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허전,송석록 한국지방자치법학회 2008 지방자치법연구(地方自治法硏究) Vol.8 No.1
Recently, legal and systematic changes have expanded the autonomy and independence of local government. As a result of increased legal and institutional power, negative effects such as how local residents must be liable for, and obligation of the budget loss and damages, as we have seen in the cases of the inspectors, residents’ claim, financial failure of Washington D.C. and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S., and Yubari, Hokkaido, Japan. It is hard to say if the judgement of the Seoul administrative court of Syungbukgu residents’ lawsuit, regarding the cost of entertaining clients in bars and chairman’s holiday seasonal gifts and overseas trip, was without errors. However, taking into consideration the duties of financial recovery and effective budget operation and transparency in administration for residents’ benefits by local government chief and council chairman, and council members, rejecting Syungbukgu residents’ plaintiff claim was not desirable. Instead, court judgement should be based on strict and thorough examination, the cases of the U.S. and Japan, as mentioned above, then can be prevented. One of the financial bankruptcies in Yubari, Hokkaido in Japan had reported false accounting of the local government financial deficit and the city council knowingly permitted the accounting fraud, which lead to budget bankruptcy. Making detailed information public, such as the total amount of debt, is necessary in order for the local council, as well as residents, to inspect and control the budget. Also disclosing information based on facts should improve awareness of transparency, rationality of accounting and revising local government law and local finance act to revitalize systems, which are residents’ inspection claim and lawsuit, is needed. Gradual adoption of residents’ audit demands and residents’ lawsuit, for managing and controlling local corporations and the third sector, should be promoted. In order to comprehend the local government’s financial position, local enterprise law and commercial law should be revised by publicly posting the total debt and providing a standard form of accounting of the municipal corporation and the third sector. And in order to make resident’s audit claims and resident’s suits available, local government acts should be revised. In the case of municipality bankruptcy, a legal proposition of a financial recovery plan is needed. For example, "The Local Public Financial Recovery Promotion Special Law" on local financial recovery of Japan and "The Municipalities Financial Recovery Act 47" on local public financial recovery of Pennsylvania, U.S., country, city or province make certain standards together to rebuild finances, so that they can create sound local government finances. As we have examined, the plan to secure sound local government finances, the residents active participation is essential above all. Special interest of local government administration and embodying sound local government finances is important, by way of economic and scientific analysis of residents’ audit demands and residents’ suit. Thus, residents damage due to municipality bankruptcy can be prevented. 지방자치제도에 있어서 국가에 대한 지방자치단체의 자율성과 독립성이 법적․제도적으로 확대되어가고 있다. 지방자치단체의 자율성과 독립성이 보장 확대에 따른 부작용 역시 감사원의 사례, 주민감사청구사례, 미국의 워싱턴 D.C.와 Pennsylvania주의 Pittsburgh시의 재정 파탄, 그리고 일본의 홋카이도(北海道) 유바리시(夕張市)의 재정 파탄의 원인과 그 후의 재건 계획을 보았듯이 재정파탄의 최종적 책임과 의무 그리고 피해 등은 당해 주민이 모든 것을 감수하여야 한다는 것이다. 앞의 서울특별시 성북구청의 주민소송에서 단란주점에서의 접대비, 의장 등의 연말연시 선물구입비, 해외연수 집행 등에 대하여 서울행정법원의 판단은 허물이 없다고는 할 수 없지만, 원고인 성북구 주민의 청구를 모두 기각한 것은 지방자치단체의 장과 지방의회의 의장, 의원 등은 주민의 복리증진을 위하여 그 재정을 건전하고 효율적으로 운영함은 물론 투명한 집행을 하여야 할 당사자임을 감안한다면 법원의 판단 기준이 보다 엄격한 심사가 되도록 하여야 할 것이며, 엄격한 판단을 통하여만 미국 또는 일본과 같은 사례를 방지할 수 있다. 일본의 홋카이도(北海道) 유바리시(夕張市)의 재정 파탄의 원인의 하나인 지방자치단체가 재정의 적자를 흑자로 분식한 부정한 회계처리를 하였는데도 시의회는 이것을 묵인하여 결국 재정파탄의 길을 걸었다. 이후에는 주민에게 알려줄 총채무액 등 세부적 내용의 공개를 의무화하여 지방의회는 물론 해당 자치단체의 주민이 감시․통제할 수 있도록 하여야 할 것이다. 아울러 기록의 진실에 따른 정보공개를 통하여 재무회계의 투명성과 합리성을 제고할 수 있도록 하여 주민감사청구제도와 주민소송제도를 확대 도입하여 동제도가 활성화 할 수 있도록 지방자치법과 지방재정법 등 개정이 필요하다고 본다. 지방공사, 제3섹터 등에 대한 관리와 운영에 대해 점진적으로 주민감사청구와 주민소송제도가 도입될 수 있도록 추진하여야 하며, 총채무액 공시와 동 지방공사와 제3섹터의 일정한 내용의 재무모델에 대하여 공시함으로서 지방자치단체의 재정 파악을 할 수 있도록 지방공기업법과 상법의 개정이 요구되고 주민감사청구 및 주민소송이 가능하도록, 지방자치법의 개정을 통하여 법적으로 유보될 수 있도록 하여야 할 것이다. 또한 지방자치단체의 파탄이 발생하였을 경우를 대비하여 재정 건전화를 위한 방안에 대한 입법을 할 필요가 있다고 본다. 이의 방법에는 미국의 Pennsylvania주법 47과 일본의 지방재정건전촉진특별초치법과 같은 국가 또는 시․도와 함께 재정 재건을 위해 일정의 기준을 제정하여 지방자치단체의 건전재정 유도를 기하여야 할 것이다. 이상에서 지방자치단체의 건전재정 확보 방안을 살펴보았듯이 건전 재정을 위해서는 무엇보다 당해 주민의 적극적인 참여가 중요하며, 아울러 주민의 지방차치단체의 행정에 깊은 관심과 경제적․과학적 분석을 기초로 주민감사청구와 주민소송 등 적극적 자세와 접근을 통한 지방자치단체의 건전재정을 구현하는 것이 지방자치단체의 재정 파탄으로 인한 당해 주민의 피해를 예방할 수 있다고 본다.
