Effects of Bloom Thinning with Lime Sulfur on Fruit Set, Yield, and Fruit Quality Attributes of ‘RubyS’ Apples

Nay Myo Win,Dongyong Lee,Juhyeon Park,Yang-Yik Song,Young Sik Cho,Youngsuk Lee,Moo-Yong Park,Hun Joong Kweon,In-Kyu Kang,Jong-Chul Nam 한국원예학회 2022 원예과학기술지 Vol.40 No.3

Bloom thinning is an important practice that influences the profitability of the orchard. Hence, we assessed the effect of chemical bloom thinning on thinning efficiency and fruit quality of ‘RubyS’ apples. Lime sulfur was applied as a bloom thinning agent at 1, 1 + 3, and 2 + 4 days after full bloom (DAFB), and non-bloom thinning trees were used as controls. Compared to the control and bloom thinning treatments at 1 DAFB and 2 + 4 DAFB, the application of bloom thinning at 1 + 3 DAFB greatly decreased the number of fruits per cluster in both terminal and lateral flowers. Although the application of bloom thinning at 2 + 4 DAFB decreased the number of fruits per cluster in the terminal flower, it did not affect the number of fruits per cluster in the lateral flower when compared to the control. At harvest, the number of fruits per tree (fruits/ tree) and yield (kg/ tree) was significantly higher in control trees than in bloom-thinned trees. However, fruit quality attributes including fruit weight and size, flesh firmness, soluble solids content, area of red-blushed surface, and a* value in the fruit were significantly improved by bloom thinning at 1 + 3 DAFB. Therefore, this study suggested that applying bloom thinning at 1 + 3 DAFB could serve as an effective thinning treatment to manage crop load in trees and improve the quality of ‘RubyS’ apple fruits.

Octyl Alcohol 처리가 ‘후지’ 사과의 착과와 과실품질에 미치는 영향

유진기,권중근,조영제,정희영,김우성,강인규 한국원예학회 2019 원예과학기술지 Vol.37 No.4

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of lime sulfur and octyl alcohol treatments on the fruit set andfruit quality of ‘Fuji’ apples. Lime sulfur (Bé 22°) was sprayed twice at 2 and 3 days after the central flower’s fullbloom (CFFB). Octyl alcohol (81%) was applied at 1 day (1D), 2 days (2D), or 3 days (3D) after CFFB in‘Fuji/M.9’ trees. The number of fruits per cluster in terminal flowers (TF) was 3.71 for the control and 1.85 forthe octyl alcohol 2D treatment, the number in lateral flowers (LF) were very low - 0.96 and 1.01 for the octylalcohol 2D and 3D treatments, respectively- compared with untreated (3.27). The percentage of central fruit percluster was 82.3% in the TF and 63.8% in the LF for the control, and 60.6% in the TF and 33.9% in the LF for theoctyl alcohol 2D treatment. Furthermore, the rate of non-fruit set per cluster in the TF was 0.7% for the controland 19.7% for the octyl alcohol 2D treatment. Single fruit rate per cluster in the TF was very low for the controlbut higher in the octyl alcohol 2D treatment. In addition, the percentage of clusters with three or more than fourfruits per cluster was 80.3% for the control, but lower for the octyl alcohol 2D treatment. There was no differencein flower bud differentiation rate and fruit quality between the control and octyl alcohol treatments. Overall, theresults indicated that octyl alcohol treatment positively affected flower thinning compared with the control. 본 연구는 ‘후지’ 품종에 석회유황합제(lime sulfur)와 옥탄올(octyl alcohol) 처리가 착과와 과실 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 석회유황합제(Bé 22°)는 ‘후지/M.9’ 나무에 중심화 만개 2일후와 3일후에 2회 처리하였고, 옥탄올은 중심화 만개1일 후(1D), 2일 후(2D), 3일 후(3D)에 각각 1회 처리하였다. 과총당 착과수는 정화아의 경우 무처리구는 3.71개, octylalcohol 2D 처리구는 1.85개였고, 액화아의 경우는 무처리구(3.27개)에 비하여 octyl alcohol 2D와 3D 처리구가 각각 0.96개와 1.01개로 매우 낮은 착과수를 보였다. 그리고 중심과 착과율은 무처리구의 경우 정화아는 82.3%, 액화아는 63.8%였고,octyl alcohol 2D 처리구의 경우 정화아는 60.6%와 액화아는 33.9%였다. 정화아의 무착과율은 무처리는 0.7%였으나, octylalcohol 2D 처리구는 19.7%로 무착과율이 높았다. 그리고 정화아에서 1과만 착과된 비율은 무처리구는 2.0%로 매우 낮았지만 octyl alcohol 2D 처리구는 23.6%로 높았다. 또한 3과와 4과 이상의 착과율을 보면 무처리구는 80.3%였으나, octylalcohol 2D 처리구는 31.5%로 가장 낮았다. 그리고 꽃눈분화율과 과실품질은 무처리구와 적화제 처리구들 간에는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 따라서 옥탄올 처리는 무처리구와 비교하여 적화제로서 긍정적인 효과를 보여주었다.

