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호흡 동조 구동 팬톰을 이용한 호흡패턴에 따른 4DCT, Slow-CT의 내부표적체적 변화 연구
이순성,최상현,민철기,지영훈,김미숙,유형준,김찬형,김금배,Lee, Soon Sung,Choi, Sang Hyoun,Min, Chul Kee,Ji, Young Hoon,Kim, Mi-Sook,Yoo, Hyoung Jun,Kim, Chan Hyeong,Kim, Kum Bae 한국의학물리학회 2014 의학물리 Vol.25 No.1
본 연구에서는 호흡 동조 구동 팬톰을 이용하여 5가지의 호흡패턴에 따른 4DCT와 Slow-CT의 내부표적체적(ITV) 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 각 호흡패턴마다 호흡주기 1~4초와 표적 진폭 1~3 cm를 적용하여 4DCT와 Slow-CT를 각 3회 촬영하였다. 촬영한 영상들은 Eclipse 치료계획 시스템으로 표적을 윤곽 묘사하고 내부표적체적(ITV) 길이와 체적을 측정하였으며, 4DCT, Slow-CT의 ITV 길이와 체적의 평균값을 이론값과 비교하여 분석하였다. 4DCT에서의 ITV 길이와 체적은 호흡주기가 길수록, 표적 진폭이 짧을수록 이론값과의 차이가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. Slow-CT에서는 표적 진폭이 커질수록 4DCT와 마찬가지로 이론값과의 차이가 커졌으나 호흡주기에 따른 ITV 길이와 체적의 변화는 호흡주기 1초에서 가장 이론값 비슷하였고 2~4초 내에서는 재현성의 변화가 근소했다. 호흡패턴에 따라서는 4DCT, Slow-CT 모두 ITV 길이와 체적에 대해 A패턴에서 가장 높은 재현성을 보였고, B, C, D패턴은 서로 비슷한 차이를 보였으며 E패턴은 다른 네 패턴에 비해 이론값과의 차이가 가장 컸다. 4DCT에 대한 Slow-CT의 ITV 길이와 체적의 차이는 모든 호흡패턴에 대하여 호흡주기가 길수록, 표적 진폭이 클수록 증가하였다. 4DCT와 Slow-CT 영상간의 ITV 길이 및 체적에 대한 재현성을 비교했을 때 Slow-CT가 4DCT에 비해 평균적으로 약 22% 낮았으며, 호흡패턴에 따라 상, 하 방향에 대해 표적의 재현성이 달라졌다. A, B, C패턴의 경우 상, 하 방향으로 3 mm, E패턴은 상 방향에 비해 하 방향에서 5 mm의 차이를 보인 반면에 D패턴에서는 상 방향으로는 차이가 없었으나 하 방향으로 1.45 cm의 차이가 났다. 따라서 4DCT에 대하여 Slow-CT에 표적 움직임을 고려한 여유를 설정할 경우에는 호흡패턴에 따라 상, 하 방향에 다른 여유를 정의해야 한다고 판단된다. 향후 환자의 호흡신호를 바탕으로 CT 영상을 분석할 때 본 연구에서 수행한 데이터가 유용하게 사용될 것으로 사료된다. The objective of this study is to investigate the difference of ITV lengths and ITVs between 4DCT and Slow-CT images according to respiratory patterns using a respiratory motion phantom. The respiratory periods 1~4 s and target motion 1~3 cm were applied on each respiratory pattern. 4DCT and Slow-CT images were acquired for 3 times. 4DCT and Slow-CT ITVs were measured with contouring the target in the Eclipse RTP system. The measured ITV lenghts and ITVs in 4DCT and Slow-CT images were compared to the known values. For the ITV lengths and ITVs in the 4DCT, the difference of them were reduced as the respiratory period is longer and target motion is shorter. For the Slow-CT, there was same tendency with change in 4DCT ITV lengths and ITVs about target motion. However, the difference of ITV lengths and ITVs for the respiratory periods were the lowest in respiratory period 1 second and different slightly within respiratory period 2-4 seconds. According to the respiratory patterns, pattern A had the highest reproducibility. Pattern B, C and D were showed the difference similar to each other. However, for pattern E, the reproducibility was the lowest compared with other four patterns. The difference of ITV lengths and ITVs between Slow-CT and 4DCT was increased by increasing the respiratory periods and target motion for all respiratory patterns. When the difference of Slow-CT ITV lengths and ITVs were compared with that of 4DCT ITV lengths and ITVs, Slow-CT ITV lengths and ITVs were approximately 22 % smaller than 4DCT, and the representations of target were different in each pattern. In case of pattern A, B and C, length difference was 3 mm at S (superior) and I (inferior) direction, and the length difference of pattern D was 1.45 cm at only "I" direction whereas the length difference of pattern E was 5 mm longer in "S" direction than "I" direction. Therefore, the margin in SI directions should be determined by considering the respiratory patterns when the margin of Slow-CT is compensated for 4DCT ITV lengths. Afterward, we think that the result of this study will be useful to analyze the ITV lengths and ITVs from the CT images on the basis of the patient respiratory signals.