이관행 한국지방자치법학회 2020 지방자치법연구 Vol.20 No.2
In general, any organization or organization that operates as a specific task or member will agree with the fact that transparency and accountability increase when the monitoring or supervisory procedures are conducted in multiple stages. Despite the many positive aspects of the current representative democracy, negative aspects have also been found in securing accountability of elected representatives. As a result, the method of direct participation of residents in the operation of local administration has been continuously discussed, and various systems for participation of residents are prescribed. In order for the local autonomy system to provide a substantial foundation, it must be promoted in terms of the activation of residents' autonomy. To this end, local autonomy must be made an essential part of resident participation, and through such a process, the value can be realized when resident participation is institutionalized. In particular, residents' self-government as a constitutional principle is not only a representative resident participation, but also a direct democratic resident participation suitable for the democracy of local autonomy, so direct participation of residents in the local autonomy system compensates for the defects of the representative democracy and the people. It is responsible for the practical realization of sovereignty. The direct participation of residents in these local administrations provided an opportunity for active and practical participation of the residents in local issues, and laid the foundation for increasing the efficiency and transparency of local administrations in various fields such as systems and policies. It is also undeniable that it has led residents to increase their sovereignty awareness and participation in increased administration up to the present, and has contributed greatly to the development of local democracy. However, as the decentralization and local autonomy expanded systematically, the authority of elected officials, such as the heads of local governments and local councils, was strengthened. Questions have been continuously raised about the system for the containment and monitoring of actual residents. As part of this, the Resident Summoning System controls the illegal or unfair acts of the heads of local governments and local councils who are elected local officials and local officials, abuses of duties, or abuse of authority, and expands direct participation of residents, so that the policies and administrative treatment of residents' residents In order to increase the democracy and accountability of local government administration, promote the welfare of residents, and overcome the limitations of representative democracy so as not to contradict the intention, the Act on Resident Summons was enacted in 2006 and was enacted in July 2007. Has been implemented since. The resident recall system has a very important meaning in the democratic political process as a mechanism for controlling local administration by direct participation of residents along with the referendum system. Therefore, the Resident Summoning System is inseparable from the representative system, and is particularly meaningful in that it is a necessary system for supplementing the problems of the representative system and internalizing the local government system. 일반적으로 특정 업무나 구성원으로 운영되는 단체나 조직 등은 감시 또는 감독절차가 여러 단계별로 이루어지게 되면 투명성과 책임성이 높아진다는 사실에 대해서는 누구나 공감할 것이다. 현재의 대의민주주의는 여러 긍적적인 측면에도 불구하고, 선출된 대표자의 책임성을 확보하는데 있어서 부정적인 측면도 제법 발견되고 있다. 그 결과 지방행정의 운영에 있어서 제도적으로 주민이 직접참여 하는 방안이 지속적으로 논의되었고, 주민참여를 위한 다양한 제도를 규정하고 있다. 지방자치제도가 실질적 기반을 마련하기 위해서는 주민자치의 활성화라는 측면에서 추진되어야 한다. 이를 위해서는 지방자치는 주민참여를 본질적 요소로 하여야 하며, 그러한 과정을 통하여 주민참여가 제도적으로 정착하는 경우에 그 가치가 실현될 수 있는 것이다. 특히 헌법원리로서의 주민자치는 대의제적 주민참여뿐만 아니라 지방자치의 민주성에 걸맞은 직접민주제적 주민참여를 불가결한 내용으로 하기에, 지방자치제도에서 주민직접참여는 대의민주제가 안고 있는 결함을 보완하고 국민주권을 실질적으로 실현하는 역할을 담당한다. 이러한 지방행정에 대한 주민의 직접참여는 지역 문제에 주민들의 능동적이고 실질적인 참여를 마련하는 계기가 되었고, 제도 및 정책 등 여러 분야에서 지방행정의 효율성과 투명성이 점점 강조되는 기반을 마련하였다. 또한 현재에 이르기까지 주민들의 주권의식 향상과 높아진 행정에의 참여를 유도했고, 지방의 민주주의 발전에 많은 기여를 했다는 것은 부인할 수 없는 사실이다. 