적화제 및 적과제가 ‘감홍’ 사과의 착과와 과실 품질에 미치는 영향

유진기(Jingi Yoo),강봉국(Bong Kook Kang),김대현(Dae Hyun Kim),이진욱(Jinwook Lee),이동훈(Dong Hoon Lee),권헌중(Hun-Joong Kweon),최인명(In Myung Choi),정희영(Hee Young Jung),정명근(Myoung-Gun Choung),최동근(Dong Geun Choi),강인규(In-K 한국원예학회 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.1

본 연구는 2년에 걸쳐 ‘감홍’ 품종에 석회유황합제(Lime sulfur), MaxCel(1.9% BA), Fruitone(3.5% NAA)을 처리하여 적과와 과실품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 1차년도 약제 처리에 의한 과총당 착과수는 석회유황합제 3회 처리구는 0.82개, MaxCel(10mm) 처리구 역시 1.15개로 무처리구 1.74개에 비해 유의하게 적어 적과 효과가 인정되었다. 과총당 과실의 착과수는 석회유황합제 또는 MaxCel(10mm) 처리 시 단일과 착과율이 각각 47.9%와 48.7%로 무처리 36.0%에 비하여 높았고, 3개 이상 과실 착과율이 각각 1.4%와 5.8%로 무처리 22.9%에 비해 낮아 좋은 적과 효과를 보였다. 액화아의 경우 석회유황합제 및 MaxCel(10mm) 처리구 0.36개와 0.50개로 무처리구 1.20개에 비하여 낮아 정화아에서와 비슷하게 우수한 적과 효과를 보였다. 2년차 적과 효과는 무처리를 제외한 모든 처리구에서 높은 적과 효과를 보였고, 약제 처리가 과실품질에 미치는 영향은 없었다. 따라서, 석회유황합제 또는M axCel 혼용처리보다 단용처리만으로도 착과수를 감소시키는데 효과가 있었다. This study investigated the effects of flower and fruit thinning agents on fruit set and harvested fruit quality attributes in ‘Gamhong’ apples. Lime sulfur, MaxCel (1.9% BA), and Fruitone (3.5% NAA) were applied either at post-bloom or fruitlet stages to mature ‘Gamhong/M.9’ trees. In 2011, the numbers of fruits per cluster in terminal flowers were 1.74, 0.82, and 1.15 for the control, lime sulfur, and Maxcel (applied at 10-mm fruit stage) treatments, respectively. The percentages of single fruit per cluster were 36.0, 47.9, and 48.7% for the control, lime sulfur, and Maxcel (10 mm) treatments, respectively, while the percentages of clusters with three fruits per cluster were 22.9, 1.4, and 5.8%. In lateral flowers, fruit numbers per cluster were 1.20, 0.36, and 0.50 for the control, lime sulfur, and Maxcel (10 mm) treatments, respectively. In 2012, all the thinning treatments showed a positive effect on flower and fruit thinning, compared with the control. Moreover, the treatment with thinning agents did not affect fruit quality. Overall, the results suggest that a single application of flower or fruit thinning agents would be sufficient, rather than the mixed application of thinning agents, based on the observed decrease in fruit setting.

