대출회수율의 결정요인에 관한 연구: 신용보증 대출을 중심으로

장영민 ( Young Min Jang ),변재권 ( Jae Kwon Byun ),최낙일 ( Nak Il Choi ) 한국금융연구원 2011 금융연구 Vol.25 No.3

While the modelling of the probability of default-henceforth PD-has been at the center of credit risk studies over the last several decades, a burgeoning literature on bank loan recovery rate only has emerged lately in line with the advent of new Basel Capital Accord capital guidelines, the prevalence of loan securitization, and the growth of credit derivative market. A majority of empirical studies concerning bank loan recovery rate-henceforth BLRr-could be fallen into one of two fields: the effect of negative correlation between PD and BLRr on credit loss of loan portfolio and the determinants of BLRr. However, to the best of our knowledge, a few reports are released to show basic characteristics of BLRr in Korea lending market, such as descriptive statistics of recovery rate. The aim of this paper is to empirically investigate the determinants of BLRr in Korea. The factors affecting BLRr documented from existing research can be classified into four categories: contract-specific characteristics, firm-specific characteristics, industry conditions, and macroeconomic conditions. None of those but collateral has drawn a consistent conclusion on BLRr. The variety of the empirical results shows that BLRr depends to a high degree on the dataset utilized, the differentiation between the practices of loan, and the calculation method, etc. In this context, after describing mean value and quantiles of BLRr in Korea lending market, we shed further light on the impact of collateral, the volume of loan, the size of firm, the state of the economy, the creditworthiness of the company, the age of firm, the intensity of the client relationship, and financial characteristics on the BLRr in Korea lending market. Our sample is from the Korea Credit Guarantee Fund`s recovery database. The data coverage is Korea small and medium sized enterprise default event of loan guaranteed. The dataset employed contains information about 30,797 companies, which are defaulted and recovered in the years from 1997 to 2008. Recovery rate is calculated as the nominal amount of recovery divided by the amount of defaulted loan. First of all, similarly to Calabrese and Zenga (2010), we found out a bi-modal distribution with peaks at the intervals from 0 to 0.05 and from 0.95 to 1. The fraction of recovery rate very close to 0 is the highest. By industry, the mean recovery rate of construction and service sectors is higher than that of manufacturing sectors. Meanwhile, as a result of analyzing factors influencing the recovery rate with the use of generalized linear regression model, dummy variable indicating whether the creditor has the collateral right on debtor`s asset or not appears to have a significantly positively effect on the recovery rate. The ratio of tangible asset to total asset as proxy variable for collateral is closely related to BLRr. This result reveals that collateral plays a dominant role in determining BLRr. In addition, we find that there is the negative relationship between the volume of loan and the recovery rate. On the contrary, the bigger the loan size is, the more the recovery amount is. This result implies that the recovery amount doesn`t necessarily increase in proportion to the loan size. A larger size of firm leads to a higher recovery amount. The size of firm is defined as the logarithm of total asset recorded on the most recent balance sheet before default. The age of firm is significantly positively related to BLRr and the amount of the recovery. Even though the impact of the intensity of client relationship on BLRr isn`t statistically significant, in view of positive correlation between client relationship and the age of firm, companies with intense client relationship with financial institution exhibits a higher recovery rate. It also appears to be the positive relationship between leverage and BLRr. Whereas, both PD and GDP growth rate do not have a significant effect on BLRr. We caution that these findings might be specific to the nature of our sample and this question is worth further examination on alternative samples in the future.

