도교 오쿠라슈코칸 협저보살좌상을 통하여 본 한국 협저불상의 제작기법

정지연 국립문화재연구원 2013 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.46 No.3

본 논문은 도쿄 오쿠라슈코칸(東京 大倉集古館)에 소장되어 있는 고려 후기의 협저보살좌상(夾紵菩薩坐像)의 연구를 통하여 한국 협저불상에 나타나는 제작 기법과 재료에 관하여 고찰한 것이다. 연구방법으로는 먼저, X-ray 데이터와 현장조사결과를 종합하여 이 상에 나타나는 제작기법과 재료의 특징을 분석하였다. 이것을 기초로 제작과정에 대한 가설을 세운 다음, 검증을 위하여 실제 제작과정을 재연하고 각 공정에 적용된 기법의 특징과 재료에 대하여 상세히 서술하였다. 특히, 협저기법과 재료 부분에 있어서는 육안관찰 결과를 토대로 문헌자료와 비교·검토하며 추정하였는데, 칠예기법의 교과서격인 명대(明代) 황성(黃成)이 편찬한 『휴식록(?飾쾛)』의 기록을 중심으로 적용하였으며, 한국의 전통나전칠기 제작기법에 사용되고 있는 재료도 참고하였다. 그 결과, 오쿠라슈코칸상에 나타나고 있는 제작기법과 재료의 특징은 호놀롤루 미술관(Honolulu Museum of Art)에 소장되어 있는 송대(宋代) 원부2년명(元符二年銘 1098) 협저나한좌상(夾紵羅漢坐像)과 많은 부분에서 유사성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 특히, 원형(原型)의 흙과 심목을 제거한 후 새로 심목을 제작하여 넣지 않아 상의 내부가 텅 비어 있는 점이나, 소상(塑像)의 단계에서 완전한 형태를 만들어 베 바르기를 하는 점, 소상의 흙과 심목은 상의 아랫부분을 통해서 제거하는 점, 모델링(Modelling) 작업 단계를 거치지 않으며 마감층이 매우 얇다는 점 등이 공통된 특징이다. 그 외에도 보발과 영락 등 장식물을 가소성 재료로 따로 만들어 상을 장엄하는 것은 송대에 크게 유행하였던 기법으로, 오쿠라슈코칸상이 송대의 협저불 제작기법으로부터 많은 영향을 받았을 가능성에 대해 시사한다. 한국 협저불상에 대해서는 기원과 역사에 관한 명확한 기록이 전하지 않으며, 현존하는 작품도 매우 한정되어 있다. 원풍연간(元豊年間 1078~1085)의 협저불상 전래를 알 수 있는 『선화봉사고려도경(宣和奉使高麗圖經)』의 기록도 최초의 전래시기로는 보기 힘들다. 또한 현재 남아 있는 협저불상들을 통해 제작기법의 전래경로를 명백하게 찾아내기도 그리 쉬운 상황만은 아니다. 그러나 본 연구를 통해 오쿠라슈코칸상을 위시한 현존하는 한국의 협저불상들은 적어도, 협저불상 제작기법의 정설처럼 알려져 있던 기존의 일본 탈활협저불상의 제작기법과는 많은 차이점이 있음을 밝혀낼 수 있었다 This study examines the production techniques and raw materials shown in the Korean dried-lacquer statues of Buddha through a careful observation of the Seated Dried-lacquer Bodhisattva Statue from the late Goryeo Dynasty which is currently possessed by Okura Museum of Art in Tokyo. As a method of study, the X-ray data and the results from a field survey were combined to analyze the production techniques and the characteristics of raw materials. Based on this analysis, a hypothesis was established on the production process and verified through a reenactment of the actual production process. Then, the characteristics of the techniques applied to each process and the raw materials were recorded in detail. Specifically, the dried lacquer techniques and the raw materials were estimated based on the results of naked-eye observation in comparison with the literature, especially the records of ?iu Shi Lu?written by Huang Cheng of the Ming Dynasty which is considered as ?he textbook of lacquer techniques.?The raw materials used in the production of the traditional Korean lacquerware inlaid with mother-of-pearl were also referenced. As a result, it was found that the features of production techniques and the raw materials found in the Statue at Okura Museum of Art have many similarities with those of the Seated Dried-lacquer Statue of Lohan (Arhat) from Yuanfu 2 Nian Ming (1098) of the Song Dynasty which is currently at the Honolulu Museum of Art. In particular, the similarities include that the interior of the statue being vacant because the clay and the wood core were not replaced after being removed from the prototype, that the complete form was made in the clay forming stage to apply the lacquer with baste fiber fabric, that the clay and the wood core were removed through the bottom of the statue, and that the modeling stage was omitted and the final coat over the statue is very thin. Additionally, decorating with ornaments like Bobal and Youngrak made of plastic material was a technique widely popular in the Song Dynasty, suggesting that the Seated Dried-lacquer Bodhisattva Statue in Okura Museum of Art was greatly affected by the production techniques of the Dried-lacquer Buddha Statue from the Song Dynasty. There is no precise record on the origin and history of the Korean Dried-lacquer Buddha Statues and the number of existing works is also very limited. Even the records in ?uanhe Fengshi Gaoli Tujing?that tells us about the origin of the Dried-lacquer Buddha Statue from the Yuan Feng Period (1078~1085) do not indicate the time of transmission. It is also difficult to trace the clear route of transmission of production techniques through existing Dried-lacquer Buddha Statues. Fortunately, this study could at least reveal that the existing Dried-lacquer Buddha Statues of Korea, including the one at Okura Museum of Art, have applied the production techniques rather differently from those used in the production of Japanese Datsukatsu Dried-lacquer Buddha Statues that have been known as the standard rule in making dried-lacquer statues of Buddha for a long time.

