed before and after cardiac arrest. ; Group I : the heart was arrested with the cardioplegic solution [Plegisol, potassium : 16 mM, sodium : 120 mM] and then stored in a solution with ionic compositions of the extracellular fluid [Hartman, potassium : 4 mM, sodium : 130 mM] ; Group II : the heart was arrested with the cardioplegic solution and stored in a solution with ionic compositions of the intracellular fluid [Modified Euro-Collins, potassium : 108 mM, sodium : 10 mM] ; Group III : the heart was arrested with the cardioplegic solution containing adenosine 20 uM, and then stored in a solution with ionic compositions of the intracellular fluid [Modified University of Wisconsin solution, potassium : 119 mM, sodium: 23 mM]. Left ventricular developed pressure at 20 minutes of the reperfusion was significantly higher in group III [64.3 $\pm$ 3.12 mmHg, p<0.01] and group II [58.3 $\pm$ 1.55 mmHg, p<0.05] as compared with group I [51.4$\pm$ 2.78 mmHg]. The time to induce cardiac arrest after infusion of cardioplegic solution with adenosine 20 uM [5.3 $\pm$ 0.30 second, p<0.005] was significantly shorter than without adenosine [10.6$\pm$ 0.55 second]. Coronary flow at 20 minutes of the reperfusion was augmented significantly in group III [9.6$\pm$ 0.50 ml/min, p<0.05, p<0.05] as compared with group I [8.0 $\pm$ 0.41 ml/min] and group II [8.1$\pm$ 0.51 ml/min]. Percentage recovery of left ventricular developed pressure at 20 minutes of the reperfusion was significantly higher in group III [94.6$\pm$ 2.51 %, p<0.005] as compared with group II and in group II [83.1 $\pm$ 1.22 %, p<0.005] as compared with group I [69.9 $\pm$ 1.73 %], and also percentage recovery of coronary flow at 20 minutes of the reperfusion was significantly higher in group III [82.3 $\pm$ 3.86 %, p<0.05] as compared with group II [71.4 $\pm$ 3.46 %] but there was no significant difference between group I and group II. Measured level of creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme at 15 minutes of the reperfusion was significantly lower in group III [1.23 $\pm$ 0.16 ng/ml, p<0.025] and group II [1.42$\pm$ 0.10 ng/ml, p<0.05] as compared with group I [1.79 0.14 ng/ml]. In the semiquantitative evaluation of the ultrastructural changes of the myocardium, mitochondrial score was lower in group III [0.7 $\pm$ 0.21] than in group I [3.1$\pm$ 0.28] and group II [1.7 $\pm$ 0.19], and also the other structural score was lower in group III [2.7$\pm$ 0.99] than in group I [7.9 $\pm$ 0.89] and group II [5.0 $\pm$ 1.22]. In conclusion, the solution with ionic compositions of the intracellular fluid is appropriate for prolonged cardiac preservation, and it appears to be better preserving method for distant procurement when the donor heart is rapidly arrested with cardioplegic solution containing adenosine 20 uM, and then stored with Modified University of Wisconsin solution.

파산 문제에 대한 탈무드 해법의 윤리적 함축

김한승 범한철학회 2014 汎韓哲學 Vol.75 No.4

The bankruptcy problem is the one of finding the solution to divide fairly the remaining asset in the case of a bankruptcy among the creditors when the asset does not fully cover the debts. To this problem Talmud suggests an interesting solution (‘Talmud solution’ hereafter). By scrutinizing Talmud solution I shall provide the arguments for the following claims: (1) Talmud solution is composed of CG(Contested Garment) rule and Loss Equalizer rule on the basis of what is called ‘Half Principle’. (2) Most of alternative solutions to the bankruptcy problem will not be accepted as fair among creditors, while Talmud solution will be. However, Talmud solution is not the only solution as such. (3) With the help of a specific analogy Talmud solution is interpreted as endorsing particular ethical claims. (4) Rawlsianism-by-analogy would have taken the ‘ratio solution’ as a fair solution to the bankruptcy problem. But there are good grounds for rejecting the ratio solution. 파산 문제란 채무자가 가진 돈이 채무의 합보다 적을 때 채권자들이 이를 공정하게 분배하는 방식을 찾는 문제이다. 탈무드는 이에 대해서 흥미 있는 해법(이하 ‘탈무드 해법’)을 제시하는데 필자는 이에 대한 분석을 통해서 다음과 같은 주장을 하고자 한다. (1) 탈무드 해법은 절반의 원리를 받아들이고 CG 규칙과 손실 균등화 규칙을 차례로 적용하는 해법이다. (2) 파산 문제에 대한 해법으로 제안될 수 있는 후보들 대부분은 이해당사자들에게 공정한 해법으로 받아들여지지 않는 반면, 탈무드 해법은 공정한 해법으로 받아들여질 것이다. 하지만 파산 문제에 대한 공정한 방법으로 탈무드 해법이 유일한 것은 아니다. (3) 탈무드 해법은 유비를 통해서 특정한 윤리적 이론을 승인하는 것으로 해석될 수 있다. (4) 롤즈의 이론에 유비를 적용하여 얻어진 유비롤즈론은 파산 문제에 대해서 ‘비례 해법’을 제시하는 것으로 해석될 수 있고, 이 비례 해법은 파산 문제에 대한 정당한 해법이 아니다.

