이청준의 「축제」에 나타난 축제의 복합적 성격 연구

이경재 한국어문학회 2019 語文學 Vol.0 No.145

Festivals are so essential for humans to the extent that there is a saying called “Homo Festivalus”. However, few Korean novels have ever been written in front of the festival amid tough times. Lee Chung-joon's 「Festival」 is an exceptional work that deals with the universality of the festival. Until now, Lee Chung-joon's 「Festival」 was mainly discussed in relation to the film 「Festival」 due to his unique resume that he was created with Im Kwon-taek's film. Discussions that focus on the nature of the festival of interest in this writing are mostly based on Bakhtin's theory, focusing on the norm-destructive or causative aspects revealed in the work. By using various festival theories, I wanted to comprehensively reveal the complex nature of the festival presented in Lee Chung-joon's 「Festival」. In Chapter 2, we discussed the nature of the festival, focusing on Jun-seop's mother, or the elderly, who is rarely discussed. In this work, the mother does not stay at a simple opportunity to make the festival possible, but can be seen as one of the central nuclei that form the fundamental meaning of the festival. The festival maximizes the nature of ordinary people as a transition period by setting up an extremely unusual household experience. In addition to the transition period inherent in ordinary routine, Jun-sub's mother goes through the transition period (between the suspended animation experience and the real death) once again. It is a 'fest in a festival' that clearly shows the nature of the festival's rite of passage. Chapter 3 focuses on Jun-sub and Yong-soon, who are at odds with each other in the opposite direction inherent in the festival, the orientation of "positive orientation of existing order" and the direction of "universal destructive excess." If Jun-sub represents the ceremonial side of the festival, Yong-soon represents the Chaos side of the festival. No one has superior power in this work. The two directions show that the power changes with time and conflict. This proves that 『Festival』 ultimately deals with funeral rites as a "border phenomenon" that is full of entertainment, seriousness, freedom