과체중 및 비만 여성에서 운동 후 ST 분절의 상승과 심박수-회복 궤도(Rate-Recovery Loop)의 변화

고성경,최건식 한국운동과학회 2004 운동과학 Vol.13 No.2

고성경, 최건식. 과체중 및 비만 여성에서 운동 후 ST분절의 상승과 심박수-회복 궤도(Rate-Recovery Loop)의 변화. 운동과학, 제13권 2호, 167-176, 2004. 과체중 및 비만이 운동 및 운동 후 ST 분절의 상승에 미치는 영향과 심박수-회복궤도(Rate-Recovery Loop)를 이용한 관상동맥 질환 위험도를 진단하기 위하여 25-40세의 여성 50명을 대상으로 최대하 운동부하 검사를 실시하였다. 운동부하 검사 시 ST 분절은 V5 유도에서 측정하였다. 연구결과 운동시 ST 분절은 운동 시간에 따라 그 값이 하강하는 경향이 있었으며 특히 과체중 Ⅰ, Ⅱ군과 비만군의 ST 분절이 100㎶ 이하로 하강하였다. 동일집단에서 안정시 ST 분절에 비해 정상체중군은 6분과 최대하 운동시의 값이 유의하게 낮았으며, 과체중 Ⅰ군은 최대하 운동과 회복 1분의 값이 유의하게 차이가 있었다. 과체중 Ⅱ군은 6분과 최대하 운동 및 회복 1분의 ST 분절이 안정시에 비해 차이가 있었으며, 비만군도 최대하 운동과 회복 1,3분의 값이 안정 시에 비해 유의한 차이가 있었다. 운동 직후 ST 분절은 4개 집단 모두 안정 시 값 이상으로 상승하였다. 운동 후 심박수-회복 궤도는 정상체중군과 과체중 Ⅰ, Ⅱ군의 경우 반시계 방향으로 회전하였으나, 비만군은 시계방향으로 변하였다. 심박수-회복궤도지수는 정상체중군이 +335㎶였으며, 과체중 Ⅰ군은 +467㎶, 과체중 Ⅱ군은 +354㎶, 비만군은 +215㎶로서 과체중 Ⅰ군이 가장 높고 비만군이 가장 낮았다. 연구 결과를 종합할 때 정상체중, 과체중 및 비만 여성은 최대하운동 직후에 ST 분절이 상승하는 것으로 보이며, 심박수-회복궤도로 판단할 때 비만군은 정상체중군보다 관상동맥 질환에 대한 위험도가 더 높다는 것이 확인되었다. Ko, S.K., Choi, K.S. Post-Exercise ST Segment Elevation and the Rate-Recovery Loop in Obese and Hyperlipidemic Women. Exercise Science, 13(2): 167-176, 2004. This study investigated post-exercise ST segment elevation and the rate-recovery loop in obese and hyperlipidemic women. The subjects were 25-40 years old and were classfied into four group: Normal Wesght(NW, n=12), Overweight-Normal Cholesterol (0WNC, n=12), Overweight-Hypercholesterolemic (OHC, n=11), and Obese-Hypercholesterolemic (OHC, n=11). During and after treadmill exercise, the ST segment was measured in ECG lead V5. The Rate-RLI (recovery loop index) was the mean ST segment elevation during each heartbeat in the rate-recovery loop. During exercise, the ST segment was depressed. The St segments in the OWNC, OWHC, and OHC groups were depressed below 100㎶ (1mm), which is considered diagnostic of ischemia. In the same groups, the ST segments differed significantly from the respective resting level in each group at 6-min exercise and submaximum in NW, at submaximum and 1-min recovery in OWNC, at 6-min exercise, submaximum, and 1-min recovery in OWHC, and at submaximum and l-and 3-min recovery in OHC. The rate-recovery loops were counterclockwise in NW, OWNC, and OWHC, but clockwise in OHC. The Rate-RLI was +335, +467, +354, and +215㎶ in NW, OWNC, OWHC, and OHC, respectively. There was not post-exercise St segment depression in normal or obese woman, but He ST segment was elevated above the normal level immediately after stopping exercise. The rate-recovery loop of obese women was an Intermediate loop, reflecting a higher risk of coronary artery disease than in women of normal weight.