하지만 제도적으로 지방분권화와 지방자치가 확대되면서 지방자치단체장, 지방의회의원 등 선출직 공직자의 권한이 강화됨에 따라 그들의 자의적 권한행사와 비효율적・비합리적인 운영 등으로 선출직 공직자에 대한 책임성 문제가 대두되었고, 그들에 대한 실질적인 주민들의 견제와 감시를 위한 제도에 의문점 등이 지속적으로 제기되고 있다. 이에 일환으로 주민소환제도는 선출직 지방공직자인 지방자치단체의 장 및 지방의원의 위법・부당행위, 직무유기 또는 직권남용 등을 통제하고 주민의 직접참여를 확대함으로써 주민대표의 정책이나 행정처리가 주민의사에 반하지 않도록 지방자치행정의 민주성과 책임성을 제고하고, 주민복지의 증진을 도모하며, 대의제 민주주의의 한계를 극복하려는 것을 목적으로, 주민소환에 관한 법률이 2006년 제정되어 2007년 7월부터 시행되고 있다. 주민소환제도는 주민투표제와 더불어 주민의 직접참여에 의한 지방행정의 통제장치로서 민주주의 정치과정에서 매우 중요한 의미를 갖고 있다. 그렇기에 주민소환제도는 대의제와 불가분의 관계에 있는 것이며, 특히 대의제의 문제점을 보완하고 지방자치제도의 내실화를 위한 필요한 제도라는 점에 그 의의가 있다.
이해진 지역사회학회 2008 지역사회학 Vol.10 No.1
This article analyzes the process of institutionalization of a residents movement for local development in Gohan and Sabuk area of Kangwondo, eastern province of South Korea, where local development was promoted centering around casino industry of Kangwon Land. For this purpose, this gives a strategic choice view of the institutionalization of a residents movement and highlights how the residents movement has been institutionalized strategically to overcome the limits and the crises of previously established organization for local development. In particular, it stresses the impact of strategic capacity based on the organization and leadership of a residents movement on momentums, contents, and effects of institutionalization process. In Gohan and Sabuk area, the institutionalization strategy of a residents movement to local development took the form of differentiation from existing spontaneous organization ('Gongchuwi') toward a new residents movement ('3.3 foundation') that had a form of local foundation. The momentum of institutionalization lay in the process of strategic choice to cope with the crisis and uncertainty of local development, to reproduce sustainable development profits and the initiative, and to try to find an alternative model of local development as well. Regarding the contents of institutionalization, the establishment of '3.3 foundation' sought to transform economic growth-oriented survival struggles and development strategies into local community movements aiming for residents' participation and their community welfare. In addition, a new local development program of '3.3 foundation' effected on the voluntary participation from residents, and spontaneous local development. This article unearthed the fact that the leadership of residents movement organizations played a crucial part in the process of strategic institutionalization. It also found out that the major causes of the success in institutionalization were the strategic capacity of former movement-activist leaders, who were domesticated by combination with an influential leader group and the residents of local community. In this way, it was identified that the institutionalization can contribute to the justice of development that strengthens the public welfare and community and function as the mechanism for the maintenance, expansion, and transformation of residents movements. The institutionalization of a residents movement faces new challenge and task to pursue the local community and public welfare at the crisis of inclusion. 이 논문은 강원랜드 카지노 산업을 중심으로 지역개발을 추진한 강원도 고한ㆍ사북 지역의 지역개발 주민운동이 조직화 이후에 제도화되는 과정을 조명하였다. 주민운동의 제도화를 전략적 선택의 과정으로 보면서, 주민운동 조직과 리더십을 기반으로 한 전략적 능력이 제도화의 계기, 내용, 효과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 고한ㆍ사북 지역 지역개발 주민운동의 제도화 전략은 기존의 임의적 자발적 조직(‘공추위’)에서 지역재단 형태의 새로운 주민운동조직(‘3.3재단’)으로 분화하는 형태로 이루어졌다. 제도화의 계기는 지역개발과 주민운동의 위기를 극복하기 위한 전략적 선택이었다. ‘3.3재단’은 기존 주민조직의 한계와 정당성의 위기 및 지역개발의 부정적 효과와 불확실성을 넘어서, 개발이익과 영향력의 지속과 대안적 지역발전을 추진하려는 배경에서 설립되었다. 제도화의 내용은 성장 지향적 생존권 투쟁과 개발전략에서 주민참여와 복지 지향적 지역사회운동으로의 전환으로 나타났다. 아울러 ‘3.3재단’의 새로운 지역개발 프로그램은 주민의 자발적 참여를 이끌어 내고, 자생적 지역개발을 추진하는 효과를 가져왔다. 이러한 전략적 제도화 과정에서 주민운동조직과 리더십이 중요한 역할을 담당했다. 주민운동조직과 운동권 출신 리더들의 전략적 능력과 지역사회 토착세력과 지역성과 결합하는 토착화가 제도화의 성공을 가져온 주요 요인이란 점을 발견하였다. 이를 통해 제도화가 복지와 공동체를 강화하는 개발정의와 주민운동의 지속, 확장, 변형의 기제로 기여할 수 있다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 주민운동의 제도화는 포섭의 위기 속에서 지역 공동체와 복지를 추구하는 새로운 도전과 과제들을 안고 있다.
