'폐경기 증후군'에 관한 의학지식의 비판적 고찰

박은옥,Park, Eun-Ok 한국지역사회간호학회 1996 지역사회간호학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examine the medicalizing process of menopanse with literature review, and then is to explore the knowledge of 'menopausal syndrome' critically, focused on four critics on the biomedical model which were suggested by Mishler. Although menopause is a natural biological phenomenon, the view of many medical researchers and practitioners is that menopause is a disease. After synthetic estrogen was developel in 1938, physicians did agree on two basic assumptions : menopausal women should be managed by physicians, and medical intervention should be given. Menopouse was defined as a deficiency disease (estrogen difficiency) by Wilson in 60's and is redefined as a cause of disease(for example, osteoporosis, heart disease) at the present. But the other view of non-medical researcher is that 'menopausal syndrome' as a disease is constructed medically. It was reported that Only hot flush and sweating of physical symptoms experienced by menopausal women, were associated with menopause. Symptoms of menopausal syndrome are also related with symptons of aging. So, it cann't conclude that menopausal syndrome is resulted from menopause, and it cann't be only explained that menopausal syndrome is related causally to estrogen deficiency, and only treatment by ERT or HRT is best relevant. It cann't assume that menopausal syndrome is a common phenomenon to all menopause women, because culture affected on women's experience of menopause.

문헌자료를 통해본 한ㆍ중 음악교류

박은옥,문주석 한국국악학회 2014 한국국악학회 학술대회 Vol.2014 No.05

지금까지 한반도와 중국의 음악교류에 대한 논저와 논문은 적지 않게 발표되어 왔으 며, 한·중 음악 교류에 대한 연구도 활발하게 진행되고 있는 양상을 보여주고 있다. 하 지만 기존의 연구결과를 살펴보면 한·중의 음악 교류에 대하여 중국 음악이 한반도로 유입되는 배경과 과정, 그리고 그 후 정착과 변화되는 과정, 그리고 유입된 중국음악으 로 인해 한국전통음악이 변화되는 과정 등을 살피는 것에 중점을 두었던 것 같다. 비록 한·중의 음악 교류에 있어서 한반도로 유입된 중국 음악이 월등히 많고, 한반도의 음악 영역에 적지 않는 영향을 주었다는 것은 누구도 부인할 수 없는 사실이다. 하지만 반대 로 한반도의 음악문화가 중국으로 전해진 경우도 발견할 수 있다. 이는 수·당시대의 칠 부기(七部伎), 구부기(九部伎), 십부기(十部伎)에 고려기(高麗伎)가 포함되어 있다는 것에 서 확인할 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 매우 안타까운 것은 기록이 대부분 단편적(斷片 的)이고, 부족한 자료로 인하여 중국으로 전해진 한반도음악에 대한 연구가 쉽지 않다는 것이다. 그렇기 때문에 지금까지 중국에 남아있는 한반도 음악에 대한 연구는 주로 고려 기(高麗伎)를 중심으로 연구되어 왔다. 주지하듯이 근원이 다른 문화나 사상을 서로 소통하는 것을 교류라고 하며, 지금까지 의 연구 성과에서 보여준 것처럼 한·중의 음악교류는 양쪽으로의 교류보다 한쪽으로 치우쳐진 양상이 더 강하게 나타나고 있다. 그렇다면, 한반도와 중국 사이에 이루어졌던 음악교류가 실제로 어떠한 양상으로 진행되어 왔는지의 의문이 제기된다. 특히 한반 도의 음악이 중국에 존재하였던 진면목(眞面目)은 아직까지도 정확하게 파악되지 못 하고 있다는 점에서 많은 아쉬움을 남긴다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 논문에서 는 한·중 양국의 문헌자료에 대한 체계적인 조사를 통하여 한·중 음악교류의 양상을 알아보려고 한다. A considerable number of books and papers have been published on the subject of music exchange between the Korean peninsular and China. In addition, studies are being continuously conducted on this subject. However, studies on music exchange between Korea and China so far have been focusing on examining background and the course of the introduction of Chinese music to the Korean peninsula, how Chinese music became established and changed since then and the process of change Korean traditional music underwent as a result of the Chinese music. In Korea - China music exchange, no one can deny the fact that the number of Chinese music flown into the Korean peninsular was far larger than that of Korean music to China and that Chinese music exerted significant impact on music in the Korean peninsula. However, reversely, there have been instances where the music culture of Korea was handed over to China. This is demonstrated by the inclusion of Gaoliji in Qibuji, Jiubuji and Shibuji during the era of Sui and Tang dynasties. Nevertheless, most of the records are fragmentary and insufficient. As a result, it is not easy to conduct studies on the music of the Korean peninsular handed over to China. Therefore, studies on the music of the Korean peninsular remaining in China to this day have mainly been conducted centering on Gaoliji. As is widely known, exchange is an act of communicating cultures or ideas of different roots and, as are illustrated by study outcomes so far, Korea - China music exchange has been displaying the pattern of lopsidedness rather than mutuality. If so, a question is raised as to how music exchange between the Korean peninsula and China actually took place. In particular, it is regretful that the true value of the music from the Korean peninsula that existed in China has not been identified accurately even in the present times. To solve these questions, this study aimed at examining the aspects of music exchange between the Korean peninsula and China through a systematic survey of Korean and Chinese literatures.