Structural Basis of Functional Conversion of a Floral Repressor to an Activator: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

Sukki Kang,석차옥,Juyong Lee,Myeong Sup Lee 대한화학회 2008 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.29 No.2

FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) in Arabidopsis are homologous proteins that perform opposite functions: FT is an activator of flowering, and TFL1 is a repressor. It was shown before that change of a single amino acid (His88) of TFL1 to the corresponding amino acid (Tyr) of FT is enough to convert the floral repressor to an activator. However, structural basis of the functional conversion has not been understood. In our molecular dynamics simulations on modified TFL1 proteins, a hydrogen bond present in native TFL1 between the His88 residue and a residue (Asp144) in a neighboring external loop became broken by change of His88 to Tyr. This breakage induced conformational change of the external loop whose structure was previously reported to be another key functional determinant. These findings reveal that the two important factors determining the functional specificities of the floral regulators, the key amino acid (His88) and the external loop, are correlated, and the key amino acid determines the functional specificity indirectly by affecting the conformation of the external loop.

Structural Basis of Functional Conversion of a Floral Repressor to an Activator: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

Kang, Suk-Ki,Lee, Ju-Yong,Lee, Myeong-Sup,Seok, Cha-Ok Korean Chemical Society 2008 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.29 No.2

FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) in Arabidopsis are homologous proteins that perform opposite functions: FT is an activator of flowering, and TFL1 is a repressor. It was shown before that change of a single amino acid (His88) of TFL1 to the corresponding amino acid (Tyr) of FT is enough to convert the floral repressor to an activator. However, structural basis of the functional conversion has not been understood. In our molecular dynamics simulations on modified TFL1 proteins, a hydrogen bond present in native TFL1 between the His88 residue and a residue (Asp144) in a neighboring external loop became broken by change of His88 to Tyr. This breakage induced conformational change of the external loop whose structure was previously reported to be another key functional determinant. These findings reveal that the two important factors determining the functional specificities of the floral regulators, the key amino acid (His88) and the external loop, are correlated, and the key amino acid determines the functional specificity indirectly by affecting the conformation of the external loop.

적과제 처리가 ‘홍로’와 ‘후지’ 사과의 착과 및 과실품질에 미치는 영향

유진기(Jingi Yoo),박무용(Moo-Yong Park),강인규(In-Kyu Kang) 한국원예학회 2014 원예과학기술지 Vol.32 No.5

본 연구는 ‘홍로’와 ‘후지’ 품종에 benzyladenine(BA, 99% purity), MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP>(1.9% BA), Fruitone(3.5% NAA), MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> + Fruitone, simazine 등 약제들이 과실의 착과 및 과실품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. BA와 MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP>은 100㎎·L<SUP>-1</SUP> 농도로, Fruitone은 0.1㎎·L<SUP>-1</SUP> 농도로 과실직경이 6㎜인 만개 8일 후에, 그리고 simazine은 400㎎·L<SUP>-1</SUP> 농도로 만개 7일후와 14일 후에 2회 처리하였다. 적과제 처리 후 ‘홍로’ 품종의 정화아의 과총당 착과수는 MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> + Fruitone, MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP>, simazine 처리구가 각각 1.67, 1.84, 1.81개로 무처리구 2.35개보다 적어 적과효과를 보였고, 특히 무착과 과총 비율이 높아 적과효과가 더 우수하였다. ‘후지’ 품종의 경우 정화아의 과총당 착과수는 MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> + Fruitone, Fruitone, MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> 처리구가 1.29, 1.60, 1.76개로 무처리구 2.56개보다 적어 우수한 적과효과를 보였다. 또한, 두 품종 모두에서 MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> + Fruitone 혼용처리구가 MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> 단독처리구에 비하여 적과증진효과를 보였다. 그리고 액화아의 경우도 정화아의 결과와 유사한 결과를 보였다. 과중은 ‘홍로’ 품종의 BA 처리구에서, ‘후지’ 품종에서는 BA와 MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> 처리구에서 증가하였다. 그리고 가용성 고형물 함량은 두 품종 모두에서 BA, MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP>, MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> + Fruitone 처리 과실들에서 증가하였지만 다른 과실특성들은 차이를 보이지 않았다. Benzyladenine (BA, 99% purity), MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> (1.9% BA), Fruitone (3.5% NAA), MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> + Fruitone, a nd s imazine were applied postbloom as fruitlet thinning agents to mature ‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. BA and MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> were applied at 100 ㎎·L<SUP>-1</SUP> a.i. while Fruitone at 0.1 ㎎·L<SUP>-1</SUP> a.i. and simazine at 400 ㎎·L<SUP>-1</SUP> a.i. All PGRs were applied at 8 days after full bloom (DAFB, 6 ㎜ fruit diameter) in both cultivars, while simazine was treated twice at 7 and 14 DAFB. In ‘Hongro’, the number of total fruit set per flower cluster in terminal buds was 1.67, 1.84, and 1.81 in MaxCel® + F ruitone, MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP>, and simazine applications, respectively, when compared with 2.35 of water control. These reductions in fruit set were mainly attributed to the increased ratio of defruited clusters by the thinning agents. In ‘Fuji’ apple, the number of total fruit set per flower cluster in terminal buds was 1.29, 1.60, and 1.76 in MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> + F ruitone, Fruitone, a nd MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP>, respectively, when compared with 2.56 of water control in ‘Fuji’ apple. The addition of Fruitone to the MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> promoted the thinning efficacy in both cultivars, compared to MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> only. The thinning efficacies were similarly observed with lateral flowers in both cultivars. A significant increase of fruit weight by the postbloom thinning treatments was observed only in the BA application in ‘Hongro’, while the effect was observed in BA and MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> in ‘Fuji’. While the soluble solids content increased in the BA, MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP> and MaxCel<SUP>®</SUP>+Fruitone treatments in both cultivars, other fruit quality attributes were not affected by the application of post-bloom thinning agents.