최철호 ( Choi Chol-ho ) 경상대학교 법학연구소 2020 법학연구 Vol.28 No.1
The government has selected a task called autonomous autonomy to realize grassroots democracy among the 100 major state affairs, seeking to promote a systematic autonomy and actualize residents’ participation. The realization of the residents' participation is to strengthen the autonomy of residents rather than self-governing groups, which includes the creation of a legal basis for residents' councils. Accordingly, the amendment bill to the Local Autonomy Act, which the government submitted to the National Assembly in March 2019, stipulates matters concerning the establishment and operation of local residents' councils. Therefore, it is a suggestive discussion to conduct a legal review on the residents' autonomous communities at a time when a legislative bill on the residents' autonomous communities is in place, and this paper discusses the legal design of the residents' autonomous communities in conjunction with their sovereignty and their autonomous communities. The Constitution establishes and stipulates independent chapters on local autonomy, but it remains silent on the form of local autonomy, legislative power, financial power, and organizational power. The current Constitution does not stipulate matters concerning the autonomy of residents or local councils, as it is mainly concerned with local governments and only two clauses of Article Taking these points into account, this paper intends to examine the contents of the current Special Act on the Reform of Regional Divisions and Local Administrative Systems and the Proposals for Local Autonomy Act to present the feasibility and problems. The main review includes the introduction of a system to be selected by residents, such as by local council members, or by recommendation by local government experts (formerly government officials) or groups of intellectuals (such as professors or social organizations), on how to select members of the local residents' autonomous governments, such as those of local council members, to consider the scope of the existing local administrative body's decision.
윤성현(Yoon, Sung-Hyun) 한국비교공법학회 2017 공법학연구 Vol.18 No.3
주민투표제도는 기본적으로 지방의 정책을 지방의 주민들이 스스로 결정하도록 하는 공동체의 의사결정원리이다. 과거에 헌법상 민주주의 원리는 국가 수준의 문제이고 지방은 국가행정의 연장으로서 민주주의 원리가 적용될 필요성이 크지 않다고 보기도 했으나, 오늘날은 지방으로부터 자치와 분권, 민주주의의 실험이 시작되고 확산되어야 한다는 관점에서 지방 수준의 민주주의와 참여가 더욱 강조되고 있다. 우리나라에서도 2004년에 별도로 주민투표법이 제정되면서 주민의 직접참여제도를 마련했으나 현실적으로 시행건수는 8건에 불과하고, 그마저도 주로 주민투표법 제8조에 의해 도입된 국가정책 주민투표의 사안이 대부분이라 비판적으로 검토해볼 필요가 있다. 국가정책 주민투표도 지역의 주민이 지역과 관련된 정책에 대해 투표한다는 점에서는 주민투표의 성질을 가지나, 한편으로는 당해 지역과 관련한 정책만이 아니라 당해 지역을 넘어선 국가차원의 정책을 대상으로 한다는 점에서 차이를 가지며, 또한 투표결과가 법적 구속력을 가지지 않고 자문적인 효력만을 가진다는 점도 차이가 있다. 종래의 학설과 헌법재판소의 판례는 국가정책 주민투표 제도가 헌법이론상 위헌은 아니라는 입장을 견지하고 있으나, 이를 긍정한다고 하더라도 헌법정책상으로도 가장 바람직한 제도라고 보기에는 무리가 있다. 국가정책을 시행하는 과정에서 지역주민들의 의사가 주민투표제도라는 민주적 절차를 통해서 표출되기에 이르렀다면, 이는 중앙정부도 그만큼 엄중한 의미로 받아들이는 것이 타당하다. 단순히 중앙정부가 국가정책 주민투표를 시행하여 자신들이 편리한 시기에, 편리한 형식을 통해 국가행정을 정당화하는 수단으로 이용하려고 한다면 이는 해당지역 주민들과의 직접적인 갈등은 물론이고, 다른 지역 주민들에게도 중앙정부를 불신하게 만드는 요인이 될 것이다. 따라서 국가정책 주민투표를 단순히 국가의 행정절차의 ‘과정’으로만 이해할 것이 아니라, 지역주민의 민주적 ‘결정’이라는 점을 중요하게 고려할 필요가 있다. 이러한 관점에서 현행 국가정책 주민투표제도는 향후 민주적 관점을 더 적극적으로 고려하여, 주민참여를 더욱 확대하고, 나아가 그러한 참여가 지역이기주의에 매몰되지 않고 숙의절차를 통해 공익을 실현하는데 더욱 적합하게 제도화될 수 있도록 헌법정책상 보완이 이루어져야 한다. The local referendum is community"s decision-making system that allows local residents" to decide the policies of their regions on their own. Democracy was considered to be meaningful in the national level and the local to be under the control the national authority as an extension of the national administration and have less meaning in applying democratic principle. However, democracy in the local level is recently being more emphasized in that autonomy, decentralization and the experiments of democracy should commence and be promoted. Critical review on the current local referendum system is necessary in that notwithstanding that local residents" direct participatory system was established through the Residents Voting Act enacted in 2004, there were only 8 cases of the actual enforcement which