Dissection of plant microbiota and plant-microbiome interactions

최기혁,Khan Raees,이선우 한국미생물학회 2021 The journal of microbiology Vol.59 No.3

Plants rooted in soil have intimate associations with a diverse array of soil microorganisms. While the microbial diversity of soil is enormous, the predominant bacterial phyla associated with plants include Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. Plants supply nutrient niches for microbes, and microbes support plant functions such as plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. The interdependent interaction between the host plant and its microbes sculpts the plant microbiota. Plant and microbiome interactions are a good model system for understanding the traits in eukaryotic organisms from a holobiont perspective. The holobiont concept of plants, as a consequence of co-evolution of plant host and microbiota, treats plants as a discrete ecological unit assembled with their microbiota. Dissection of plant-microbiome interactions is highly complicated; however, some reductionist approaches are useful, such as the synthetic community method in a gnotobiotic system. Deciphering the interactions between plant and microbiome by this reductionist approach could lead to better elucidation of the functions of microbiota in plants. In addition, analysis of microbial communities’ interactions would further enhance our understanding of coordinated plant microbiota functions. Ultimately, better understanding of plantmicrobiome interactions could be translated to improvements in plant productivity.

Plant volatiles as method of communication

Jae-Yean Kim,이숙희,현태경,김선원,김재연 한국식물생명공학회 2013 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.7 No.1

Plants emit volatile compounds that can act as a communication method to insects, neighboring plants and pathogens. Plants respond to leaf and root damage by herbivores and pathogens by emitting these compounds. The volatile compounds can deter the herbivores or pathogens directly or indirectly by attracting their natural enemies to kill them. The simultaneous damage of plants by herbivores and pathogens can influence plant defense. The induced plant volatiles can also make neighboring plants ready for defense or induce defense in parts distant from the damaged area of the same plant. Belowground root herbivory can alter the defense response to aboveground leaf herbivory. In addition, most plants normally emit volatile compounds from their flowers that directly attract foraging mutualistic insects for nectar, which in turn perform the very important function of pollination for subsequent reproduction. The volatile compounds emitted from the floral and vegetative parts of plants belong to three main classes of compounds: terpenoids, phenylpropanoids/ benzenoids, and C6-aldehydes (green-leaf volatiles). The volatile phytohormones methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate serve as important signaling molecules for communication purposes, and interact with each other to optimize the plant defense response. Here we discuss and integrate the current knowledge on all types of communication between plants and insects, neighboring plants and pathogens that are mediated through plant volatiles.

Plant volatiles as method of communication

Das, Amitabha,Lee, Sook-Hee,Hyun, Tae Kyung,Kim, Seon-Won,Kim, Jae-Yean 한국식물생명공학회 2013 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.7 No.1

Plants emit volatile compounds that can act as a communication method to insects, neighboring plants and pathogens. Plants respond to leaf and root damage by herbivores and pathogens by emitting these compounds. The volatile compounds can deter the herbivores or pathogens directly or indirectly by attracting their natural enemies to kill them. The simultaneous damage of plants by herbivores and pathogens can influence plant defense. The induced plant volatiles can also make neighboring plants ready for defense or induce defense in parts distant from the damaged area of the same plant. Belowground root herbivory can alter the defense response to aboveground leaf herbivory. In addition, most plants normally emit volatile compounds from their flowers that directly attract foraging mutualistic insects for nectar, which in turn perform the very important function of pollination for subsequent reproduction. The volatile compounds emitted from the floral and vegetative parts of plants belong to three main classes of compounds: terpenoids, phenylpropanoids/benzenoids, and C6-aldehydes (green-leaf volatiles). The volatile phytohormones methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate serve as important signaling molecules for communication purposes, and interact with each other to optimize the plant defense response. Here we discuss and integrate the current knowledge on all types of communication between plants and insects, neighboring plants and pathogens that are mediated through plant volatiles.

