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이윤제 아주대학교 법학연구소 2015 아주법학 Vol.9 No.1
공소장일본주의와 증거분리제출제도가 시행됨에 따라 2007년 한국 형사소송법은 검사가 공소제기 후에 가지고 있는 증거를 피고인에게 공개하는 증거개시제도를 도입하였다. 국가기관이자 법률전문가인 검사는 피고인에 비하여 월등히 우월한 증거수집능력을 가지고 있다. 따라서 피고인은 검사가 수사단계에서 수집한 증거들의 내용을 알지 못한 채 제대로 된 변론준비를 할 수 없다. 특히, 이념적으로는 당사자주의를 강화했으면서도 현실에서는 여전히 수사단계에서 대부분의 증거자료가 수집되고 이를 기초로 한 재판이 이루어지고 있는 한국에서 증거개시제도는 피고인의 방어권을 실질적으로 보장하는 수단으로 기능하여야 한다. 그러나 증거개시의 대상이 제한적인 점, 검사가 증거개시를 거부하거나 제한할 수 있는 사유가 포괄적인 점, 법원의 증거개시결정에 대하여 검사가 이를 이행하지 않는 경우에도 이에 대처할 수 있는 수단이 해당 증거신청을 할 수 없는 정도에 그치고 있는 점 등 현행 제도에는 많은 문제점이 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 현실에서 검사가 증거개시에 대하여 거부감을 가지고 이를 회피하고자 하는 경우에는 증거개시제도는 피고인의 방어권 행사를 실질적으로 보장하는 기능을 하지 못할 것이다. 이러한 문제점을 보완하기 위하여 첫째는 현행 법제도를 개선하여 제도 자체의 하자를 보완하고, 둘째는 검사의 객관의무를 내면화하는 직업윤리의 강화에 의하여 검사에 의한 자발적 증거개시를 유도하고, 셋째는 검사의 업무에서 증거개시 이행의 비중을 높임과 동시에 검사의 인사평정에 이를 반영함으로써 검사가 이를 충실히 이행하도록 유인하여야 할 것이다. South Korea’s criminal justice system was said to belong to traditional continental law system until it has recently introduced many features of adversarial system into the criminal procedure. Before the revision of criminal procedure in 2007, the Korean Criminal Procedure Act(hereinafter the “ACT”) did not obligate the prosecution to provide defense with evidence which it held after indictment of crimes. Nonetheless, the defense could access to evidence via the court because the prosecution submitted to the court all relevant material which they had in its hands along its indictment of the crime. Since the court made a decision that it would not take any evidence from the prosecution except for the indictment paper at the outset of trial, in 2007, the ACT was revised to provide defense with the way the defense has access to the materials which the prosecution holds before the prosecution submits them into evidence. The ACT Article 266-3 (Inspection and Copying of Documents and Articles in Custody of Public Prosecutor Subsequent to Indictment) provides that a defendant or his defense counsel may file an application with the prosecutor to ask the prosecutor to allow him to inspect or copy, or deliver in writing, a list of the documents or articles relating to the case indicted (hereinafter “documents”) and the certain documents that are likely to have influence over admission of indicted facts or sentencing. The documents includes the following: 1. Documents that the public prosecutor would produce as admissible evidence; 2. A paper that describes the names of persons whom the public prosecutor plans to produce as witnesses and their involvement in the case or documents that contain statements made prior to trial; 3. Documents relating to the weight of evidence of the paper or documents under subparagraph 1 or 2; and 4. Documents relating to arguments made by the defendant or his defense counsel on matters of law and fact (including the records of related criminal trial for which adjudication is finally closed and the records of cases for which non-prosecution has been disposed of). Critics point out that this newly adopted discovery system does not fully ensure fair, full and timely disclosure of information favorable to an accused so that it fails to achieve the goal of fair trial and due process of law in a criminal action. Many scholars agreed that the scope of disclosure is too narrow and the stipulations of exception for disclosure is too vague and abstract resulting in the prosecution’s possible abuse. It is desirable to eventually revise the Korean Criminal Procedure Act into such a form more favorable to defense just as ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 3.8(Special Responsibilities of a Prosecutor) which provides that “The prosecutor in a criminal case shall make timely disclosure to the defense of all evidence or information known to the prosecutor that tends to negate the guilt of the accused or mitigates the offense, and, in connection with sentencing, disclose to the defense and to the tribunal all unprivileged mitigating information known to the prosecutor, except when the prosecutor is relieved of this responsibility by a protective order of the tribunal.” While I agree with the majority of scholars, I also suggest that we should emphasize prosecutors’ ethical aspect such as obligation of objectiveness in applying the evidence disclosure for the purpose of actual benefit of defense. Last but not least, there should be various incentives for prosecutors to perform faithfully their duties of evidence disclosure as prescribed in the Act.