한국 당악(唐樂)의 유입(流入) 경로(經路) -고려와 북송을 중심으로-

박은옥 한국국악학회 2008 한국음악연구 Vol.43 No.-

본 논문에서는 당악의 유입 경로를 주제로 하여 당악이 유입된 여러 가지 경로에 대해서 알아보았다. 이러한 작업을 하기 위해서는 먼저 고려와 송, 그리고 거란의 국제적인 관계를 설명하였다. 그리고 외교 환경에 대한 조사를 선행하였고, 다시 당악의 유입에 대해서 국가교류와 민간교류로 나누어 설명하였다. 그리고 그 결과를 정리하여 보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국가교류를 통한 당악의 유입은 고려시대 전체 당악 유입의 절대적인 비중을 차지하고 있으며, 이는 당시 교통 상황들을 감안하여 보면 자체적인 음악교류는 어려웠던 점에 기인한다. 이러한 당악의 유입은 주로 두 가지 유형으로 나타나고 있으며, 하나는 송이 고려로 악기와 악인 등을 보내고, 송의 악인이 고려에 체류하면서 음악을 가르치는 것이다. 다른 하나는 고려의 악인이 사신을 따라 직접 송에 가서 음악을 배우는 것인데, 이때에 관반(館伴)의 허락을 받아야 한다. 그리고 고려의 악인은 송의 음악기관에 가서 음악을 배우는 것이 아니라 송의 기예인(伎藝人)이 고려 사신을 접대하는 동문관(同文館)에 와서 교습을 하는 것이다. 위의 두 가지 유형 외에는 고려의 사신이 음악교류에 있어서 역시 일정한 역할을 하였다고 할 수 있으며, 이는 고려 사신이 송정부에 악보를 베낄 수 있도록 요청 서류까지 올린 것에서 알 수 있다. 둘째, 민간교류를 통한 당악의 유입은 사실 국가교류를 통한 당악의 유입과 완전히 무관하지 않다. 왜냐하면 당시의 상황을 고려하여 보면 음악만의 교류가 거의 불가능하였기 때문이다. 민간의 당악 유입 역시 두 가지 양상으로 나눌 수 있다. 하나는 양국 간에 무역왕래를 하는 상인을 통해 당악의 유입이 이루어졌던 것이고, 이에 대한 기록은 <자료 4>에서 찾아볼 수 있다. <자료 4>에서 고려는 공식적인 사신을 파견하지 않고, 양국 간 무역하는 상인을 통해 송에 악인을 보내달라는 서찰을 전달하였다. 이로 인해 이루어진 음악교류를 민간음악교류라고도 볼 수 있다. 다른 하나는 고려의 사신이 송에 파견되어 당악을 유입한 것이다. 이 부분에 대해서는 고려의 사신이 나라의 임무를 완수하는 동시에 그들이 좋아하는 문집을 구입하면서 무의식적으로 당악을 들여오게 되는 것으로 이해된다. 이외에는 송의 국자감(國子監)에 입학한 고려 유학생들은 당악이 아닌 아악을 정식적으로 배우게 되었지만 이들이 후에 학업을 마치고 다시 고려로 돌아오는 과정을 보면 무의적이고 자연발생적인 음악 교류가 이루어졌을 가능성도 있다고 본다. 하지만 이 부분에 대해서는 아직까지 확실한 증거가 없어 아쉬움을 남길 수밖에 없다. This paper took up the inflow channel of Tang Music as its theme and aimed at identifying various channels in which Tang Music was flown. In order to have such works, the international relations among Goryeo, Song and Kitan Dynasts had to be described above all. In addition, the examinations regarding their diplomatic environments were preceded and the inflow of Tang Music was again described with the divisions into both national and private interchanges. The results are arranged as follows. First, the inflow of Tang Music through the national interchanges occupied the absolute weight of the whole inflow for Tang Music in the age of Goryeo , which implies any interchange of music on one’s own way must have been difficult, considering the traffic circumstances at that time. Such inflow of Tang Music is shown mainly in two patterns; one is that Song sent both musical instruments and musicians to Goryeo and Song’s musicians taught music while staying in Goryeo, and the other is that Goryeo’s musicians went directly to Song along with envoys, which required the permission of official companion for that occasion. In addition, Goryeo’s musicians were not allowed to go to Song’s musical institute but Song’s artists came to Dongmungwan to have teaching lessons, where Goryeo’s envoys were entertained. Other than those two patterns, Goryeo’s envoys are said to have played a certain role in the interchange of music as well, which can be seen that Goryeo’s envoys used to present even documents to request for Songin order to copy musical scores. Second, the inflow of Tang Music through the private interchanges in fact has something to do with the inflow of Tang Music through the national interchanges. Considering the situations at that time, it is almost impossible to have the interchange of music alone. The inflow of Tang Music in the private sector might be divided into two aspects as well. One is that the inflow of Tang Music was carried out through merchants having the traffic of trade between the two states, and the records can be found in <Material 4> regarding such facts. <Material 4> shows that Goryeo did not dispatch any official envoy but sent a letter through a merchant having trade between the two states, in which they asked Song to send musicians. The interchange of music carried out by this can be seen an interchange of music in the private sector. The other is that Goryeo’s envoys were dispatched to Song and brought in Tang Music. For this part, it is understood that Goryeo’s envoys carried out the state’s missions and at the same time they brought in Tang Music with no consciousness while buying the collections of literature that they liked. Other than those, Goryeo’s overseas students who entered into Song’s Gukjagam came to formally learn the ceremonial music, not Tang Music, but it is also likely that the unconscious and spontaneous interchange of music occurred considering the process of returning to Goryeo again after their learning later on. However, we cannot but say it is regrettable as there is no solid evidence for this part until now.