were mostly implemented by the application of article 8 of the Residents Voting Act. Local Residents’ Referendum in the process of national policy-making has identical feature as a local referendum in that local residents vote on policy related to the region, yet has distinct effect in that it is targeted to national policy which is applied beyond the region and that the results of the referendum are not legally binding but are only consultative. Although the traditional studies and the precedent of the constitutional court maintain to conclude that local residents" referendum system on national policy is not unconstitutional, the system cannot be said desirable in a sense of consitutional policy. It is reasonable that the central government accept the results of the local referendum if the opinions" of the local residents are expressed with such democratic weight. If the central government enforce local residents" referendum on national policy system to use it as means to justify national administration in a time and form of their own convenience, it will cause direct conflicts with the corresponding residents and spread mistrust for the central government for the residents in other areas. Therefore, the fact that local residents" referendum on national policy is a democratic ‘decision’ of the local residents should be considered heavily than simply regarding it as a ‘procedure’ in the national administration. Seeking improvements in the view of constitutional policy is necessary in order to have the current local residents" referendum on national policy system promote the participation of the residents and that participation be applied appropriately in reinforcing the public interest through deliberative operation with being less effected by the regional self-centeredness.
최윤영(Choi, Yoon-Young) 한국비교공법학회 2015 공법학연구 Vol.16 No.3
주민자치회는 지역주민 중심의 근린자치 활성화, 행정과 주민 간 협력을 통한 행정서비스 개선, 지역 공동체의식 및 민주적 참여의식 고양 등 풀뿌리 지방자치 활성화를 위하여 도입되었다. 해당 행정구역의 주민들로 구성되어, 주민자치회 구역 내의 주민화합 및 발전을 위한 업무, 지방자치단체와 관계 법령, 조례 또는 규칙으로부터 위임 또는 위탁받은 업무를 처리하는 공적?공법적 조직으로서의 성격을 갖는다. 아직 주민자치회의 설치 및 운영에 관한 법률(가칭)이 제정되지 않은 현상황에서는 기존 자치조직과의 관계도 정립되지 않고, 법적 성격과 지방자치단체 사무의 위임(위탁) 가능성 등에 관한 쟁점들이 입법적으로 정리되지 않았지만, 이 글에서는 이에 관하여 지방자치법, 지방분권 및 지방행정체제개편에 관한 특별법 등을 근거로 구체적?유형적으로 파악하는 시도를 하였다. 이와 함께 주민자치회의 설치, 운영, 구성, 재정 등에 관한 쟁점을 검토하여 주민자치회의 설치 및 운영에 관한 법률(가칭) 제정을 위한 입법적인 제언을 하고, 지역적 특수성을 반영한 보다 실효적인 주민자치회의 활동을 유도하기 위한 조례 개선방안을 제시하였다. Residents’ association has been enforced to invigorate grassroots local autonaomy. It purposes to promote the neighborhood autonaomy focused on local residents, to improve administrative service by the cooperation between local governments and residents, and to encourage sense of local community and democratic participation. Residents’ association is composed of local residents. It carries out a variety of tasks that are necessary for the reconciliation of residents and regional development. The association also performs business which has been delegated and entrusted by the local government, law and ordinance. At this point, there is a difference between Community center and Residents’ association. Residents’ association has a attribute of public law and public interest. Since the Act on the establishment and management of Residents’ association, tentatively named, has not been legislated, the relationships with existing organizations is ambiguous. Moreover the issues, like the legal character or the possibility of delegating and entrusting local government’s tasks, are not determined legally. For this reason, this paper attempted to examine these issues concretely and specificly by type, based on LOCAL AUTONOMY ACT, SPECIAL ACT ON THE DECENTRALIZATION AND REFORM OF THE LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM and so on. In addition, this paper reviewed matters of Residents’ association’s, such as establishment, management, composition, finance, not only to make a suggestion for the Act on the establishment and management of Residents’ association, but also to enact effective ordinance which considers the distinct characteristics of the region.