[P3-33] 곰피 추출물의 α-amylase, trypsin 및 lipase 저해활성

정지연,송유진,김꽃봉우리,이청조,곽지희,최문경,김민지,김동현,선우찬,김태완,안동현 한국식품영양과학회 2010 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2010 No.10

주거시설 침입범죄 예방을 위한 방범인증시설 CPTED 사업의 효과 연구

정지연,박현호 한국셉테드학회 2022 한국셉테드학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Domestic burglaries are serious crimes that infringe on tranquility and safety in residential spaces, and have a huge impact on the fear of crime among the victims and local residents. In order to reduce these burglaries and crime fears, we compared before and after installation of certified security products using Target Hardening, one of CPTED's strategies to more directly and effectively block and prevent burglaries. For the first time in Korea, crime prevention facilities were deployed in Maesan-dong-gil, Gongju-si, through the revision of local government ordinances, and the effect of the above certified security products support project was analyzed. During the implementation of the project, survey data were collected from residents two times in advance and after, a single group pre- and post-measurement design method, which is a semi-experimental design method, and reliability and validity were analyzed before research hypothesis verification of the research hypothesis. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the occurrence of Burglary actually decreased after the installation of the Certified Security Products, and the specific fear of theft, robbery, sexual assault, and murder was confirmed. In addition, the perception of the effectiveness of the certified security products installation support project also showed a slight increase in positive perception in the post-survey. Lastly, it can be seen that the reliability of the local police has increased significantly in all variables of police trust, police crime prevention activity, dispatch, criminal arrest, police attitude, and cooperation with residents. Therefore, it can be seen that the installation of certified security products reduces crime rate and fear of crime, increases positive awareness of the certified security products installation support project, and increases trust in local police. If such a target hardening CPTED project is carried out more actively in the future, it will contribute to the prevention of burglary and the safety of the people, and based on this, CPTED and target hardening will become basic residential environment elements.

[P3-73] 수입 약용식물 추출물의 항산화 효과

정지연,류승호,이소정,송유진,이소영,김꽃봉우리,윤소영,이청조,박나비,곽지희,안동현 한국식품영양과학회 2009 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2009 No.11

Exploring Health Journalists’ Professional Role Conceptions: A Comparative Analysis of Newspaper and Other Health Journalists

정지연 사단법인 한국융합기술연구학회 2023 아시아태평양융합연구교류논문지 Vol.9 No.8

Health journalists play a vital role in shaping public perceptions and decisions regarding personal and public health-related issues. However, there has been limited research exploring health journalists’ professional role conceptions, and the significance of these roles for sustaining the health industries remains understudied. This research aims to address this gap and enhance understanding of the profession by exploring how health journalists perceive their professional roles and their impact on the sustainability of the health industries. By utilizing secondary data from a professional research center that conducted a national survey (N=774) of health journalists, this study reveals that health journalists prioritize their role conceptions similarly to previous research, with the order being interpretive, disseminator, adversarial, and populist mobilizer. Notably, health journalists perceive the adversarial and populist mobilizer roles much more important than journalists previously surveyed. Newspaper health journalists attribute greater importance to their professional roles than health journalists working for other news delivery channels or general newspaper journalists. Overall, health journalists earnestly strive to fulfill an educator role, which is critical for translating scientific medical information. This research sheds light on the complexities of health journalists' role perceptions and contributes to a deeper understanding of the distinct professional identity of health journalism. The study’s findings challenge conventional assumptions and have significant implications for advancing the field, fostering informed and impactful health journalism that serves both the audience and society at large.