이윤제 한국형사법학회 2017 형사법연구 Vol.29 No.2
검찰개혁 방안의 하나로 지방검찰청 검사장을 주민에 의해 선출하는 검사장 직선제가 제시되고 있다. 검사장 직선제에 의하면 검찰은 대검찰청(고등검찰청)과 18개의 지방검찰청이 내부적으로 사실상 분할된다. 대검찰청과 고등검찰청이라는 중앙검찰로부터 독립된 의사를 갖는 분할된 18개의 지방검찰청의 존재는 전국적으로 통일되고 일치된 의사에 따라 일사분란하게 움직이는 하나의 검찰이 사라진다는 의미에서 검찰의 권력 약화를 의미한다. 강력한 중앙집권적 검찰의 분권화는 검찰권 자체를 축소시키고 검찰의 권한남용을 견제하는 역할을 하는 것처럼 보인다. 그러나, 현재의 막강한 검찰권을 그대로 유지한 상태에서 검사장 직선제를 도입하는 경우에는 그 도입취지와 달리 검찰권을 강화하는 결과가 될 수 있다. 검사장 직선제를 실시하고 있는 대표적인 나라는 미국이다. 미국에서도 검사장 직선제에 대하여 검사장의 정치인화, 권한남용, 주민통제의 허구화에 대한 비판이 있다. 미국에서 검사장을 선출함으로써 생긴 부작용은 미국의 분권화, 다원화된 사회구조에 의해 감당할 정도이다. 그러나, 현재의 우리나라는 미국과 같은 다원화, 분권화된 정치, 사회 구조가 아직 아니다. 검사장 직선제를 도입하려면 먼저 선출된 검사장의 막강한 권력을 통제할 수 있는 장치가 준비되어 있어야 한다. 검사장 직선제의 도입전에 검찰권을 대폭 축소시키고, 서울로 집중된 정치, 경제력을 지방으로 분산시켜야 하고, 각 검찰청의 관할구역을 재조정하여 거대 규모의 검찰청이 존속하는 것을 막아야 한다. 검찰권이 충분히 약화되고 사회가 다원화되어 선출직 검사장의 출현에 의해 검찰권이 그 이전보다 강화되는 현상이 발생하더라도 검찰권의 남용과 정치화가 크게 문제되지 않을 수 있는 사회구조를 만든 후에 검사장 직선제의 도입 여부를 검토하는 것이 타당하다. This article explains why the Korean Prosecutors’ Office(KPO) should be reformed and how its reformation could be achieved. There are two approaches why and how KPO should be reformed. The first approach blames KPO’s politicalization on the pressure from the President(Extrinsic Approach). This approach suggests that reformation should focus on preventing the President from intervening KPO’s personnel matters. The other approach argues KPO has been politicalized and corrupt because it occupies too much power in the criminal justice system(Inherent Approach). This approach suggests that KPO’s power should be reduced and other organizations should check KPO’s power. While KPO’s political independence matters, the author joins the Inherent Approach. The idea of introducing the Korean Corruption Investigation Office(KCIO) into Korean justice system is supported by Inherent Approach because KCIO’s creation will reduce KPO’s power and bring checks and balances mechanism between KPO and KCIO. Some scholars support the elected district attorneys as means of reformation of KPO. However popular election of district attorneys in the USA has caused them to expand their power. District attorneys abused their absolute power but popular vote was determined not by merit but by popularity which is not always based on merit. Introducing the election of district attorneys will increase KPO’s power, which is against the purpose of reformation. To make it worse, election of district attorneys makes district attorneys and their assistant prosecutors politician. In order for the election of district attorneys to be introduced into Korea, there must be prerequisites such as reduction of KPO’s power and decentralization of Korean Society. Our society is not ready to introduce elected district attorneys yet.