마을재생을 통한 지역주민 삶의 질에 관한 영향연구: 부산 감천문화마을 지역주민을 대상으로
임경환,이재곤 관광경영학회 2018 관광경영연구 Vol.86 No.-
The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural relationship related to the participation and the quality of life of local residents focusing on social, economic and environmental aspects of village regeneration. A total of 134 samples were taken from the local residents in Gamcheon Culture Village in Busan, and basic data analysis and structural equation modeling analysis were conducted by utilizing SPSS 22 and AMOS 22. There was an analysis to find out the effects of social, economic and environmental factors of village regeneration on the residents’ consensual and cooperative participation, and according to the result, social and environmental factors except the economic factor had a positive effect on the residents’ consensual and cooperative participation. Unlike previous studies, the result showing that the economic factor had a negative effect is considered to explain that village regeneration has not directly affected the local residents in economic aspects. In terms of the participation of local residents, an analysis related to two factors―consensual participation and cooperative participation―was carried out, and the result showed that the two factors had a positive effect. Regarding the social aspect, especially, positive aspects such as educational environment, participation in activities, neighboring solidarity and change in awareness were evaluated more highly after the village regeneration project. In terms of the environmental aspect, the regeneration project including public facilities, transportation system, convenient facilities and cleanliness made the local residents have positive feelings, which created a positive effect. There was an analysis of the local residents’ quality of life through the village regeneration project, and the result showed that the project had a positive effect on the quality of life of consensually and cooperatively participating residents. This result suggests that the local residents are satisfied with their lives through improvement in life environment, relationship with other residents, sense of reward and sense of accomplishment.
소통과 협력의 지역사 쓰기: 시사 편찬 과정과 특징에 대한 연구
이승연 역사문화학회 2022 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.25 No.1
This article attempts to suggest sustainable communication methods as an alternatives to conflicts and negative communication among government and scholars as well as residents and village communities that occur during the compilation process of local history. For this, it analyzes the contents and achievements of local history research activities targeting the cases of compiling process of the history of Hwaseong City. Hwaseong City conducted qualitative research project to compile its local history, in attempts to investigate its community and residents’ lives. The research includes data collections through on-site surveys, oral history interview, and folklore. Hwaseong-si-sa (The History of Hwaseong city, 2018 and 2020) contains the recent changes of research direction and description of recording its local history. This book features the expansion of a local history compilation, by putting the description of the current lives and places of local residents as well as new types of village community at the forefront, which have been overlooked in the historical records. The perspectives of external researchers are controversial but important because they could bring the advantages and disadvantages of the process and result of the projects. As an external researcher coming from a different local community, I have been involved in the compilation project of the history of Hwaseong city. As an outsider, I could bring the different perspectives from local researchers, as I collaborated with internal residents for the local history compilation projects. My observations as an outsider include several important points and suggestions as follows. Most of all, I observed various factors affect the results of the local history compilation project. Especially, in the process of compiling city history, those subjects who produce, distribute, and consume local history form various relationships according to their goals and understanding. Additionally, even though residents are so important in the production process of local history, they are rather treated as passive subjects. It is because the local history project led by the local government are mainly focused on producing the visible outputs that highlight only positive aspects of the region. This results are the different standpoints from the academic measures. Therefore, this article suggests several important directions of the compilation which will record local residents and village community in the center of the local history. First, in the local government management, the importance of field research should be accentuated with its financial supports and various research opportunities both for researchers ad participants. Additionally, for those who have participated in oral history projects, it is important to legislate ethical devices for a right-to-know and privacy protection. Third, in the beginning of research, careful preparations should be considered in the whole process including from the data collection plan to the final production and its management and usage. Fourth, it is important to bring public attention and participation in the city history compilation project through public exhibition. Fourth, by locating local residents and village community as subjects of the history and overcoming conflicts, the compilation project of the city history should realize the sustainable communication inviting the active participations of local governments, scholars, and residents. 이 글은 화성시의 시사편찬 사례를 중심으로 지역주민 및 마을공동체를 연구 대상으로 하는 지역사 연구활동의 내용과 성과를 살펴보고, 편찬 과정에서 발생하는 갈등과 소통의 양상을 분석하여 그에 따른 대안을 제시하는 것이다. 화성시는 시사 편찬사업을 진행하며, 현지조사, 구술사, 민속학 등 질적연구를 통해 주민과 공동체에 대해 접근하고 파악하였다. 화성시사 (2018, 2020)는 최근 지역사에 대한 연구 관점과 서술방식의 변화상을 단적으로 보여준다. 그동안 간과되었던 주민들의 현재 삶과 생활현장, 새로운 유형의 마을공동체 사례들을 전면에 드러냈으며, 역사 서술에서 주민을 아우르는 범위를 확장시켰다. 시사 편찬과정에서 이를 생산․유통․소비하는 주체들은 각자의 목표와 이해에 따라 다양한 관계를 맺으며 갖가지 요인들이 상호작용을 일으킨다. 타 지역 출신의 외부 연구자들이 내부 주민과 공동작업을 진행하면서 외부자의 관점과 시선은 장점이자 단점으로 작용한다. 주민들은 지역사 생산과정에서 매우 중요한 위치를 점하지만, 출판물이 제작되거나 아카이브가 만들어지는 과정에서는 수동적이며 주체적이지 못한 위치로 존재한다. 공공주도형의 지역사 프로젝트는 가시적인 성과를 중시하고, 지역의 긍정적인 면을 부각시키려고 하다 보니 학계와 다른 잣대가 적용된다. 관(官), 연구자, 지역 주민과 마을공동체가 소통하고 협력하는 지역사 편찬 작업을 위해 몇 가지 방안을 제안해본다. 현실적인 조사․연구비 지원과 연구 기회의 확대를 통해 연구자들의 현장 조사를 활성화해야 한다. 구술생애사 작업 등에 참여한 당사자의 알 권리를 존중하고, 사생활 보호를 위한 윤리적 장치를 마련토록 한다. 자료 수집 기획 단계에서부터 결과물의 관리와 활용에 대해 충분한 고민이 전제되어야 한다. 주민 공람을 적극화하여 편찬사업에 대한 관심과 참여를 유도한다. 지역사 쓰기는 주민과 공동체가 활동의 주체로 보다 활발히 참여하고, 지자체와 학계, 주민이 함께 소통하고 협력하는 관계로 나아가야 한다.