and order. The festival has the power to create new human beings. This aspect can be found in Yong-soon. Yong-soon was not even in a position to appear in the family before attending the funeral, but she appeared in the mourner's house, showing herself as free-spirited as ever. After the funeral, it changes once again. Yong-soon is now reborn as one who has the power to resolve the family feud. A family photo in the center of Yong-soon is a clear symbol of Yong-sun's stature. As the above discussion shows, Lee's work on the festival is a masterpiece that deeply reflects the diverse nature of the festival in the extremely rare historical of Korean literature. 호모 페스티부스(Homo Festivus)라는 말이 있을 정도로 인간에게 축제는 필수적이다. 그럼에도 힘겨운 시대 상황 속에서 창작된 한국 소설 중에 축제를 정면에서 다룬 작품은 극히 드물다. 이청준의 『축제』는 예외적인 작품으로서, 장례를 배경으로 하여 축제의 보편성과 축제의 한국적 특수성을 다룬 작품이라고 할 수 있다. 그동안 이청준의 『축제』는 임권택 감독의 영화 「축제」와 동반 창작되었다는 특이한 이력 때문에 영화와의 관련성 속에서 주로 논의가 이루어졌다. 이 글에서 관심을 갖는 축제의 성격에 초점을 맞춘 논의는 대부분 바흐친의 이론에 입각하여, 작품 속에 드러난 규범 파괴적이거나 카오스적인 측면에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 본고에서는 다양한 축제 이론을 활용하여 이청준의 『축제』에 나타난 축제의 복합적 성격을 종합적으로 밝히고자 하였다. 2장에서는 그동안 거의 논의되지 않았던 준섭의 어머니, 즉 노인을 중심으로 축제의 성격을 논의해 보았다. 이 작품에서 어머니는 축제를 가능하게 하는 단순한 계기에 머무는 것이 아니라, 축제의 근본적인 의미를 형성하는 하나의 중핵이라고 볼 수 있다. 『축제』에서는 지극히 비일상적인 노인의 가사(假死)체험을 설정함으로써, 본래 상례가 지닌 과도기로서의 성격을 극대화하고 있다. 준섭의 어머니는 보통의 상례에 내재된 과도기 외에도, 가사체험에 따른 과도기(가사체험과 진짜 죽음의 사이)를 다시 한번 겪는다. 이것은 ‘축제 안의 축제’로서, 축제가 지닌 통과의례의 성격을 선명하게 보여준다고 할 수 있다. 3장에서는 축제에 내재된 상반된 지향, 즉 ‘기존 질서의 긍정적인 고양’이라는 지향과 ‘규범 파괴적인 과잉’이라는 지향이 서로 갈등하는 양상을 준섭과 용순을 중심으로 하여 살펴보았다. 준섭이 축제의 의례적 측면을 대표한다면, 용순은 축제의 카오스적 측면을 대표한다. 이 작품에서는 어느 하나가 우월한 힘을 갖지는 않는다. 두 가지 지향은 서로 대립 갈등하며 시기에 따라 그 힘의 균형이 변모하는 양상을 보여준다. 이것은 『축제』가 궁극적으로 상례라는 축제를 유희성과 진지성, 자유와 질서가 넘나드는 ‘경계현상’으로 다루었다는 것을 증명한다. 경계현상으로서의 축제는 인간을 새롭게 탄생시키는 힘을 지니고 있다. 이러한 측면은 용순에게서 발견된다. 용순은 장례에 참석하기 전에는 이 집안에 나타나지도 못하는 처지였지만, 노인의 상가에 나타나 이전과는 달리 자유분방한 모습을 보여준다. 사실상의 장례가 끝난 이후에는 다시 한번 변모한다. 용순은 영정에 올려진 준섭의 동화책을 보며 맹렬한 분노를 표한 것과 달리, 그 동화책을 읽고 아이들에게 그 내용을 들려주기까지 하는 것이다. 이제 용순은 이 집안의 불화를 해소할 수 있는 힘을 지닌 존재로 새롭게 탄생했다고 볼 수 있다. 용순이 중앙에 자리 잡은 가족 사진이야말로 변모된 용순의 위상을 증명하는 분명한 상징인 것이다. 이상의 논의에서 알 수 있듯이, 이청준의 『축제』는 축제를 다룬 작품이 극히 드문 한국문학사에서 축제가 지닌 다양한 성격을 깊이 있게 성찰한 명작이라고 할 수 있다.