수확 후 고효율 에너지 LED 광과 Azoxystrobin 처리에 대한 장미 ‘Bubble Gum’의 절화품질에 미치는 영향

박원희,조민경,김주희,이영분 한국화훼학회 2022 화훼연구 Vol.30 No.3

본 연구는 장미 ‘Bubble Gum’에 대한 수확 후 LED 광 환경과 살균제 Azoxystrobin 보존용액 처리 시 절화품질에 미치는영향을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 광은 백색 LED와 유색 LED (red:blue=5:1)로 처리하였고, 보존용액은 수돗물(tap water, TW)과 Azoxystrobin 0.05 mL・L-1를 처리하였다. 백색 LED처리의 절화수명은 TW, Azoxystrobin처리구 각각 9.6일, 9.7일로 LED 광과 보존용액 처리 간의 유의차가 없었다. 유색 LED 처리의 절화수명은 TW처리구가 13.6일, Azoxystrobin처리구가 9.8일로, 유색 LED 처리구가 대조구(백색 LED + TW)에비해 절화수명을 4일 연장시켰다. 절화수명 종료 증상은 LED 광 조건과 관계없이 Azoxystrobin처리구는 꽃잎 위조와 청변화 증상을 감소시켰다. 모든 처리구에서 상대생체중과 수분흡수율은 각각 처리 후 2일, 4일까지 증가하다 감소하는 경향을보였다. 수확 직후 대비 처리 6일 후 화색 변화율과 잎의 엽록소 함량은 수확 직후와 모든 처리구에서 차이가 없었으며, 화폭증가율도 처리 간 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 백색 LED + Azoxystrobin 보존용액처리는 절화장미의 꽃잎 위조와 청변화증상을 감소시키지만, 절화수명 연장효과가 없었으며, 적색 + 청색 LED 처리는 장미의 절화수명 연장효과에 효과적이었다.

Effects of Mechanical Flower Thinning on the Fruit Set and Fruit Quality Attributes of ‘Hongro’ Apples

Nay Myo Win,Yang-Yik Song,Jong-Chul Nam,Young Sik Cho,Sang-Jin Yang,Jingi Yoo,In-Kyu Kang,Juhyeon Park 한국원예학회 2023 원예과학기술지 Vol.41 No.2

Fatty alcohol 및 6-Benzyladenine 처리가 ‘후지’사과의 착과와 과실품질에 미치는 영향

신현우(Hyun-Woo Shin),유진기(Jingi Yoo),김우성(Woo-Sung Kim),권중근(Jung-Geun Kwon),나이묘윈(Nay Myo Win),강인규(In-Kyu Kang) 한국원예학회 2023 원예과학기술지 Vol.41 No.1