직업과 종사상의 지위를 기준으로 구분한 사회계층에 따른 건강수준의 차이

박은옥,송효정 한국직업건강간호학회 2003 한국직업건강간호학회지 Vol.12 No.2

Purpose: To investigate difference in health status by social classes in Korea through second analysis the 1999 Social Statistic Survey raw data performed by National Statistic Office. Method: 52,100 subjects were 20-64 years old and students were excluded. Health status was measured self-rated health and disease prevalence past 2 weeks. Social classes were classified 5 categories by occupations and working status and 1 category by unemployment. Result: Unemployed people reported the worst self-rated health on average, the lower social classes, the worse self-rated health and higher disease prevalence. Health inequality still existed between social classes after adjusting sex, age, and education level. Conclusion: A certain strategy for improving unemployed people's health and people who are working in craft, simple manual labor, agriculture, fishery, and forestry.

2000년 이후 한·중 고려시대 음악사 연구의 성과와 전망

박은옥,윤아영 한국국악학회 2022 한국국악학회 학술대회 Vol.2022 No.05

공자의 음악사상에 대한 고찰 - "正樂"의 提唱과 "惡鄭聲"을 중심으로

박은옥 한국국악학회 2001 한국음악연구 Vol.30 No.-

Confucius suggested 'Having no depraved thoughts'(思無邪), 'Enjoyment without being licentious and grief without being hurtfully excessive'(樂而不淫, 哀而不傷), and 'hatred of the music of Zheng(惡鄭聲)'. These are not what emphasize the function of music that express emotion, feeling, or desire, but conclusions based on ideas of Confucius like the harmony among class and the spread of benevolent government, etc. That is, music to Confucius was not a kind of thing for the sake of music itself, but a tool for realizing his thoughts, so, for him, music must be coincided with Justice(禮), and the feeling in music must be temperate by being controled by the notion of 'Enjoyment without being licentious and grief without being hurtfully excessive'(樂而不淫, 哀而不傷). For these reason, he hated the music of Zheng(鄭聲) which was the new style at that time, based on the heptatonic scale. For Confucius, the hatred of the music of Zheng(鄭聲) was the conclusion founded on the idea of Justice music(禮樂思想), because the music of Zheng(鄭聲) was quite different from the notion of 'Having no depraved thoughts'(思無邪) and of the 'Enjoyment without being licentious and grief without being hurtfully excessive'(樂而不淫, 哀而不傷) which, Confucius believed, were essential, further, it could not fulfill the function of government and education which music must keep. However, as far as we, modern times, concerned, the music of Zheng(鄭聲) must be estimated objectively by taking notice of music itself.