투수성 폴리머 콘크리트의 공극률, 투수계수 및 동결융해 후 압축강도
이윤제,Aryssa Kathreen Marcaida,안재훈,이태형,차명환 한국방재학회 2019 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.19 No.3
도시 수환경 개선을 위한 저영향개발 기법의 요소 기술 중 하나인 투수성 포장은 현재 국·내외에서 그 적용 사례가 빠른 속도로 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 투수성 폴리머 콘크리트 포장재를 대상으로, 콘크리트 배합에의 규사 함유량에 따른 공극률과 투수계수를 분석하고, 또한 동결융해 처리 전·후의 압축강도를 평가하였다. 규사 함유량이 증가함에 따라 같은 다짐 정도에서 단위중량이 증가하였으며, 이에 따라 공극률과 투수계수가 감소하는 결과를 보였다. 압축강도의 경우, 규사 함유량 증가에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 전체 골재 중 규사가 30%에 해당하는 경우에는 경교통량 하의 설계기준을 만족할 것으로 예측되었다. 본 논문에서는 300회의 동결융해 반복과정을 거쳤으며, 이 후의 압축강도는 초기 값의 약 60% 정도에 해당하는 것으로 나타났다. 투수성 포장재의 동결융해 시험에 대한 기준은 아직 정립된 바 없으며, 국내 기후환경에 적합한 동결융해 사이클과 포화 조건의 개발을 통해 동결융해 저항성에 대한 시험 기준을 개발하여야 할 것으로 판단된다. Permeable pavements are one of the most widely employed low impact development techniques. In this study, the physical characteristics of permeable polymer concrete materials were assessed. For varying contents of silica sand, the porosity, permeability, and compressive strength were experimentally evaluated before and after freeze-thaw cycles. The results indicate that specimens with a high content of silica sand possess low porosity, low permeability, and high compressive strength. Additionally, under identical compaction efforts, specimens with greater content of silica sand had higher unit weights. After 300 freeze-thaw cycles, the compressive strength of the specimens reduced to approximately 60% of the initial value. The standards for moisture conditions associated with freezing and thawing of permeable concrete have not been established yet. Hence, it is necessary to develop testing standards that take Korean environments into consideration.
이윤제 대검찰청 2009 형사법의 신동향 Vol.23 No.-
기술의 발달과 더불어 컴퓨터의 광범위한 사용 및 인터넷의 보급은 최근에 형사소송법이 예상하지 못한 새로운 종류의 증거들을 만들어 내고 있다. 소위 디지털 증거의 매체독립성, 비가시성・비가독성, 원본과 사본의 구별 곤란성, 취약성, 저장 정보의 대량성, 전문성, 네트워크 관련성 등은 디지털 증거를 수집하는 절차, 증거조사 절차 등 광범위한 영역에서 기존의 형사소송법이 유형물을 예정하여 마련하여 놓은 규범들에 대하여 재검토를 요구하게 되었다. 디지털 증거의 압수, 수색 방법 및 그 증거능력을 고찰함에 있어서 과학의 진보 및 현실을 받아들이지 않고 디지털 증거의 존재를 무시, 부정하는 입장도 부당하지만, 디지털 증거의 특성만을 강조하여 우리 헌법이 보장하는 근본적인 가치들, 영장주의, 적법절차, 인권보호의 취지를 약화시키는 해석도 부당하다. 결국 디지털 증거에 대한 압수, 수색에 대하여는 개인의 프라이버시권을 존중하고, 헌법상의 영장주의와 적법절차, 인권보장의 정신을 실질적으로 침해하지 않는 범위 내에서 압수, 수색의 대상인 디지털 증거의 성질을 고려하여 형사소송법상의 압수, 수색의 규정을 준용하는 방식에 의해서 디지털 증거에 대한 압수, 수색을 허용하여야 하고, 디지털 증거의 증거능력에 대하여는 헌법정신에 부합하고 디지털 증거의 특성을 고려하는 적법한 절차에 따라 수집된 디지털 증거에 대하여 특히 무결성의 문제 및 전문법칙 적용을 중심으로 고찰하여야 할 것이다. The development of high-technology, the advent of computer, and the widespread distribution of the internet have been producing new evidence which the present criminal procedure law did not expect before. Digital evidence has unique characteristics such as latency, fragility, massiveness, network relationship, etc. It is impossible to apply the present norm, which is supposed to be applied to the tangible evidence, to the digital evidence, because digital evidence is not tangible evidence but information itself and it has unique distinctions above mentioned which are not shared by tangible evidence. While it is more desirable to solve this issue would be to make proper regulations about digital evidence, we, at this point, are required to provide the law enforcement and the judiciary with the proper guidance for the way how to handle this phenomenon appropriately. In principle, while the spirit of the Constitutional Law such as due process of law, freedom from the unreasonable search and seizure, and the protection of privacy should be fully respected, the rules for the search and seizure of tangible evidence would be applied to digital evidence Mutatis mutandis. Furthermore, the admissibility of digital evidence such as integrity of digital evidence including the exclusionary rule must be carefully approached considering the dispositions of digital evidence.