안구세안액의 사용 실태 및 이의 반복사용에 따른 투명소프트렌즈의 파라미터 변화

최현동(Hyun Dong Choi),김유정(Yoo Jung Kim),최수연(Suyeon Choi),신장철(Jang Cheol Shin),박미정(Mijung Park),김소라(So Ra Kim) 한국안광학회 2018 한국안광학회지 Vol.23 No.2

Purpose: This study investigated the perception and use of eyewash solution, and the changes in lens parameters when soft contact lenses (hereafter in soft lenses) were exposed to eyewash solution. Methods: The state of perception and use of eyewash solution was investigated using a questionnaire survey for those between teens and twenties. Four kinds of hydrogel lenses (2 etafilcon A lenses, 2 nelfilcon A lenses), and 5 silicone hydrogel lenses (2 senofilcon A lenses, 1 senofilcon C lens, 2 lotrafilcon B lenses) were selected for the study. Nine types of soft lenses were exposed to an eyewash solution for 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours based on time (30 seconds) spent for single use. In order to investigate the changes in lens parameters before and after exposure to an eyewash solution, total diameter, base curve, refractive power, visible light transmission, center thickness and water content were measured and compared. Results: Of the 186 respondents, 60 had experience using eyewash solution and 23 of them had experience wearing contact lenses after eyewash solution use. It was revealed that lenses were sometimes worn immediately after using the eyewash solution and eyewash solution was sometimes used during lens wear. The hydrogel lenses, etafilcon A and nelfilcon A, showed a statistically significant decrease in total diameter, base curve, center thickness and water content after exposure to eyewash solution however, the decrease of water content in etafilcon A lens, an ionic lens, was greater than it in nelfilcon A lens, a non-ionic lens. Lastly, the silicone hydrogel lenses senofilcon A, senofilcon C, and lotrafilcon B showed a significant decrease in water content after exposure to eyewash solution. There was also a decrease in total diameter depending on the characteristic of silicone hydrogel lenses. Conclusions: From these results, it was found that the stability of lens parameters was not maintained when the soft lenses were exposed to an eyewash solution for a certain period of time. In particular, hydrogel lenses were found to have greater changes than silicone hydrogel lenses. Therefore, it is believed that lens parameters will be affected if contact lenses wearer doesn’t follow the instruction for eyewash solution use or if an eyewash solution is used immediately before or in the middle of lens wear. Thus, repeated non-compliant use of eyewash solution may be a cause of changes in contact lens fit and tear metabolism.