매립자원의 순환이용 가능량 분석 및 미래형 매립지 관리전략 마련 연구

이소라 ( Sora Yi ),조지혜,임혜숙,이우진,박효준 한국환경정책평가연구원 2017 기본연구보고서 Vol.2017 No.-

우리나라에서는 2018년부터 「자원순환기본법」을 시행함에 따라 폐기물 처분부담금제도 등 새로운 폐기물 정책을 도입할 예정이다. 현재 발생하는 폐기물에 대해서는 재활용 및 에너지화 위주의 정책을 추진하고 있으나, 매립지의 자원화에 대한 정책은 미흡한 실정이다. 또한 2011년부터 순환형 매립지 정비사업을 통해 매립자원의 에너지화를 추진하고 있으나, 매립물 선별의 어려움과 비효율적인 매립지 관리로 여러 가지 문제가 발생하여 사업효과의 평가 및 제도 개선이 요구된다. 가연성폐기물의 매립 억제 등에 따라 매립지가 무기성·불연성 매립지로 변하는 등 기존 매립지 관리방식의 한계 및 문제점도 드러나고 있다. 본 연구에서는 법제도 검토, 매립자원의 순환이용에 따른 가능량, 매립지 사용기한 연장효과, 매립률 감소효과, 순환이용에 따른 에너지가치, 온실가스 저감 등을 분석하였다. 그리고 분석 결과를 바탕으로 매립자원의 순환이용 활성화 지원정책 방안을 도출하고, 매립자원의 순환이용사업과 매립률 감소 및 반입성상변화에 따른 미래형 매립지 관리전략을 마련하였다. 매립률 3% 시대를 맞아 이에 필요한 미래형 매립지 관리전략을 마련하여 국내 정비 및 순환이용사업 또는 해외 ODA 사업 지원에 기초자료로 활용할 필요가 있을 것이다. 우리나라에서 매립지 사용종료가 임박함에 따라 매립지 수명연장을 위해 순환형 매립지를 도입하였다면, 일본에서는 불법매립폐기물의 처리를 위해 순환형 매립지를 도입했고 해외에서는 철금속(유가물)회수를 위해 도입하였다. 우리나라의 경우 광역적 매립지에 순환형매립지 조성사업을 실시하였으나, 일본에서는 국지적 매립지에 같은 조성사업을 실시하였다. 이 밖에 해외에서는 매립자원의 순환이용을 목적으로 하기보다는 부지를 타 용도로 활용하기 위하여 복원하는 형태다. 또 에너지회수 면에서는 우리나라의 경우 스토커소각 위주의 소각방식을 이용하는 반면, 일본에서는 열용융소각 위주로 진행하며 해외의 경우 따로 에너지회수를 하지 않는 형식으로 추진 중이다. 본 연구에서는 매립지의 만적 여부와 소각장·SRF 제조시설 현황을 기반으로 기존 사업 및 분석대상 매립지의 유형을 4가지로 나누었다. 첫 번째(유형 1 매립지)는 매립부지가 만적인 상태에 이르렀고 근처에 폐기물을 처리하는 소각장이 사용종료 임박에 가까워진 매립지이다. 두 번째(유형 2 매립지)는 매립지가 만적인 상태에 이르렀고 인근에 폐기물을 처리하는 소각장 또는 SRF 사용시설 처리용량과 수명 두 가지 모두 여유로운 매립지이다. 세 번째(유형 3 매립지)는 매립지가 만적인 상태에 이르렀고 근처에 폐기물을 처리하는 소각장이 없어 신설해야 하는 매립지이다. 네 번째(유형 4 매립지)는 (비)위생매립지로 굴착 후 가연물을 에너지화로 처리하고 부지를 타 용도로 변환하여 사용하는 매립지이다. 분석대상 매립지 선정을 위해 총 매립용량이 20만㎥ 이상(색달매립지 예외)이며 사용연한이 10년 미만인매립지를 대상으로 검토한 결과, 제주에 위치한 색달매립지를 유형 1 매립지로 선정하여 분석하였다. 청주(유형 2-1), 경주(유형 2-2)에 위치한 매립지를 유형 2 매립지로 선정하여 분석하였으며 포항에 위치한 매립지를 유형 3 매립지로 선정하여 분석하였다. 마지막으로 유형 4 매립지는 기존 비위생매립지(불법투기) 정비사업에 유사한 사례가 있으나, 위생매립지의 경우 타 용도로 활용이 어렵기 때문에 분석대상에서 제외하였다. 종합적으로 비교한 결과, 청주매립지(유형 2-1)는 선정된 유형별 매립지 중 순환이용 가능량이 166만 2,486㎥로 가장 높게 분석되었다. 매립지 사용연한 증가효과는 경주매립지(유형 2-2)가 66년으로 가장 높게 분석되었는데, 이는 경주의 폐기물 발생량이 다른 대상지역보다 낮기 때문이다. 에너지가치 분석과 온실가스 배출량 저감효과는 청주매립지가 각각 560억 원, 37만 569tCO₂_eq로 가장 높게 분석되었다. 에너지가치 분석과 온실가스 배출량 저감효과 계산 시 순환이용 가능량에 비례하여 나타나는데, 청주가 상대적으로 순환이용가능량이 많기 때문에 가장 효과적인 것으로 분석된 것이다. 매립률 감소효과는 포항매립지가 24.3%로 가장 높게 분석되었다. 포항(유형 3)은 현재 소각장이나 SRF 제조시설이 없어서 폐기물이 발생하면 전량 매립하기 때문에 매립률 감소효과가 가장 높게 나타난 것으로 파악되었다. 매립자원 순환이용 가능량의 4지역 평균값을 STAN을 활용하여 물질흐름을 분석한 결과, 매립폐기물 100㎥은 다짐율(10%)로 인해 90㎥로 압축되었다가, 굴착작업 시 부피증가율(1.42)로 인해 127.4㎥로 증가하였다. 이를 선별기에서 4지역의 평균 부피비를 적용하여 3원선별하면 가연성폐기물 93.9㎥, 불연성폐기물 9.2㎥, 토사류 24.3㎥로 분류되었다. 본 연구에서는 매립자원 순환이용 활성화 지원정책으로 1) 재정적 지원 근거 마련, 2) 가연성폐기물 순환이용에 관한 법적 근거 마련, 3) 굴착·선별폐기물의 재활용에 관한 법적근거 마련 등을 제시하였다. 1) 재정적 지원 근거: 순환형 매립지를 조성하기 위해서는 기본적으로 폐기물 매립시설의 설치기준을 만족하여야 할 뿐 아니라 굴착시설, 선별시설, 고형연료제품 제조시설, 소각시설 등을 수반하여야 하기 때문에 「폐기물관리법」상의 [별표9] “폐기물 처분시설 또는 재활용시설의 설치기준”을 충족하는지 검토하여야 할 것이다. 