원자력발전소 안전계통 소프트웨어의 확인/검증을 위한 시험장치 개발에 관한 연구
이순성,서영,문채주,Lee, Sun-Sung,Suh, Young,Moon, Chae-Joo 한국에너지학회 1998 에너지공학 Vol.7 No.1
원자력 안전계통의 일부분인 컴퓨터의 사용은 일반 산업분야에서 명시되지 않은 부가적인 요건 즉 소프트웨어의 확인 및 검증, 하드웨어의 품질요건이 요구된다. 원자력 발전소에서 사용되는 컴퓨터는 컴퓨터 하드웨어, 소프트웨어, 펌웨어 및 연계장치를 포함하는 시스템이다. 원자력 안전등급을 갖는 컴퓨터 시스템을 개발하기 위해서는 우선적으로 개발환경이 요구되고 개발된 소프트웨어는 원자력 코드 및 표준에 따라 확인 및 검증되어야 한다. 이러한 요건 때문에 원자력 발전소 안전계통의 하나인 부적절노심감시계통에 대한 시험설비가 개발되었다. 시험설비는 입출력 모의설비, 자료수집계통 케비넷 및 감시컴퓨터의 3부분으로 구성된다. 이 시스템의 성능을 수동시험절차에 따라 검증되었다. The use of computers as part of nuclear safety systems elicits additional requirements-software verification and validation (v/v), hardware qualification-not specifically addressed in general industry fields. The computer used in nuclear power plants is a system that includes computer hardware, software, firmware, and interfaces. To develop the computer systems graded with nuclear safety class, the developing environments have to be required in advance and the developed software have to be verified and validated in accordance with nuclear code and standards. With this requirements, the test facility for Inadequate Core Cooling Monitoring System (ICCMS) as one of safety systems in the nuclear power plants was developed. The test facility consists of three(3) parts such as Input/Output (I/O) simulator, Plant Data Acqusition System (PDAS) cabinets and supervisory computer. The performance of the system was validated by manual test procedure.
이순성,배상균,박윤수,박지선,김태현,윤혜경,안효정,이석모 대한핵의학회 2017 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.51 No.1
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the SUVmax of primary breast cancer lesions and the molecular subtypes based on the recommendations of the St. Gallen consensus meeting 2013. Methods Clinical records of patients who underwent F-18 FDG PET/CT for initial staging of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast were reviewed. A total of 183 patients were included. SUVmax was correlated with the molecular subtypes defined by the St. Gallen Consensus Meeting 2013, i.e., luminal A-like (LA), luminal B-like HER2 negative (LBHER2-), luminal Blike HER2 positive (LBHER2+), HER2 positive (HER2+), and triple negative (TN), and with the clinicohistopathologic characteristics. Results The molecular subtype was LA in 38 patients, LBHER2- in 72, LBHER2+ in 21, HER2+ in 30, and TN in 22. The mean SUVmax in the LA, LBHER2-, LBHER2+, HER2+, and TN groups were 4.5 ± 2.3, 7.2 ± 4.9, 7.2 ± 4.3, 10.2 ± 5.5, and 8.8 ± 7.1, respectively. Although SUVmax differed significantly among these subtypes (p < 0.001), the values showed a wide overlap. Optimal cut-off SUVmax to differentiate LA from LBHER2-, LBHER2+, HER2+ and TN were 5.9, 5.8, 7.5, and 10.2 respectively, with area under curve (AUC) of 0.648, 0.709, 0.833, and 0.697 respectively. The cut-off value of 5.9 yielded the highest accuracy for differentiation between the LA and non-LA subtypes, with sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of 79.4 %, 57.9 %, and 0.704 respectively. Conclusion The SUVmax showed a significant correlation with the molecular subtype. Although SUVmax measurements could be used along with immunohistochemical analysis for differentiating between molecular subtypes, its application to individual patients may be limited due to the wide overlaps in SUVmax.