재생에너지 주민수용성 제고를 위한 갈등지도 활용방안 : 계획입지제도를 중심으로
이재혁,조공장,서은주,김도균,박진한,이정필,김혜란 한국환경연구원 2021 기본연구보고서 Vol.2021 No.-
Ⅰ. Introduction ㅇ Despite the acceleration of the spread of renewable energy with the Green New Deal policy, many conflicts have arisen regarding the location of renewable energy facilities in the local community. Hence, measures are required to secure environmental performance and acceptability of residents. ㅇ To effectively realize the location planning system that monitors micro-environmental resources and increases the participation of residents, a “conflict map” for the Saemangeum area, a form of public participation map, was prepared and piloted based on the Q methodology. A direction for establishing environmental policies and spatial plans that reduce the gap between stakeholders and scientists is suggested. Ⅱ. Previous Research Analysis 1. Conflict map ㅇ The location planning system allows local governments to take the initiative and select renewable energy locations and, therefore, provides an opportunity to make plans based on local micro-environmental information. - To increase the acceptability of residents when operating the location planning system, it must be conducted based on residents’ participation and reflect the local residents’ interests in environmental changes. - The location planning system for renewable energy should reflect the interests of residents according to the micro-environmental changes, but the methodology of analyzing the space based on such information is insufficient. ㅇ A “conflict map,” which maps and shows differences in perceptions of space was prepared using the spatial Q methodology. The issue of installation space for renewable energy power generation facilities, which has been criticized for reckless development, was thereby publicized. 2. Location planning system ㅇ In countries where offshore wind power is actively generated, such as the UK, the Netherlands, and Denmark, the government or a government-designated institution designates planned offshore wind power development districts, and selects business operators through an open call for offshore wind power generation. - Preventing sprawl through the introduction of the nationally-led location planning system for costly and time-consuming offshore wind farms, and encouraging developers to conduct business stably - In general, this is done in the form of site selection based on resource surveys and environmental impact assessments of government agencies, and selection and operation of power generation business operators through competitive bidding. ㅇ In Korea, prior to the full-scale implementation of the renewable energy planning site system, renewable energy clusters and model housing complexes were first introduced in 2020. - In September 2020, based on Article 27 (Distribution Projects) of the Act on the Promotion of the Development, Use, and Diffusion of New and Renewable Energy, an Enforcement Decree of the same Act (Article 27-2) was added for “Projects for creating environmentally-friendly new and renewable energy clusters and model housing complexes”. - According to the revised Enforcement Decree, the Mayor/Do Governor applies to the Minister of Trade, Industry, and Energy for a cluster development plan, including the location and area, outline and implementation method of the project, and a plan to secure the environment and acceptance of residents; the Minister may designate a cluster according to the deliberation of the Policy Council. Ⅲ. Identify Major Issues and Management Status Related to Renewable Energy Conflicts ㅇ Around the world, other than fossil fuel projects, large and small conflicts persist in low-carbon renewable energy projects. - It suggests that energy conversion-related projects and policies do not automatically guarantee eco-friendliness and social inclusion. ㅇ Conflict management measures, including prevention and resolution of conflicts in renewable energy, can be realized through divided approaches for technological and environmental, citizen-participatory, and profit-sharing measures. - The three approaches of renewable energy conflict management, all three attributes of which are included in the renewable energy location planning system, do not compete but complement each other. They are comprehensively conceived and requested to be applied so. Ⅳ. Create a Conflict Map to Improve the Acceptability of Residents on Renewable Energy 1. Research design ㅇ To analyze the conflict structure of the proposed floating photovoltaic power generation cluster, the general and the spatial Q methodologies were used in parallel to identify the conflict policy and conflict space for each stakeholder. - Interviews were conducted with local stakeholders (residents, environmental groups, professors, fishermen, civil servants, related organizations, etc.). Through the workshop with local environmental group activists, 25 conflict factors and spaces that appear during the renewable energy installation process were identified. - Q factor analysis was performed through SPSS 22.0 on the results of the survey (Q sorting) of local stakeholders (P sample). The analysis was then mapped with ArcGIS 10.3 and interpreted along with the interview content. ㅇ To draw up a conflict map for renewable energy, the Saemangeum floating solar power cluster, the largest renewable energy cluster in Korea, was selected as a research target. 