보호범위 판단을 중심으로 한 품종보호권과 특허권의 비교

김동준(Kim, Dong Jun) 충북대학교 법학연구소 2019 과학기술과 법 Vol.10 No.1

Plant varieties can be protected either by the Patent Act or by the Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA) or by any combination thereof. Unlike the subject matter of patents, an abstract solution to a technical problem, the subject matter of plant varieties right is the variety itself (living organism). Since the subject matter of right is different from each other, the scope of protection of a protected variety is not exactly the same as that of a related patent. Therefore, from the perspective of filing strategies, the breeder or inventor of a plant variety needs to exactly understand the differences of the subject matter and the scope of protection between protected varieties and patents. In addition, the scope of protection of a protected variety should be determined on the basis of the physical material, the plants themselves, and not on the description of the variety. It is difficult to describe the characteristics of a plant variety to the extent that it clearly defines the extent of protection as the patent claims. In particular, for assessing the distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) criteria, the plant material of the candidate plant is normally compared with control varieties from within the same species in a comparative cultivation. Thus, it is inconsistent and unreasonable to determine infringement based on variety descriptions rather than based on the actual plants. The PVPA does not provide a provision determining the scope of protection of a plant variety. Unlike the Patent Act, there is no description requirement as a basis of rejections or revocations under the PVPA. The characteristics not specified in the variety description, including those specified, should be considered when determining infringement. Although actual plants, as living organisms, may be subject to variations/alterations, the plant material of the protected variety present at the time of infringement and the accused plant material could be compared unless the variation go beyond the tolerance range, in which case the right can not be enforced due to lack of stability. Some difficulties in practice such as difficulties of submitting the actual plant, identifying the characteristics of the protected variety and so on exist even when infringement is determined by variety descriptions. The same principle has been adopted in the U.S., EU and Japan. Nevertheless, the Plant Variety Protection system should be improved in some respects. The case law needs to be developed on the test to determine any variety that is not clearly distinguishable from a protected variety. Although the DNA analysis is not (yet) apt to justify infringement, we need to keep an eye on the development in DNA-profiling technologies. Furthermore, if the scope of protection is not clearly known through the investigation of the register, rebuttal of presumption of negligence should be recognized. Like Article 126-2 of the Patent Act, the PVPA needs to be amended to shift the burden of proof to the accused infringer.

장성 필암서원(筆巖書院)의 식재현황과 정비방안

이원호 ( Won Ho Lee ) 한국전통조경학회(구 한국정원학회) 2011 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.29 No.1