그러나 실제로 매립지 정비 및 순환이용사업 지침에는 현장에 설치되는 가연선별물 처리시설(고형연료제품 제조시설)의 요건이 구체적으로 명시되지 않아, 현장 내 활용시설이 없는 경우 민간에 위탁해서 처리해야 하는 등 재정적인 부담 요인으로 작용하고 있다(환경부, 2013a). 따라서 매립지 정비 및 순환이용사업 업무지침의 폐기물의 처리계획에 사업기간 중 현장 내 가연선별물 처리시설(고형연료제품 제조시설)을 설치할 수 있도록 하여, 고형연료제품 제조시설 공사비를 국고에서 보조할 수 있도록 근거를 마련할 필요가 있다. 또한 현장 연료화 비용을 공사비에 반영하여 국고에서 보조받아 실질적으로 공사가 진행될 수 있도록 개선하는 방안도 검토할만하다. 이를 위해 가연성폐기물을 외부에 위탁처리하여 소요되는 비용을 비교하고 경제성을 검토한 후, 폐기물 국고보조금 예산지원 및 통합업무지침에 설치비용 표준단가를 신설하는 것도 한 방안이 될 수 있다. 2) 가연성폐기물 순환이용에 관한 법적 근거: 매립지 내 가연선별물 처리시설(고형연료제품 제조시설)에 대한 기준 및 운영에 관한 법적 근거를 마련할 필요가 있다. 순환형 매립지정비과정에서 가연선별물을 고형연료제품으로 제조하려면 해당 업체가 중간 및 종합 재활용 신고를 하여야 한다. 그러나 순환형 매립지 정비 사업은 일시적으로 시행되는 경우가 대부분이므로, 재활용 시설의 모든 요건을 갖추지 않아도 현장에서 일시적으로 사업 신고를 하더라도 생산할 수 있도록 개선할 필요가 있다. 3) 굴착·선별폐기물의 재활용에 관한 법적 근거: 굴착·선별폐기물을 재활용으로 인정받으려면 법적 근거가 필요하다. 그러나 ‘선별토사 및 불연물 등 재매립 대상 폐기물의 성·복토재로서의 재활용에 관한 방법 및 기준’과 ‘선별가연물의 재활용에 관한 기준’이 별도로 마련되어 있지 않다. 이에 굴착·선별폐기물에 대해 매립지 굴착·선별 토사(51-47-04), 매립지 굴착·선별 가연성혼합 폐기물(51-47-04)항목 신설을 검토할 필요가 있다. 미래형 매립지 관리전략 마련을 위해서는 1) 현행 매립지 관리전략 검토, 2) 매립지 미래여건 변화 반영, 3) 매립지 관리규정 개정사항 도출, 4) 매립지 유형별(Closed형·Monofill형) 관리방안 등이 필요하다. 특히 순환형 매립지 조성 및 반입폐기물 성상이 변화하면서 매립지의 사용이 장기화됨에 따라 시설 등 설치기준, 복토 등 관리기준, 관리인력 및 예산 등 기존 매립지 관리와는 다른 전략이 필요할 것이다. 매립지의 장기사용에 대비하려면 먼저 설비 관리문제를 해결해야 한다. 매립지 관련 설비의 교체주기나 사용연한이 정해져 있기는 하지만 기능이나 효율 저하 시 또는 설비 고장 시 교체해야 하며, 주요시설의 교체난이도는 대부분 어려운 수준이다. 매립지를 순환형 매립지로 전환하거나 신규로 조성할 때 필요한 전략은 장기적 또는 단기적으로 나누어 마련할 수 있다. 장기적으로 운영할 경우에는 매립지를 구역 순환(복합)형으로, 단기적으로 운영할 경우에는 Monofill형 매립지로 조성할 수 있다. 순환형 매립지 정비 및 순환이용사업을 활성화하기 위해서는 법률적 개정(시행규칙 및 지침)이 필요하며, 향후 장기적으로 운영할 수 있는 미래형 매립지 관련 신기술 도입 등 적극적 지원방안을 마련할 필요가 있다. 특히 기존 시범사업에서 선별물의 품질이 떨어지는 등 문제가 발생하였으나, 이는 선별기술이 개발되면 해결될 것이다. 기존 패러다임에서는 폐기물 처분의 최종 단계인 매립 시 반입폐기물을 선택할 수 없었다. 그러나 최근에는 반입폐기물을 관리하고 있으며 소규모 매립, 무기성 성상변화에 따른 매립 가스량 감소 및 침출수 발생량 감소 등 매립 특성이 다양하게 변화하고 있다. 이에 폐기물 최종 처분의 패러다임변화에 따른 매립자원의 순환이용을 적극적으로 추진할 필요가 있다. Through the implementation of the 2018 Framework Act on Resource Circulation, Korea will be introducing new waste management policies like an amended landfill tax. While the Framework Act will provide new momentum for the recycling and reuse of the waste, in its current form, insufficient attention is given to the Landfill Mining and Reclamation (LFMR). The LFMR projects have been in place in Korea since 2011, but the outcomes have revealed the difficulties in separating excavated waste and inefficient management of landfills to demand revisions in the present regulations and evaluative system for the landfill projects. Moreover, existing landfill management strategies are becoming increasingly ineffective due to the changing properties of the landfill waste caused by new regulations on the waste management and treatment regulations; stricter regulations on sending combustible waste to landfills have led to the higher composition of