The Effects of Festival Service Quality on Brand Equity

Hu Ting,Jeong Gang-Hoan 한국상품학회 2010 商品學硏究 Vol.28 No.5

This study is to examine the relationship between festival service quality and brand equity. Based on the literatures, dimensions of brand equity are defined. The relationship between festival service quality factors and brand equity are to be investigated. At the same time, which factors of festival service quality have effects on the dimensions of brand equity need to be found out. In order to achieve the objectives, a survey is carried out towards festival visitors who attended Gimje Horizon Festival. In general, the results confirm that festival service quality in terms of program quality, information quality, physical facilities quality and products quality have a positive effect on building brand equity. Festival visitors can increase their familiar with festival brand through the experience of various program, getting more information about the festival and seeing physical facilities with festival symbols. And festival brand image can be derived from all brand related activities provided by festival. Direct experience such as hands-on experience programs, purchasing festival products, or using festival facilities can make effects on building festival brand image.

문화 관광 축제를 접목한 문화상품 디자인 개발 연구

박상오(Sang Oh Park),윤미경(Mi Kyung Yun),남현진(Hyun Jin Nam) 한국디자인문화학회 2012 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.18 No.4

전 세계 각국은 자국만의 독특한 문화를 발전시켜 차별화된 문화 콘텐츠를 개발함으로써 경제적 이익을 창출하려는 노력을 꾸준히 진행하고 있다. 특히 각 나라 각 지역의 이미지를 개선하고, 문화 정체성을 확보 하며 더불어 지역 경제 활성화까지 이루려는 지역의 지역 문화 전략들이 중요한 정책으로 부각되고 있다. 문화 관광 축제는 매우 역동적인 현장성을 가지고 있으며, 또한 축제라는 매개를 통해 각 나라 국민들의 자긍심과 유대감을 더욱 고취시킬 수 있다. 따라서 문화 관광 축제야 말로 한 나라 지역의 문화발전과 경제 활성화에 적합한 개발방식이 될 수 있는 문화적 요소이다. 그러나 문화 관광 축제의 성공적인 활성화 에도 불구하고 현재 문화 관광 축제를 대상으로 개발한 문화 상품 디자인 연구들이 많이 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 문화 관광 자원 중 지속 적인 성장과 함께 지방자치단체에서도 가장 주목하고 있는 문화 관광 축제가 문화 상품 디자인 개발에 적 합하다고 판단하였으며, 문화 관광 축제에서 나타난 문화적 요소들을 접목하여 패턴 디자인으로 전개하고 실제 문화상품에 적용시킴으로써 고부가가치의 문화 상품 디자인을 개발하고자 한다. 연구 방법 및 범위로는 선행 연구 및 관련 문헌을 통하여 문화 관광 축제와 문화상품디자인의 개념 및 분류를 이론적으로 고찰하였다. 또한 비교 연구 대상으로 동북아시아 문화권 내에 상호간의 활발한 교류가 이루어지고 있는 한국·중국·일본 3개국을 비교연구 대상으로 선정하여 각 나라에서 열리고 있는 대표 문화 관광 축제의 현황을 살펴보고 축제에서 개발되고 있는 문화 상품을 분석하였다. 그 결과 한국의 문화 관광 축제에서 개발한 문화상 품들이 중국과 일본에 비해 다양한 종류와 디자인 면에서 현저하게 뒤쳐지는 것을 알 수 있었기 때문에 축제의 독창성과 상징성, 실용성을 함께 나타낼 수 있는 문화상품 디자인을 개발하였다. 따라서 한국의 문화 관광 축제 중 안동국제탈춤페스티벌, 강진문화축제, 진주남강유등축제의 대표 축제 3개를 선정하여 섬유 문화상품을 제작하였다. 이러한 연구를 통하여 우리나라 문화 관광 축제를 접목한 문화 상품 디자인이 중국과 일본의 문화 상품처럼 단기적 문화상품 개발이 아닌 지속적으로 개발 되고 유지될 수 있기를 기대해본다. The efforts around the world to create economic benefits by developing the country`s culture to have a unique and distinctive cultural content have been progressing steadily. In particular, the regional culture strategy has become an important policy to improve each country, each region of the image, and to secure the local economy invigoration and cultural identity. Culture Tourism Festival has a very dynamic locality, also the pride and the bonds of each country`s people can be more inspiring. Thus, the Culture Tourism Festival can be a cultural factor for becoming an appropriate development approach to enable in the local economy invigoration and cultural development of a country. However, the current development of the cultural product design about the Culture Tourism Festival is lacking a lot of research in spite of the successful invigoration of Culture Tourism Festival. Thus, the purpose of this study was measured that the Culture Tourism Festival which is most notable by local governments and with continued growth in cultural tourism resources is suitable for the cultural product design development, and to deploy the design patterns by incorporating the cultural elements appeared in the Culture Tourism Festival and to develop the cultural product design with high added value by applying to the actual cultural product. To the scope and research methods Culture Tourism Festival and cultural product design concept as well as classification are investigated theoretically through previous studies and relevant literature. For the subject of comparative study, three countries Korea, China and Japan which there are active mutual exchanges ongoing within northeast Asian culture were selected, and the developing cultural products were analyzed by looking at the status of main Culture Tourism Festival of each country. The conclusions obtained from this showed that the development of cultural product at the Culture Tourism Festival of Korea compared that of China and Japan lagging significantly in diversity of types and designs. Three Korea`s Culture Tourism Festivals Andong International Mask Dance Festival, Gangjin Celadon Festival and Jinju Nam River Lantern Festival were selected as representative festivals, and the cultural product design was developed to show the originality, symbolism and practicality of the festival. Through this research, the design of cultural product that combines the Korea Culture Tourism Festival looks forward to a continuous development and maintenance as China and Japan rather than the short term cultural product development.