안구세안액 사용법 미준수가 써클 소프트콘택트렌즈의 파라미터 및 착색에 미치는 영향

김지혜,박민혜,유도연,신장철,박미정,김소라 한국안광학회 2018 한국안광학회지 Vol.23 No.4

Purpose: In the present study, the effect of exposure to eyewash solution on lens parameters and dye elution of circle soft contact lenses (hereafter circle lenses) was investigated. The restoration of circle lens parameters changed by exposure to eyewash solution was also tested. Methods: Four hydrogel circle lenses (etafilcon A, hilafilcon B, nelfilcon A, and polymacon) and a silicone hydrogel circle lens (lotrafilcon B) were selected and exposed to an eyewash solution for 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours. The change of lens parameters was confirmed by measuring refractive power, central thickness, total diameter, radius of curvature, water content, and visible light transmission of each lens before and after the exposure to eyewash solution. Dye elution was investigated using a cotton swab rubbing test and observation through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The refractive error of etafilcon A and nelfilcon A circle lenses, high water content hydrogel lenses, significantly increased, and their total diameter, base curvature, and water content significantly decreased after exposure to the eyewash solution; however, the pattern of change with respect to exposure time was different according to the ionicity of lens materials. On the other hand, central thickness and total diameter of the hilafilcon B circle lens, high water and non-ionic lens, increased until 1 hour-exposure time. The lens parameters of polymacon (low water and non-ionic hydrogel) and lotrafilcon B (silicone hydrogel) were not significantly affected by the eyewash solution. The change in parameters of those circle lenses as a result of exposure to eyewash solution were restored after 1-hour treatment with multi-purpose solution (MPS), indicating that there was no statistically significant difference between the levels before eyewash solution exposure for all circle lenses. After 8-hour treatment in MPS, it was confirmed that the lens parameters were recovered to within the allowable range of error provided by Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) except for nelfilcon A circle lens. Dye elution was observed in the hilafilcon B, polymacon and lotrafilcon B circle lenses before and after exposure to the eyewash solution as assessed using the cotton swab rubbing test, and surface damage was observed using SEM after 8 hour-exposure to eyewash solution. Conclusions: From the results of this study, it was revealed that the change over time and pattern of lens parameters in high water circle lenses varied based on ionicity when exposed to eyewash solution, and these changes were all restored to within the allowable range of error provided by KFDA when further treated with MPS. Dye elution and surface damage of the circle lenses were observed in non-ionic low water hydrogel and silicone hydrogel lens exhibited no parameter change. Therefore, it is expected that repeated rubbing and/or wearing circle lenses that have induced change of lens parameter or possibility of dye elution due to surface damage after exposure to eyewash solution will affect not only the fit of the lens but also eye health. 목적: 본 연구에서는 안구세안액의 노출이 써클 소프트콘택트렌즈(이하 써클렌즈)의 파라미터와 염료용출에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였으며, 또한 안구세안액 노출로 인해 변화된 써클렌즈 파라미터의 회복여부를 확인하고자하였다. 방법: 하이드로겔 써클렌즈 4종(etafilcon A, hilafilcon B, nelfilcon A 및 polymacon 재질)과 실리콘 하이드로겔 써클렌즈 1종(lotrafilcon B 재질)을 선택하여 안구세안액에 각각 1시간, 2시간, 4시간 및 8시간 동안 노출시켰다. 안구세안액 노출 전후에 각 렌즈의 굴절력, 중심두께, 전체직경, 곡률반경, 함수율 및 가시광선 투과율을 측정하여 렌즈 파라미터의 변화를 확인하였고, 염료용출 여부는 면봉테스트 및 주사전자현미경 촬영을 통하여 확인하였다. 결과: 안구세안액 노출 후 고함수 하이드로겔 렌즈인 etafilcon A 및 nelfilcon A 써클렌즈의 굴절력은 통계적으로유의한 증가를 나타내었으며, 이들의 전체직경, 곡률반경 및 함수율은 통계적으로 유의한 감소를 나타내었으나 재질의 이온성 여부에 따라 노출시간에 따른 변화양상은 상이한 것으로 분석되었다. 반면, 고함수 비이온성 재질인hilafilcon B 써클렌즈는 중심두께 및 직경이 노출 1시간까지 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. Polymacon 및 lotrafilcon B 써클렌즈의 파라미터는 안구세안액 노출에 크게 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 안구세안액 노출에 따른 써클렌즈의 파라미터 변화는 다목적용액으로 처리 시 1시간 후 모든 서클렌즈에서 노출 전의 값과 통계적으로 유의한차이가 없는 수준으로 회복됨을 알 수 있었으며, 8시간 후에는 nelfilcon A 써클렌즈를 제외하고 모두 식약처 허용오차기준 이내의 값으로 회복됨을 확인하였다. Hilafilcon B, polymacon 및 lotrafilcon B 재질 써클렌즈에서는 안구세안액 노출 전후 면봉테스트 시 모두 염료용출이 확인되었으며, 안구세안액 노출 8시간 후에는 주사전자현미경 관찰 결과 표면손상을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론: 본 연구결과 안구세안액 노출 시 고함수 써클렌즈는 이온성 여부에 따라 파라미터의 변화시간 및 양상이 달라지며 이러한 변화는 다목적용액 처리 시 모두 식약처 허용오차기준 내로 회복됨을 알 수 있었고, 써클렌즈의 염료용출과 표면손상은 파라미터 변화가 없었던 저함수 비이온 하이드로겔과 실리콘하이드로겔 렌즈에서 나타남을 확인하였다. 따라서 안구세안액 노출 후 렌즈 파라미터의 변화가 유발되었거나표면손상으로 염료용출의 가능성이 있는 써클렌즈를 반복적으로 문질러 세척하고 착용한다면 피팅상태 뿐 아니라안건강에도 영향을 미칠 것이라 예상된다.