이윤제 아주대학교 법학연구소 2012 아주법학 Vol.6 No.2
인권 보장의 차원에서 범죄혐의가 없는 자는 가급적 빨리 형사절차에서 해방시켜 주고 일상적인 생활을 영위할 수 있도록 하는 것이 중요하며, 이는 형사절차의 전체적 비용 절감 및 효율성이라는 측면에서도 바람직하다. 일부 대통령 후보는 기소배심제의 도입을 공약으로 제시하였다. 그 동안 쟁점이 되어 왔던 검사의 불기소처분에 대한 통제 이외에도 검사의 부당한 공소제기에 대한 통제 장치에 대한 논의가 필요한 시점이 되었다. 검사의 공소권 통제 이론으로 공소권남용론도 검토될 수 있다. 그러나, 법적 안정성, 획일성을 중시하는 형사소송법의 절차법적 특성에 비추어 명문의 근거 없이 공소권남용론을 실제 사례에서 적용하는 것은 무리가 있을 수 있다. 따라서 공소권남용론을 형사소송법에 도입하기 위하여는 충분한 입법적인 조치가 선행되어야 할 것으로 보인다. 미국의 대배심 또는 기소배심제도 검사의 공소권 통제 제도로 검토될 수 있다. 그러나, 기소배심제를 도입할 경우에 그것이 검찰권의 통제 장치로 작용할 것인지, 검찰권의 강화로 이어질 것인지가 명확하지 않다. 따라서 그 도입 여부에 대하여 매우 신중한 태도를 기할 필요가 있으며 도입하는 경우에도 구체적인 내용에 있어서 도입한 취지에 반하여 오히려 검찰권의 강화로 작동하지 못하도록 많은 제도적 보완장치를 마련하여야 할 것이다. ICC의 공소사실확인제도는 검사의 공소제기에 대한 본안재판을 하는 재판부와 별도의 재판부나 재판관으로 하여금 검사의 공소에 대하여 충분한 혐의가 있는지를 판단하게 함으로써 검사의 공소제기의 타당성을 일차적, 예비적으로 검토하도록 하는 제도이다. 독일의 중간절차는 검사가 제기한 공소사실에 대하여 법원이 본안재판에 들어가기 전에 참심원을 배제한 심리절차에서 검사의 공소제기에 대한 일차적 판단을 한다. ICTY, ICTR의 공소장인가제도는 독일의 중간절차와 유사하다. 현재 공소장일본주의, 증거분리제출주의를 채택함으로써 공판중심주의를 강화하려는 우리 형사소송법의 경향은 ICC의 입법례와 더 부합하며 추후 이 제도의 적극적 도입 여부를 검토할 필요가 있다.
이윤제 한국형사판례연구회 2010 刑事判例硏究 Vol.18 No.-
The exclusionary rule is a judge-made doctrine that prohibits introduction of evidence obtained in violation of a defendant's Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendment to the US Constitution. The Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution provides: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. The exclusionary rule enforces this constitutional provision by excluding from the trial of a case any evidence that has been obtained by the government through means which violate the Fourth Amendment. The exclusionary rule operates as a bar to the use of evidence obtained as a result of an illegal search or seizure. The US courts have been reluctant to impose exclusion as a judicial remedy for a violation of a federal statute or regulation, or a Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. The other major civilized country, such as UK, Canada, Japan, France, Italy, and Germany, also have their own exclusionary rule related with the improperly, illegally or unconstitutionally obtained evidence. The revised Code of Korean Criminal Procedure introduced the exclusionary rule of the US to the criminal justice system where Korean Supreme Court has been refusing to apply the rule to the material evidence which is obtained by the illegal search or seizure of the government. It provides that the evidence which is obtained by violating due process of law shall not be admitted. The admission of the evidence, in Korea, depends on whether the government followed the due process of law while the evidence that has been secured by violation of the constitutional right shall be excluded in US. In addition, the major opinion of Korean Supreme Court recently held that, in principle, the exclusionary rule should be applied to the material evidence if the evidence was obtained by the search or seizure process which did not follow the Korean Constitutional Law and Criminal Procedure Law. According to this ruling, there is a chance that the slight violation of the Criminal Procedure Code by investigative agents would result in exclusion. I disagree with this opinion of Korean Supreme Court because this opinion did not deeply considered the one of the goals in criminal procedure - the discovery of the truth. The standard of the exclusionary rule must be whether the illegality of government's violation is substantial or serious considering the spirit of due process of law. It was the minor opinion of that Supreme Court's ruling.