Thermomechanical properties and shape memory effects of maleated ethylene-octene copolymer/nylon 11 blends

정지연,최명찬,장영욱 한국고분자학회 2011 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2011 No.1

동북아시아와 동남아시아의 옻나무

정지연 부산외국어대학교 아세안연구원 2011 Suvannabhumi Vol.3 No.1

웨어러블 디바이스 사용의도에 관한 실증 연구 : 수정된 기술수용모델을 중심으로

정지연,노태우 한국디지털정책학회 2017 디지털융복합연구 Vol.15 No.4

사무실 실내공기질 관리모델에 관한 연구

정지연 용인대학교 자연과학연구소 2006 自然科學硏究所論文誌 Vol.11 No.1

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헌종․철종대 성균관 과시 운영 연구

정지연 한국교육사학회 2019 한국교육사학 Vol.41 No.3

This study aims to grasp the characteristics and change of the operation of the Seonggyungwan(成均館)-Guasi(課試) by examining its concrete aspects during King Heonjong’s reign through King Cheoljong’s reign(1834-1863). During this period, Ilcha-jeon’gang(日次殿講), a regular oral test, was seldom administered. Jeolilje(節日製), Hwanggamje(黃柑製), a regular written test, and ChunChuDogi(春․秋到記), a regular written and oral test, were more commonly implemented. Eungje(應製), an irregular written test, was also often implemented. The special benefits(恩賜) of the Seonggyungwan-Guasi were expanded during King Cheoljong’s reign than King Heonjong’s. During King Heonjong’s reign through King Cheoljong’s reign, the Seonggyungwan-Guasi was implemented according to the rules. Especially during King Cheoljong’s reign, the differences between the parts of the Seonggyungwan-Guasi became weaker. This was because the level of special benefits and the style of the written test of Seonggyungwan-Guasi were similar during King Cheoljong’s reign. As a result, during King Cheoljong’s reign, the Seonggyungwan-Guasi operations were quantitatively expanded in comparison to King Heonjong’s. 본고는 헌종․철종대(1834-1863) 성균관 과시 운영의 실제를 검토하고 그 운영상의 특징 및 변화를 파악하고자 하였다. 헌종․철종대 강서 과시는 춘․추도기 전강이 가장 높은 위상을 가지고 운영되었다. 봄과 가을의 춘․추도기 전강은 대부분 결행없이 시행되고 최고은사로 1명에게 직부전시를 내리는 법규대로 운영되었다. 통독 역시 법규대로 1년 11차 시행을 기준으로 하여 운영되었지만, 해당 은사 및 관․학의 기재생(寄齋生) 보충과 관련하여 강서 응시자 중심으로 운영된 것으로 짐작된다. 일차전강은 헌종대 전반(前半)에는 시행되지 않다가, 헌종이 친정을 시작한 7년(1841) 이후로 헌종8년(1842)부터는 적게는 1년에 1번, 많게는 1년에 5번 정도 시행되었다. 철종대에 일차전강은 시행되지 않았다. 헌종․철종대 제술 과시는 정규 과시인 절일제 및 황감제, 춘․추도기 제술은 결행없이 대부분 시행되었으며, 비정기 과시인 응제도 시행되었다. 헌종대의 응제는 주로 황단참반유생응제로 시행되었는데, 철종대는 황단참반유생응제 외에도 각종 응제를 시행하였다. 철종대는 헌종대와 마찬가지로 성균관 과시가 안정적으로 시행되었지만, 이전 시기에 비하여 제술 과시에서 최고은사가 비슷해지고 은사가 확대되며 시제가 동일화되는 변화가 나타난다. 이 과정에서 철종대는 제술 과시 간 위상이나 성격의 차이는 거의 사라지게 되었고, 과시에 의한 직부전시자 수가 증가하게 되었다. 헌종대 성균관 과시는 이전 시기의 운영 규정을 준수하는 방식으로 운영되었다. 반면 철종대 성균관 과시는 규정에 의하기보다는 최고은사가 상향 조정되고 은사가 확대되는 등 양적으로 확장된 방식으로 운영되었다.