Principle of Proportionality of Contractual Penalty in Arbitral Awards in Russia

박은옥,Liliia Andreevskikh 한국무역학회 2023 Journal of Korea trade Vol.27 No.1

Purpose – When recovered through arbitration a contractual penalty that is disproportionately high can become grounds for challenging an arbitral award or an obstacle to its enforcement within Russian jurisdiction. This article investigates how violation of the principle of proportionality can affect the enforcement and challenging of arbitral awards in Russia. Based on the examination of the current legislation, along with the analysis of recent court cases on the subject, the ultimate object of this article is to discern practical recommendations for Korean practitioners who are looking to challenge and/or enforce arbitral awards in Russian courts. Design/methodology – The research process included the reviewing of current Russian legislation conducted in concurrence with academic literature review, searching and analyzing recent court cases where the relevant legal provisions and concepts were applied, and formulating practical implications of the research at its final stage. Findings – Through its relation to the principle of fairness/justice the authors establish the connection between the principle of proportionality and the public policy of Russia. Analysis of recent court cases showed two conflicting trends of whether a disproportionate penalty can be considered a public policy violation. The authors offer practical recommendations on how to substantiate a relevant claim regarding contractual penalty reduction by the court, depending on the desired outcome. Originality/value – The article contains an up-to-date summary of the legal provisions on the principle of proportionality of civil liability in Russia and identifies the most recent trends in court practice on the issue that is not covered by existing studies.

제주 지역 20세 이상 성인의 대사증후군 유병률 및 대사증후군 구성요소와 관련 건강행위

박은옥 사단법인 인문사회과학기술융합학회 2015 예술인문사회융합멀티미디어논문지 Vol.5 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence metabolic syndrome and its components, to explore the prevalence of health risk behaviors associated with metabolic syndrome, and compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome by demographic characteristics. Data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 to 2012 were used for this study. The subjects of this study were 355 adults over 20 years old who livesd in Jeju, South Korea. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 29.65% among adults in Jeju. The prevalences of metablic syndrome components were as follows; The prevalence of central obesity among subjects was 29.60%, elevated triglyceride 31.96%, decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol 46.84%, elevated blood pressure 41.44%, elevated fasting glucose 24.61%. The results showed that smokers was 26.86%, and high-risk alcohol drinkers was 16.45%. Among the subjects, 25.15% reported they walk at least 30 min a day, 41.14% were obese, and sodium intake per day was 4914.39mg. This study presented that metabolic syndrome were prevalent and the related health risk behaviors and health problem were common among adults in Jeju. Therefore, the public health strategies and clinical efforts were needed to prevent and manage this metabolic syndrome and the related health issues. 제주 지역에 거주하는 성인의 대사증후군 유병률을 파악하고, 대사증후군 구성 요소 및 이와 관련된 건강위험행위 실태를 파악하고자, 2008년부터 2012년까지 수행된 국민건강조사 원시자료에서 제주의 20세 이상 성인 355명을 대상으로 분석하였다. 연구결과 제주 지역 성인의 대사증후군 유병률은 29.65%였다. 대사증후군 구성요소별로 살펴보면, 복부비만 유병률은 29.60%, 중성지방이 높은 경우는 31.96%, 저 HDL 콜레스테롤혈증은 46.84%였으며, 혈압이 높은 경우는 41.44%, 혈당이 높은 경우는 24.61%였다. 제주 지역 성인의 흡연율은 26.86%, 고위험음주율은 16.45%, 걷기 실천율은 25.15%였으며, 일일 나트륨 섭취량은 4914.39mg 에 달하였고, 비만은 41.14%로 대사증후군의 위험요인 유병률도 높게 나타났다. 제주 지역은 대사증후군 유병률이 높을 뿐만 아니라 대사증후군 각 구성요소별 유병률도 높다. 또한 대사증후군과 관련된 건강위험행위 비율도 높으므로, 대사증후군 예방과 관리를 위하여 제주 도민의 건강생활실천 수준을 향상시키기 위한 구체적인 실행방안을 마련해야 한다.