축제 이해집단 간 의미구조관계 및 역할모형 구축 - 안동 국제탈춤페스티벌과 뉴질랜드 국제문화예술축제의 비교 -

오정근 한국관광학회 2012 관광학연구 Vol.36 No.10

The purpose of this paper was to examine how festival stakeholders as a supply group perceive festivals and grant festival's meaning, afterward grasping the structural relationship of meaning and developing of role model. Culturally representative events, the Andong Maskdance Festival (AMF) and the New Zealand International Arts Festival (NZIAF) were compared in terms of Korean culture representation and the bringing up of local cultural arts. In addition, NZIAF also emphasized economic impact such as the contribution to the local economy. In the roles relationship, in the case of AMF, the role of the festival committee and the local government as cultural subjects was prominent. Moreover, cultural and leisure-touristic helper for central government and local businesses, cultural sender for local press and local NGO was formed. In the case of NZIAF, the Festival committee which emphasized private autogenous power was revealed as an economic and cultural subject. Economic helper for central government, local government and local press, and economic sender's role for local businesses, and leisure-touristic sender for local NGO was formed.

축제 서비스스케이프가 축제이미지, 감정반응, 행동의도에 미치는 영향 : 진안 홍삼축제를 사례로

류인평,정총화,이정섭 관광경영학회 2018 관광경영연구 Vol.85 No.-

The Effect of the study is investigate of festivalservicescape on festival image, emotional response, and behavioral intention for tourists participating in Jinan Ginseng Festival in 2018 Jinangun, Jeollabukdo. The Jinan red ginseng festival starts in 2013 and runs for 6 times until 2018. It is a festival held under the theme of ginseng, a special product of Jinan. The image of the festival theme is stronger than any festival. And the entrance of the festival is concentrated in one place, and the arrangement of the festival is a festival that plays a big role for the tourists participating in the festival. Therefore, the festival service landscape tries to investigate the influence of the relationship between the festival image, the emotional response and the behavioral intention. This study was to investigate the influence structure of the variables on the festival servicescape based on the theories of literature research and previous studies in order to identify the cognitive image, emotional image, emotional response, and factor structure of the behavioral intention. First, the influence of the festival servicescape on the festival cognitive image was influenced by the factors of 'fidelity', 'information', 'design' Respectively. Second, the influence of the festival servicescape on the festival emotional image has a significant influence on the factors of 'fidelity' and 'suitability' except the 'information' and 'design' Respectively. Third, all four factors of festival servicescape have a significant influence on the influence on the emotional response to festival servicecape. Fourth, all four factors of festival servicescape were found to have a significant influence on the influence of festival service landscape on behavioral intention festival cognition Image, and emotional image were all significant influences. Fifth, festival cognitive image and emotional image had significant influence on emotional response and behavioral influence on festival image. Sixth, the effect of the festival on the behavioral intentions of the emotional response showed that the higher the emotional response of the festival participants, the higher the intention to act.