본 연구는 서원의 초경정비를 위한 기초자료 제공을 목적으로 장성 필암서원(사적 제242호)을 대상으로 고문헌 분석과 식재공간에 대한 권역별 전수조사 및 항공사진 촬영을 통해 공간별 식재현황과 문제점 및 대안 제시를 한 결과 다음과 같이 요약될 수 있었다. 장성 필암서원은 평야산록형의 전학후묘형으로, 필암서원에 식재된 수목은 주로 문중에서 식재한 것과 1980년대 조경정비 때 식재된 것으로 교목 23분류군, 관목 6분류굽, 초화류 5분류군으로 평지의 한정된 공간에 밀식되어 있다. 노거수로 군보호수로 지정된 은행나무를 비롯하여 소나무, 향나무, 측백나무, 느티나무, 회화나무, 배롱나무, 매화나무 등 우리나라 전통조경에 사용되는 수목들이 주로 식재되어 있었다. 경내의 차나무는 연화산의 야생차밭에서 도입되어 식재된 것이다. 향후, 필암서원의 조경정비 시 고려해야 할 사안으로는 문화재 지역에서 주로 발생되는 경내의 식재수목에 대한 수형관리, 과도한 수목식재로 인한 밀도의 조정과 백송, 칸나 등 외래수종 제거, 외부시설의 과도한 식재로 인한 주공간의 왜소화 방지, 식재권역별 공간간의 단절성 회복 등을 들 수 있으며, 서원 내 건물의 벽화 소재인 식물그림의 활용한 식재구상 등을 제시할 수 있다. 본 사례연구의 시사점은 조경정비 시 지나친 조경수목의 도입으로 인한 전통공간의 장소성 상실이 문제시되고 있으며, 향후 보전적 차원에서 서원과 같은 전통조경공간의 정확한 실태파악이 이루어져야 할 것이다. This study, as a purpose of base study for landscape redevelopement of Seowon, pointed out problems of planting patterns in each sector and suggested an alternative through analyzing old literature, complete enumeration survey in each sector and taking aerial images. the conclusions drawn from this study are as follows. A Pilam Seowon(historic site no 242) is located in a Pyungya-Sanrok(plain and mountain) district in Jangsung-gun and has Junhak-Humyo(Study room in the front and Shirne in the back) type. 23 taxonomic group of arbor, 6 taxonomic group of shrub and 5 taxonomic group of flowers are planted high-densitily in limited flat surface. It can be classified into being planted by family and being planted through landscape redevelopement in 1980s. Korean traditional trees are planted in this area like Pinus densiflora, Juniperus chinensis L., Thuja orientalis L., Zelkova serrato Makino, Sophora japonica L., Lagerstroemia indica, Prunus mume include Ginkgo biloba which is old big tree and is registered in Jangsung-gun as protected trees. The tea tree in this area was introduced from wild tea plantation in Yonhwa moutain and was planted. From now on, we have to pay consideration a form management of planted trees in the historical area, rearrangement of plant density due to over planting, removal of alien trees like Pinus bungeana and Canna generalisa, prevention a dwarfishness of main area due to over planting in outside facilities, recovery a alienation among each planting area, and planting concept from plants drawings on wall of buildings can be suggested. The implications of this case study is that introduction of over planting can make more problems like losing sense of place. Therefore, we must do a actual state survey on traditional landscape area like Seowon from preservation point of view.

The Characteristics and Types of Plants Used in Landscape Formation at Five Head Temples in Yeoungnam Province - Focus on Donghwasa Temple, Buseoksa Temple, Bulguksa Temple, Eunhaesa Temple, and Jikjisa Temple -

Kwangpyo Hong,Juhan You,Yongsoon Jang 전북대학교 휴양및경관계획연구소 2016 휴양및경관연구 (J East Asian Landscape Studies) Vol.10 No.2

This study aims to understand the their characteristics and analyze the diverse landscape plants distributed in the traditional temples. We surveyed the landscape plants that the planting species around building and terraced flower bed, excluded the spontaneous species. The contents of analysis were form, leaf fall and type, exotic species and the Buddhist symbol plant. Mostly, the families of landscape plants that rosaceae, compositae and liliaceae were much used. The rosaceae were used in landscape planting, and compositae and liliaceae were used in terraced flower bed and flower garden. Especially, a single planting, a linear planting and symmetrical planting most occupied in the planting types. This reason seemed the object and function of religion. There were lots of trees and shrubs in the form, and they were main material for formation of landscape and frame. Therefore, the temple landscape was composed of landscape plants and planting types and fell into chime with these components. The deciduous broad leaved was many in the leaf fall and type. The aesthetic value is a deciduous broad leaved directed by the external features of nutrition and reproductive organs with plants and flowers, recording, leaves, fruits, and non-seasonal forms along with the variety of landscapes inspectors by providing visual variety, because expression. Exotic species were introduced intentionally, unintentionally for a variety of purposes in a foreign species, naturalized plants invasive species was the wild country to adapt to the environment. Exotic materials will have to be rejected unconditionally, but indiscriminate use of space in a traditional review of the planting material is necessary because of the high potential to inhibit and distort the traditional landscape. Buddhist symbol plant is a very important feature as plants that have the least Buddhist doctrine and has a meaning and a symbol representing the Buddhist, the inspectors can show the difference with other scenic areas.