다양한 배양액 조성이 코이어 수경재배 딸기‘매향’의 생육과 수량에 미치는 영향

이정훈(Jeong Hun Lee),이용범(Yong-Beom Lee),최기영(Ki Young Choi) (사)한국생물환경조절학회 2017 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.26 No.3

본 연구는 딸기 ‘매향’의 양수분 흡수율을 고려하여 개발한 배양액을 검증하고자 이온 조성이 다른 5종 배양액으로 8개월 동안 수경재배하면서 생육과 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 2015년 9월 22일 코이어 고설베드에 딸기 묘를 정식하고 1개월 후 다섯 종류의 배양액 농촌진흥청 딸기 배양액(RDA), 야마자키 딸기 배양액(Yamazaki), PBG 딸기 배양액(PBG), 서울시립대 딸기 배양액(UOS) 및 새로 개발된 서울시립대 딸기 배양액(NewUOS)을 사용하여 EC 1.0dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP>, pH 6.0으로 1일 주당 150~300mL 공급하였다. 정식 60일 후 엽폭, 엽병장은 배양액 종류에 차이를 보였으며, 광합성은 RDA와 NewUOS 배양액 처리에서 높았고, PBG 배양액 처리에서 낮았다. 영양생장기 배액의 EC는 공급수준보다 낮은 EC 0.7~0.8dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP>, 이후는 EC 1.0~1.2dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP>로 안정되었다. 배액 pH는 Yamazaki 배양액 처리에서 6.2~6.8로 높은 반면, UOS 배양액은 5.1~5.2로 낮았다. 영양생장기 배액의 무기이온은 질산태 질소의 흡수가 가장 활발하였으며, 화방전개 이후 칼륨 흡수가 NewUOS, UOS 및 Yamazaki 배양액 처리에서 높았다. 정식 6개월 후 지상부와 지하부 생체중과 건물중은 UOS와 NewUOS 배양액에서 높았으며, 지상부 건물율은 Yamazaki 배양액에서 43.5%로 낮았으며, 지하부 건물율은 NewUOS배양액에서 30.6%로 낮았다. 12월부터 2월까지 수확된 딸기의 과장, 과폭, 과중, 당도는 배양액 차이에 의한 유의성은 없으나, NewUOS 배양액에서는 주당 과수와 평균 과중이 높아 수량이 높았다. 3월부터 5월까지 Yamazaki 배양액에서 수확된 딸기는 주당 과수와 수량이 높았다. 따라서 이온 조성 차이에 따른 배양액 5종으로 수경재배하였을 때 ‘매향’의 생육은 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 시기별 상품성 향상을 위해 정식 후 ~ 2월까지는 NewUOS 배양액을, 고온과 화방당 착과량이 많아지는 3월 이후에는 Yamazaki 배양액으로 재배하는 것이 적합하리라 본다. This study aimed to investigate the nutrient solution developed by based on nutrient-water absorption rate of strawberry ‘Maehyang’ by comparing growth and yield for 8 months with 5 kinds of nutrient solution with differention composition. Strawberry plants were planted at elevated bed and supplied with five kinds of nutrient solutions (RDA), Yamazaki, PBG, University of Seoul (UOS) and NewUOS from one month onwards. Five types of nutrient solution were supplied to the strawberry plants associated with EC 1.0dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP>, pH 6.0, 150~300mL ·plant<SUP>-1</SUP> per day. At 60 days after planting, leaf width and leaf petiole of the strawberry plants showed significant differences among nutrient solution types and photosynthesis was higher in RDA and NewUOS nutrient solution and lower in PBG nutrient solution. The EC of the drainage on vegetative growth stage was 0.7~0.8dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP>, which is lower than the supplied EC level, and to 1.0-1.2dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP>, afterwards. The pH of the drainage was higher in Yamzaki solution as 6.2~6.8, while the pH of the UOS nutrient solution was lower in 5.1~5.2. Nitrate content was most absorbed in vegetative growth stage and after flower clusters development. The potassium uptake was highest at the NewUOS followed by UOS and Yamazaki nutrient solution. At six months after -planting fresh weight and dry weight of shoot and root were higher in UOS and NewUOS nutrient solution than other nutrient solutions, and the dry matter ratio was lower at 43.5% in Yamazaki nutrient solution and 30.6% in NewUOS nutrient solution than other solutions. Length, width, weight, and sugar content of the strawberries harvested from December to February were unaffected by treatment, but yield was higher in NewUOS nutrient solution due to increasing fruit number and average weight. From March to May, number of fruit was higher in Yamazaki nutrient solution. In conclusion, there was no difference in the growth of ‘Maehyang’ when 5 nutrient solutions were grown under hydroponics. But in order to improve the marketability, the NewUOS nutrient solution is appropriate to use from planting to February and it is suitable to use Yamazaki nutrient solution after March when temperature is high and the amount of fruit set per inflorescence.