축제 인적서비스가 축제 및 지역이미지에 미치는 영향-논산딸기축제를 중심으로-

노원중,지진호 한국외식산업학회 2020 한국외식산업학회지 Vol.16 No.2

The purpose of this study is to find out whether festival human services affect the formation of festivals and regional images. The objects of this study were the participants of the Nonsan Strawberry Festival. 230 questionnaires were distributed and analyzed 227 collected questionnaires with SPSS18.0. The results of this study are summarized as followings. First, Festival human service was found to have an effect on the festival image, and all variables were analyzed to have a significant effect on the festival image. Second, among human service variables, it was analyzed that kindness and customer convenience had a significant influence on regional image. Third, all elements of the festival image had a significant effect on the regional image. In order to successfully operate the festival and form a positive regional image, the organizer of the festival needs to establish a festival strategy by considering the factors of festival human service. In particular, among the factors of human service, the attitude of hospitality of the operating personnel, ability to speak foreign languages, and ability to cope with safety accidents were found to have a positive effect on the image formation of participants.

축제 정체성이 축제 이미지와 지역발전 성과에 미치는 영향: 제20회 부천국제만화축제를 중심으로

조영희,김창수 관광경영학회 2018 관광경영연구 Vol.80 No.-

Bucheon International Comics Festival, which is the Asia's leading comics festival, which presents the vision of Korean comics held for the 20th in 2017, is the best global comics festival of Asia selected as one of the 10 Greatest Festivals of Gyeonggi Province for two consecutive years including 2015 and 2016. It is also recognized as one of the representative comics festivals in Asia, and it is the largest festival in Korea that is filled with sights and imagination where you can make a comics travel. This study assumed that there is a need and value to develop and utilize contents reflecting the identity of local festivals, and on the subject of the 20th Bucheon International Comics Festival, this study analyzed the effect of local festival content identity on festival image and local development performance. As a result, as social awareness continues to improve, the proportion of cosplayers who make cosplay as comics festivals is increasingly growing at Bucheon International Comics Festival. As you can go on a festival as a member of the staff, you get dressed as a protagonist appearing in comics, animation, computer games, and movies, you participate in the parade, one of the main programs of the festival, or you take photographs all over the festival ground when the festival visitor requests, it was a good content to provide festival participation and sightseeing. Thus, it is a festival that will raise pride for local residents, and festival visitors will be attracted to festival space and cultural contents, which will encourage re‐participation and return visits in the future by planting a better festival image, suggesting a significant influence upon the potential for regional development.

축제 무대시설이 만족도와 애착도에 미치는 영향: 2017 인천 애인페스티벌을 중심으로

김효진 (사)한국조리학회 2019 한국조리학회지 Vol.25 No.1

The purpose of this study is to analyze how the stage facilities of a festival affect satisfaction and to find out satisfaction of tourists attending a festival has a significant effect on festival attachment. By analyzing what elements of stage facilities of a festival affect tourist satisfaction, it provides useful information to festival-related companies and experts. For data analysis, the statistical program of SPSS 21.0 was used. Frequency analysis to identify demographic characteristics, factor analysis using Varimax to analyze reliability and validity of measurement tools, and simple regression analysis to test research hypotheses were used. As a conclusion, all 9 festival variables have a significant effect on satisfaction. Therefore, in order to improve satisfaction of participants, festival agencies and main organizers have to pay attention to audience space, stage design, sound, light, special effects, stage scale, cleanliness, space structure, and performance information. This is because as an independent variable, satisfaction has been analyzed to have a positive effect on all six dependent variables that explain festival attachment, it is necessary to increase festival attachment by increasing satisfaction of tourists who attend a festival. The model of this study includes the concepts of festival facilities, satisfaction, and festival attachment. In future research, additional data collection and analysis are essential.