2. Analysis results ㅇ Q factor analysis revealed that stakeholders were divided into two groups: Stakeholder Group 1 (fishermen, environmental groups, residents) and Stakeholder Group 2 (civil servants, business operators, and development corporations) (See Figure 2). - Stakeholder Group 1 (preference for ecology), mainly composed of environmental groups, fishermen, and local residents, prefers to deploy linear floating solar power according to the existing infrastructure based on strong preference for seawater circulation, ecological conservation, and fishery industry. - Stakeholder Group 2 (preference for renewable energy), mainly composed of civil servants, business operators, and development corporations, prefers distributed deployment of renewable energyrelated facilities, development of offshore wind power, profit distribution, and so on, and dense arrangement for floating solar power. ㅇ Considering the differences in perception between factor 1 (ecology) and factor 2 (renewable energy), cooperation can be achieved by establishing a water quality management scheme, floating solar power treatment plan, and tourism programs, while no change is applied to the installed capacity. - These results indicate a plan to first establish a local environmental plan, then to obtain the profits from the current situation through eco-tourism. - In terms of space planning, it is recommended to install floating solar power on the east and west sides of the north-south road. ㅇ The result presents an option that is ecologically superior with the lowest investment cost and requires only minor changes to the current plan; to maintain the existing transmission line, and to link the floating solar power on unreclaimed land owned by the Korea Rural Community Corporation (KRC) to the solar power installed on the road. - Consultation with related ministries is required, but the possibility of conflict management is confirmed through slight modifications. - To prevent conflicts, it is requested that the issues of wind power generation, seawater circulation, fish, distribution of hinterland cities, and fisheries be discussed later. The plan for Saemangeum upstream area should be established later. 3. Verification ㅇ To verify the results of this study, the third-party evaluation and supplementation confirmed external validity of the content of analysis; conflicts at the Saemangeum site as well as the characteristics of the opinions of the subject are excellently analyzed. - To supplement the preceding research, supplementary points for refinement were presented for the details and interpretation of the statement, as reflected in “2. Analysis results”. Ⅴ. Utilization of Renewable Energy Conflict Map by the Location Planning System ㅇ This study is significant in that the conflict map was used as a tool of communicative planning through spatial-based communication with residents’ participation for the renewable energy location planning system. - Through conflict maps, residents use their local knowledge to fill gaps (duplications and omissions) in energy spatial planning. - To resolve ongoing conflicts due to the inability to resolve different opinions on the existing space, we map stakeholder preferences for space and establish a cooperative space plan based on differences in perception to support the location planning system suitable for domestic circumstances. - By creating a conflict map, it is possible to achieve strengthened communication with residents, a spatial-based consensus, and enhance the procedural rationality of conflict management. - Specifically, the conflict map can be used in selecting the location of floating photovoltaic facilities and cluster complexes, and the environmental impact assessment. ㅇ The conflict map presented in this study has the problem of generalization as the Q methodology, and the disadvantage that the researcher may not be able to summarize all the relevant information in a Q statement during the writing process. - In relation to renewable energy in the future, research on transmission/reception lines will be necessary, and research on how the conflict map itself can be linked with other existing environmental data is requested.
섬관광 인식요인이 지역주민 만족도에 미치는 연구 : 신안군 지역주민을 대상으로
최영수(Choi, Young-Soo),최영환(Choi, Young-hwan) 한국해양관광학회 2021 해양관광학연구 Vol.14 No.3
The culture of the island is existing with the historical values of mankind. Meanwhile, the island experience histories as a key place of marine transportation with diffusion of land culture and inflow of foreign culture. In the new marine era of 21st century, the importance of islands are raised in the field of underground resources and national security & maritime sovereignty. The value of cultural assets, relics, marine ecology, fisheries resource and marine tourism are increased due to increment of national income and diffusion of leisure culture. Recently, healing tourism in island has attracted attention as a new marine tourism industry for recreation and health of humans. In this study, the impact of island tourism perception factors on the satisfaction of local residents was studied. The perception factors of island tourism were analyzed through the attitudes of local residents. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that revitalize island tourism with local residents. Therefore, the study will be conducted on the necessary factors to revitalize island tourism and the improvement of the life quality of local residents. In particular, the interrelationship between attitude of island tourism, the social satisfaction on the local residents’ attitude and the social satisfaction of island tourism perception on the local residents’ attitude are verified. In this study, the impact of island tourism perception factors on the satisfaction of local residents was studied. Also, this study was conducted on the impact of economical perception, social and cultural perception and environmental perception on the social profit of corresponding area and the promotion of island tourism development with the local residents of Shinan-Gun. The three hypotheses were derived and verified with a designed research model diagram to verify the demographic hypothesis. The research results are as follows. First, the analysis results on the impact of island tourism perception factors on the local residents’ attitudes shows that the economical impact perception, socioculutral impact perception and environmental impact perception have a positive effect on the local residents’ attitudes. Through this study, island tourism becomes the driving force for competitive regional development with local residents, and is intended to be used as basic research data for factors to revitalize island tourism in the future.