해결중심단기가족치료의 효과에 관한 사례연구 : 이혼가정 청소년 자녀와 부모를 중심으로

김윤경,이다미 한국청소년학회 2011 청소년학연구 Vol.18 No.3

This study investigated three Solution-Focused Brief Therapy cases with adolescents from divorced families and their rearing parents. This study examines the effects of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy through positive changes according to solution-focused questies tand the changes in the level of problem-solution from the beginning to the end of the session. Solution-focused questies helped adolescents from divorced families and their rearing parents change their problem-focused view to a solution-focused view. As a result of investigating the level of problem solution through scaling questies, the level of problem-solution increased from an average of 4.3 in adolescents from divorced families to an average 5.2 in their rearing parents. They reported improvements in of parent-child communication after focusing on each other's positive changes. 본 연구의 목적은 이혼가정 청소년 자녀와 양육 부/모를 대상으로 한 해결중심단기가족치료의 효과를 알아보는데 있다. 이를 위해 해결중심단기가족치료를 주 모델로 이혼가정 청소년과 그들의 양육 부/모를 대상으로 3사례를 선정하여 해결중심단기가족치료를 받은 후 그들에게 나타난 긍정적인 변화 및 상담 초기와 종결 시의 문제해결정도의 변화를 알아보았다. 해결중심 질문기법에 따른 긍정적인 변화를 통한 해결중심단기가족치료의 효과를 알아보기 위해 Creswell(1998)의 질적 자료 분석방법을 사용하였다. 질문기법은 크게 보람질문, 기적질문 및 가상질문, 예외질문, 척도질문, 대처질문, 관계성질문으로 나누어 살펴보았다. 그 결과 해결중심 질문기법을 통해 이혼가정 청소년 자녀와 양육 부/모의 문제중심적 시각을 해결중심적 시각으로 전환시킴으로써 과거와 문제보다는 미래와 문제해결에 초점을 맞출 수 있게 되었다. 상담 초기와 상담 종결 시의 문제해결정도 변화를 통한 해결중심단기가족치료의 효과를 알아보기 위해 척도질문을 통해 살펴본 결과, 청소년 자녀는 평균 4.3점, 양육 부/모는 평균 5.2점 상승하였다. 이들은 점수가 상승한 이유로 상담을 통해 상대방에 대한 불만이나 문제점보다는 긍정적 변화에 초점을 맞추게 됨으로써 부모-자녀 간 의사소통의 개선을 공통적으로 보고하였다.