Native root-associated bacteria rescue a plant from a sudden-wilt disease that emerged during continuous cropping

Santhanam, Rakesh,Luu, Van Thi,Weinhold, Arne,Goldberg, Jay,Oh, Youngjoo,Baldwin, Ian T. National Academy of Sciences 2015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.112 No.36

<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>Plant roots associate with the diverse microbial community in soil and can establish mutualistic relationships with microbes. The genetic characterization of the plant microbiome (total microbiota of plants) has intensified, but we still lack experimental proof of the ecological function of the root microbiome. Without such an understanding, the use of microbial communities in sustainable agricultural practices will be poorly informed. Through continuous cropping of a seed-sterilized native plant, we inadvertently recapitulated a common agricultural dilemma: the accumulation of phytopathogens. Experimental inoculations of seeds with native bacterial consortium during germination significantly attenuated plant mortality, demonstrating that a plant’s opportunistic mutualistic associations with soil microbes have the potential to increase the resilience of crops.</P><P>Plants maintain microbial associations whose functions remain largely unknown. For the past 15 y, we have planted the annual postfire tobacco <I>Nicotiana attenuata</I> into an experimental field plot in the plant’s native habitat, and for the last 8 y the number of plants dying from a sudden wilt disease has increased, leading to crop failure. Inadvertently we had recapitulated the common agricultural dilemma of pathogen buildup associated with continuous cropping for this native plant. Plants suffered sudden tissue collapse and black roots, symptoms similar to a <I>Fusarium</I>–<I>Alternaria</I> disease complex, recently characterized in a nearby native population and developed into an in vitro pathosystem for <I>N</I>. <I>attenuata</I>. With this in vitro disease system, different protection strategies (fungicide and inoculations with native root-associated bacterial and fungal isolates), together with a biochar soil amendment, were tested further in the field. A field trial with more than 900 plants in two field plots revealed that inoculation with a mixture of native bacterial isolates significantly reduced disease incidence and mortality in the infected field plot without influencing growth, herbivore resistance, or 32 defense and signaling metabolites known to mediate resistance against native herbivores. Tests in a subsequent year revealed that a core consortium of five bacteria was essential for disease reduction. This consortium, but not individual members of the root-associated bacteria community which this plant normally recruits during germination from native seed banks, provides enduring resistance against fungal diseases, demonstrating that native plants develop opportunistic mutualisms with prokaryotes that solve context-dependent ecological problems.</P>

고등학생들의 식물 동정 방식 및 식물 동정에 영향을 주는 학습 환경 조사

우정임,이상선,차희영 韓國生物敎育學會 2003 생물교육 Vol.31 No.1

This study is to investigates how Korean high school students identify plants species and which factors influence to improve their abilities necessary for plant identification. This study is necessary to diagnose present plant taxonomy classes in school and to present a reference required for improving plant taxonomy classes. Students' plants identification abilities based on morphological characters were investigated to examine students' knowledges level of plant taxonomy. Total 242 urban-dwelt high school students were selected and asked to describe the names of familiar plants aa many as they knew. The 212 species of total 213 species were vascular plants and 202 species were flowering plants. To diagnose the students' knowledge lev디 of plant taxonomy, 20 species from described plants name were selected in terms of the order of high frequency, and the pictures of stem, leaf, flower and fruit of these plants were showed to the students. Average 17 of 20 species were identified per a student. Students were identified 40% of plant species based on flower, 30% on fruit, 11% on leaf and 4% on stem of plants. Students were able to identify almost 100% of edible plant species, 97% of horticultural plants, 91% of garden tree 82% of yard plant and 61% of medicinal plants. It was also investigated whether students' abilities necessary for plant identification were influenced by students' learning abilities in school were investigated. No correlation was found between students' abilities identifying plant species and students' learning abilities : however, negative correlation was found between abilities identifying the medicinal and garden plants and students' school achievements records. In conclusion, first, students were able to identify plants mainly by sexual organs of plants. Second, students showed high identification abilities for garden tree or horticulture, however, low for medicinal plants. Third, it was analyzed that students had never involved systematically in learning process on plant identification based on taxonomic classification in school and at home. It is necessary for high school students to have the chance to participate in more activities for plant identification to improve their literacies regarding plants taxonomy during their biology classes.