Sustainability for the festival policy: Focused on community and v isitors

Shinyoung Kang(Shinyoung Kang),Kyoung-Bae Kim(Kyoung-Bae Kim) People&Global Business Association 2023 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.28 No.1

Purpose: To explore the evaluation between tourists’ and residents’ satisfaction with the tool of Importance-Satisfaction Analysis originally introduced by Importance-Performance Analysis. Design/methodology/approach: A survey was conducted at Anseong Matchum Land, the venue of the festival, and respondents were selected by the convenience sampling method. Also, rest areas at the festival site were used for data collection and 309 out of 400 were judged to be valid. Included in the questionnaires was a series of Likert-type questions about the respondent’s satisfaction with 18 attributes of the festival and the importance of these attributes to overall satisfaction with the festival. Findings: The results of this research show that the average degree of importance for the 18 attributes is 3.89, and the degree of satisfaction is 3.02. The result identified that parking lot, rest area, and washroom were found included in “Concentrate Here” quadrant of the ISA matrix as needed to prior management in this festival. Research limitations/implications: This study tried to look into local heritage festival regarding comparative perception between festival goers and local residents with ISA to provide that actual problems and potential solutions to the decision-makers of the city to make a sustainable festival. However, it is difficult to extend the results of this festival to other festivals and further research is needed in the future. Originality/value: This research tried to find out the gap between perceived Importance and Satisfaction and to identify actual management problems regarding facilities and services of the festival by ISA analysis originally introduced by Importance-Performance Analysis. This study suggested what festival organizers should prepare for the festival that will be activated after the Covid 19 pandemic.

축제참가자의 지역축제 의의에 대한 인식과 평가에 관한 연구

황화석(Hwang, Hwa-Seok) 한국지역지리학회 2015 한국지역지리학회지 Vol.21 No.2

「안동국제탈춤페스티벌2011」을 대상으로 축제참가자의 지역축제 의의에 대한 인식과 평가에 관해 연구 하였다. 연구결과는 먼저, 안동국제탈춤페스티벌에 참가한 축제참가자들의 인구학적 특성은 대졸학력의 20~40대 연령층과 가 족단위의 방문객이 주를 이루었으며, 외지인과 지역주민 간의 인구학적 특성의 차이는 거의 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 지역축제 특성에 대한 인식을 알아보기 위해 실시한 설문조사 결과, 지역축제가 지역문화자원 활용정도와 지역축제의 주제 반영정도에 대하여 두 집단 모두 긍정적으로 응답하였다. 주제의 반영정도는 지역주민들의 사례축제에 대한 긍 정적인 인식이 보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 지역축제의 의의는 지역주민 화합, 지역 경제활성화 그리고 지역 홍 보 및 지역 이미지 제고이다. 여기서 지역주민과 외지인들은 지역 홍보 및 이미지 제고를 가장 긍정적으로 인식한데 비해 지역주민 화합에는 다른 설문항목에 비하여 긍정적인 인식이 낮았다. 따라서, 사례축제가 보다 지역사회에 깊게 뿌리내림 하기 위해서는 축제를 통한 지역주민들의 문화적인 삶의 질을 향상시키고 주민들의 적극적인 참여를 보다 유도할 필요성이 있다. 그에 대한 개선방안으로 지역주민들을 위한 프로그램마련과 축제의 기획, 집행, 평가 과정에서 지역주민들의 참여가 가능한 다양한 창구를 마련하여 지역주민들의 참여를 확대할 것을 제시한다. This paper is investigated to awareness and assessment by festival participants’ to significance of lacal festival in 「Andong International Mask Dance 2011」. As results, first, demographic characteristics of festival participants’ in case study are that dominated participants’ were tewnties to fourties consisting consanguine and graduates. There is almost same rate in demographic characteristics. Second, the results of questionnaire for characteristics of local festival are that positive responds was dominated at degree of using and respect of local culture resources and main theme reflected to festival. Third, questionnaire items of the significants of local festival are participation desire and real participation rates of citizen to local festival, contribution rate of citizenry reconciliation, effects of regional marketing and increasing regional image, local economy development and rate of improving people’s quality of cultural life. In these item, effects of reginal marketing is most positive response by Andong citizen and outsiders. And positive response of economical effects is higher outsiders then citizen. However, the contribution rate of citizenry reconciliation is lower then other items to positive response. Therefore, methods of regoinal embeddedness of case festival are evaluating life quality of local citizen by local festival and leading active participation of local people to local festival.