New industrial application of forward osmosis (FO): Precious metal recovery from printed circuit board (PCB) plant wastewater

Gwak, Gimun,Kim, David Inhyuk,Hong, Seungkwan Elsevier 2018 Journal of membrane science Vol.552 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>As a promising industrial application of forward osmosis (FO), an FO-based concentration system for precious metal recovery from printed circuit board (PCB) wastewater has been newly suggested. This novel FO concentration process utilizes a dilution-needed waste solution possessing high conductivity as a draw solution, and thus an external supply of draw solution as well as a re-concentration process for the diluted draw solution are not required. An electroless (E’less) nickel (Ni) plating solution was evaluated as dilution-needed waste stream-based draw solution, and the test results confirmed that the selected Ni solution could produce an acceptable FO performance, i.e., water flux of 39.4 LMH (active layer facing draw solution (AL-DS) mode with deionized feed solution). From a series of FO experiments conducted with a palladium (Pd) catalyst as a concentration-needed feed solution, the Pd solution was effectively concentrated under an active layer facing feed solution (AL-FS) mode with a slight impact from Pd scaling. The modeling prediction based on our experimental results showed that theoretically Pd can be concentrated 17.2-times-high. The overall performance of our Pd concentration tests indicated that the FO process is promising for concentrating Pd, thereby improving the efficiency of its recycling. The newly proposed system, a recovery-free FO driven by a waste stream, offers attractive economic advantages including (1) zero cost for the supply and re-concentration of the draw solution and (2) enhanced energy efficiency in the precious metal recycling process.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> FO-based precious metal recovery system from PCB plant was newly proposed. </LI> <LI> E’less Ni plating solution was assessed as representative disposable draw solution. </LI> <LI> Maximum Pd concentration yield was calculated as 17.2 through theoretical modeling. </LI> <LI> Sustainable Pd enrichment was achieved under AL-FS mode despite Pd scaling. </LI> <LI> The suggested FO system can be expended by adopting different PCB waste streams. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

기온에 따른 소금 수용액의 제설성능 분석

마경훈,오한진 한국도로학회 2024 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.26 No.2

PURPOSES : Snow-removal performance is performed in this study to assess the feasibility of replacing calcium-chloride solution with sodium chloride solution at the minimum temperature of -5 ℃ during snowfall. METHODS : The atmospheric temperature distribution in Seoul was analyzed. The manufacturing, storage, and indoor melting performance of calcium-chloride and sodium-chloride solutions were evaluated, and on-site snow-removal performance was evaluated based on the solution type. RESULTS : According to the results of the melting performance test at -5°C, the melting capacity of the sodium chloride solution was expressed at a level exceeding 90% of that of the calcium chloride solution, indicating a similar melting performance between the two solutions. Additionally, based on the snow removal performance test using aqueous solutions, the snow removal performance of the sodium chloride solution was found to be approximately 96% compared to that of the calcium chloride solution, indicating minimal differences in snow removal performance due to changes in the type of solution. CONCLUSIONS : Similar snow-removal performance was achieved when the sodium chloride solution was used instead of calciumchloride aqueous solution at temperatures exceeding -5 ℃.

Availability of Sugar Solutions for Colony Development and Progeny-Queen Production of the European Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris

( Hyung Joo Yoon ),( Kyeong Yong Lee ),( Mi Ae Kim ),( Sang Mi Han ),( Mi Young Ahn ),( In Gyun Park ) 한국잠사학회 2012 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.24 No.1

Bumblebees are widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses and fields. Here, we investigated whether different sugar solutions have any effects on the oviposition and colony development of Bombus terrestris queens. The types of sugar solution used were a white sugar solution, brown sugar solution, dark brown sugar solution, and prepared sugar solution; all solution contained with a 40% sugar concentration and 0.3% sorbic acid. Among these sugar solutions, B. terrestris queens reared on the white sugar solution exhibited the best results; the rates of oviposition, colony foundation and progeny-queen production were 75.0 ± 11.0, 33.0 ± 9.6 and 21.7 ± 7.3, respectively, which corresponded to 1.1-33.0-fold increases over the results of other sugar solutions. Queens reared on the prepared sugar solution did not found any colonies. The death rate within one month was lowest for the queens reared on the white sugar solution at 26.1 ± 10.9%, which was 1.2-2.0-fold lower than the rate for the other sugar solutions. Furthermore, the numbers of progeny produced by queens reared on the white sugar solution, 131.4 ± 38.8 workers and 51.0 ± 40.6 queens, were also higher, corresponding to 1.1-1.2-fold increases compared to queens raised on the other sugar solutions. Therefore, the white sugar solution was the favorable sugar solution for the egg-laying and colony developmental characteristics of B. terrestris queens.