수종신경제(數種神經濟)가 조직비반세포 변동에 미치는 역할에 대한 실험적(實驗的) 연구
이윤제 대한피부과학회 1968 대한피부과학회지 Vol.6 No.1
With the artificially applied local inflammatory stimulus by ultraviolet irradiation to the inner aspect of the left albino rat thigh skin, the tissue mast cell changes were observed for the nerve effectiveness on the irradiated thigh (Lt.) and non-irradiated opposite thigh (Rt.) and tongue. Using the distilled water (for control group), Bistrium Bromide blocking agent), Yhenobarbital Sodium (sedative and hypnotic) and (autonomic ganglion Reserpine (tranquillizer) were regularly subcutaneously injected every 8 hours, and the following results of most cell changes were observed. 1) Without ultraviolet ray irradiation, the rats of first group were received distilled water and average number of mast cells at the Rt. and Lt. inner aspects of thigh and tongue were gradually decreased and 24 hours after injection, the number of each part showed lowed curve, that was 85. 1%, 84. 8% and 91. 8% of normal average number. On the second and 4th day of the injection, increasing number of each part reached to the normal average number. The 7th day of injection maximum number of above average was l02.1%, 110.8% and 110.7%. 2) With the ultraviolet ray irradiation the rats of second group received distilled water. At the Rt, and Lt. inner aspects of the thigh and tongue, the average number of mast cells gradually decreased and on the 4th day of the injection, the lowest number was 59.3,$quot;o, 78.7% and 86. 2% of each average number. However on the 7th day the increasing number showed 75.0%, 84.6% and 89.6% of average number. 3) Group 3; Received Bistrium Bromide injection respectively, 24 hours after injection at the Rt. and Lt. inner aspects of the thigh the gradually decreasing number of mast cells showed the lowest curve, it accounted 70.6% and 74.0% of normal value. However at the tongue it was 77.2% on the second day of injection. Their highest number was seen on the 7th day, it was 95.7%, 100.5% and 107. 8% respectively. 4) Group 4; Received Bistrium Bromide and ultraviolet ray irradiation, the average number of mast cells at the Rt. and Lt. inner aspects of the thigh and tongue showed decreasing curve. On the second day of injection the lowest number was 43.3%, 65.4% and 74.9/o of normal value respectively. On the 4th day of injection and irradiation the average number was increased, then after 7th day of injection maximum value was 93. 7%, 92.1% and 115.1% of normal number. 5) Group 5; Received Phenobarbital Sodium, the average number of mast cells at the Rt. and Lt. inner aspects of the thigh and tongue was gradually decreased, the lowest number was seen on the 24 hours after injection, it was 76.7%, 8.7% and 90. 9% of normal value. On the second and 4th day of injection, the curve was increased and on the 7tIi day, the highest value was 106.5%, 104.8% and 104. 6% of normal average value. 6) Group 7; Received Phenobarbital Sodium with ultraviolet rayirradiation at the Rt. and Lt. inner aspects of the thigh and tongue, the average number of must cells were gradually decreased. On the 4th day of injection and irradiation, they reached to the lowest number, and it was 43.3%, 80.6% and 74.0% of normal number. On the 7th day it showed the highest value of 74.9%, 97.2% and 95.8% respectively. 7) Group 7; Received Reserpine at the Rt. and Lt. inner aspect; of the thigh and tongue, the number of mast cells gradually decreased. On the 4 hours after injection 85.4%, 84.0% and 87.9% of average normal number was seen. On the second day, respectively number was increased. On the 7th day maximum increasing number was 103.1%, 115.2% and 95.0% of normal average number. 8) Group 8; Received Reserpine and ultraviolet ray irradiation, the decreasing number of mast cells reached to the lowest value on the 4th day after injection, it was 53.5%, 80.3% and 84. 4% of normal value. On the 7th day of procedure, increased number showed 94.8%, 110.3% and 92.9 % of normal value. From the above experimental study, Ristrium Bromide, Phenobarhital Scdium and Reserpibne gave some effect to the change of mast cell at the irracliaticn area by ultraviolet ray and non-irradiated distant part.