중국으로 간 공녀(貢女)의 음악활동 양상

박은옥 한국음악사학회 2014 한국음악사학보 Vol.53 No.-

The term kongnyŏ 貢女 was first used during the period of China's Yüan 元 Dynasty. It was originated from a custom to offer women as a tribute, which is one of the conciliatory measures frequently used in the old days to prevent invasion of foreign enemies and war. In 1231, Mongolia invaded Koryŏ 高麗 and Koryŏ offered 500 boys and girls under the condition of surrender. This marked the beginning of the custom of kongnyŏ offering in the Korean peninsula. Studies on kongnyŏ have so far been focusing mostly on the aspects of politics and diplomacy at the time together with the kongnyŏ system and the lives of kongnyŏ. As a result, questions have been raised as to how kongnyŏ lived in China and what kinds of musical activities they performed. Unfortunately, absolutely no studies have been conducted on these subjects. kongnyŏ strained their every nerve to survive in the Chinese royal court and high society by making use of their beautiful looks and various talents. For this, their artistic abilities must have played a part to a degree. This is sufficiently demonstrated by the story of Hyŏnbi 賢妃 (royal concubine) Kwŏn ssi 權氏. Therefore, this study focused on examining musical activities performed by kongnyŏ, which had not been properly studied so far, especially in China. To fulfill this goal, records on musical activities of kongnyŏ were examined first together with the aspect of musical activities performed by kongnyŏ sent to China. In addition, the impact kongnyŏ's musical activities had exerted on China were explained. “공녀(貢女)”라는 명칭은 원(元)나라 때에 처음으로 사용하기 시작하였으며, 조공(朝貢)의 하나로 여자를 바친다는 것을 의미한 것인데, 과거에 외적의 침략과 전쟁을 막기 위해 자주 사용하였던 회유정책(懷柔政策) 중의 하나이다. 1231년에 몽골은 고려(高麗)를 침입하였고, 고려가 항복하는 조건으로 500명의 동남동녀(童男童女)를 바치면서 한반도 공녀 진헌(進獻)의 서막이 열리게 되었다. 지금까지의 연구 성과를 살펴보면 공녀에 대한 연구는 대부분 정치외교, 공녀제도(貢女制度), 공녀의 삶 등 측면에 중점을 두어 연구하여 왔다. 그렇다면 공녀들이 중국에서 생활하면서 어떠한 음악활동을 전개하였는지의 문제가 제기되며, 이 부분에 대한 선행 연구는 아쉽게도 전혀 발견되지 않고 있다. 공녀는 아름다운 용모와 다양한 재주를 통해 중국의 궁중과 상류사회에 살아남기 위해 온갖 노력을 기울였고, 이중에는 예술적인 재능이 어느 정도의 도움을 주었을 것이라 생각된다. 이 부분에 대해서는 현비(賢妃) 권씨(權氏)의 실화를 통해서 이미 충분히 증명되었다고 볼 수 있다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 지금까지 조명을 받지 못한 공녀들, 특히 중국에서 전개된 음악활동을 중점으로 이를 밝히려고 한다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 공녀들의 음악활동과 관련된 기록을 먼저 조사하고, 중국으로 간 공녀들의 음악활동 양상을 살펴보려고 한다. 더 나아가 공녀들의 음악활동이 중국에 어떠한 영향을 미치게 되었는지에 대한 부언 설명도 하려고 한다.

학교보건교육 현황 및 개선방안

박은옥,유선미,조홍준,이원영,전경자 韓國學校保健學會 2005 韓國學校保健學會誌 Vol.18 No.2

Purposes : This review is designed to assess the current status of health education in Korea, to identify problems within the curriculum, and to suggest ways to improve health education in Korea. Results : Korean schools currently lack a regular standardized health education curriculum. Subjects realted to health educatiion are presently taught in other disciplines, such as physical education, home management, biology, and other related subjects. The Korean health education curriculum suffers from many significant problems, including a lack of educational goals for health education, absence of designated time for health education, a lack of continuity between contents, knowledge-oriented health education, and an overall disconnect with the needs of the students. Other problems include an exclusion of health education experts in the development of the curriculum, no designated times for health education within the regular curriculum, and a lack of health teachers in schools. Conclusion : To improve health education in schools, standard health education curriculum should be developed. Health education curriculum needs to be sequential, comprehensive, and skill-based. Health education needsto be a essential subject, health teachers need to be trained, and provided with technical support.