Understanding College Student's Experiences, Knowledge, and Preferences in Horticultural Activity

곽혜란 인간식물환경학회 2022 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.25 No.6

Background and objective: In order to develop basic data for horticultural education and activities for college students struggling to overcome various stress and practical problems, this study is designed to understand the actual conditions of college students' horticultural experience, knowledge, and preferences Methods: First, the experiences of horticultural activities were classified and analyzed using Google Forms. At this time, the horticultural experience was investigated by dividing it into whether there was a plant cultivation experience, a personal plant experience, and plant purchase experiences. Second, gardening activities and knowledge and preference were analzed. Third, the correlation between plant experience and plant knowledge was analyzed, and a factor analysis was conducted to determine preferred horticultural activities and class programs. Results: In the case of experiencing plant cultivation, there was a high interest in companion plants, understanding plant management methods, preventing pests, packaging or storage methods of flowers, and social media related to plants. In the case of no experience in plant cultivation, plant indifference, difficulty in cultivation, and mental and time leisure were cited as conditions for plant cultivation. While personal plant purchasing experience is about two to three times a year, gift purchasing experience was very high, and the reason why flowers were not purchased except for gifts was because they were discarded or did not know how to store them. Plant knowledge, such as plant types, names, and breeding methods, was very low, but plant terriers showed high interest, and preferences for flower plants, foliage plants, succulent plants, and fine dust removal plants and gardens, gardens, and plantation activities were high. "Plant experience" was highly connected with the latest knowledge such as "understanding fine dust plants" (p < .001), especially "plant interest" was highly connected with all the horticultural knowledge presented (p < .001). As a result of the arithmetic factor analysis, the rotational factor analysis of the six factors showed the highest number of "plant activity" types, and the factor load was important in the order of flower complex tour, plant shop tour, water cultivation, terrarium, and indoor gardening activities. The second factor was "horticulture and horticultural activities," and the factor load was high in the order of correctional care, garden care, gardening, herb raising, and vegetable raising activities.

Evidence for Volatile Memory in Plants: Boosting Defence Priming through the Recurrent Application of Plant Volatiles

Song, Geun Cheol,Ryu, Choong-Min Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2018 Molecules and cells Vol.41 No.8

Plant defence responses to various biotic stresses via systemic acquired resistance (SAR) are induced by avirulent pathogens and chemical compounds, including certain plant hormones in volatile form, such as methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate. SAR refers to the observation that, when a local part of a plant is exposed to elicitors, the entire plant exhibits a resistance response. In the natural environment, plants are continuously exposed to avirulent pathogens that induce SAR and volatile emissions affecting neighbouring plants as well as the plant itself. However, the underlying mechanism has not been intensively studied. In this study, we evaluated whether plants "memorise" the previous activation of plant immunity when exposed repeatedly to plant defensive volatiles such as methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate. We hypothesised that stronger SAR responses would occur in plants treated with repeated applications of the volatile plant defence compound MeSA than in those exposed to a single or no treatment. Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings subjected to repeated applications of MeSA exhibited greater protection against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum than the control. The increase in SAR capacity in response to repeated MeSA treatment was confirmed by analysing the defence priming of the expression of N. benthamiana Pathogenesis-Related 1a (NbPR1a) and NbPR2 by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR compared with the control. We propose the concept of plant memory of plant defence volatiles and suggest that SAR is strengthened by the repeated perception of volatile compounds in plants.