inorganic and/or incombustible waste at landfills. In this context, this study reviews the laws and technologies related to LFMR, and analyze the landfill resource recovery potentials for landfill lifespan extension, reduction in landfill disposal rate, the energy saving effect and reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Through the analysis, the study suggests policies for enhancing the landfill resource recovery and also proposes management strategies for the future landfills that take account of LMFR operations, smaller landfill disposal rates and the changes in the characteristics of the landfill waste. As landfill disposal rates are predicted to be below 3% in the future, the landfill management strategies in this study will be helpful for planning the guidelines for domestic and foreign ODA landfill projects. In Korea, LFMR efforts have primarily begun to extend the lifespans of existing landfills In other countries, resource recovery from landfills has been prompted by the need to deal with illegal landfills (in case of Japan) or for the recovery of the valuable metal resources. Korea also differs from other countries in ways of targeting the large regional landfills for landfill mining. In comparison, Japan focuses mostly on smaller local landfills for landfill mining, and other countries tend to place weight on the reclamation of the landfills to reuse the land for other purposes, recovering the resources from the landfill waste. Concerning the waste-to-energy also, the primary method employed in Korea is the stoker-type incineration method, whereas Japan largely utilizes thermal fusion incineration. In contrast, many other countries often do not employ the waste-to-energy technology in the LFMR. Highlighting the specific characteristics of Korea’s case, the study develops various scenarios for four types of the landfills based on their remaining capacities and availability of the nearby incineration or SRF facilities. Type 1 landfills are already full, and their nearby incineration plants are at the end of their lifecycle, whereas Type 2 landfills are already full, but their nearby incineration or SRF facilities still have enough capacity and lifecycle left for operation. Type 3 landfills are full and have no incineration facilities nearby, thereby requiring new plants to be constructed. Lastly, Type 4 landfills will be projected to reuse for another purpose after excavating the waste and converting the combustible waste into energy. To select landfills for the further analysis, the study reviews the Korea landfills which have total capacities over 200,000 (exception for Saekdal Landfill) with less than 10 years left in their life spans, and chooses the following types: Saekdal Landfill in Jeju for Type 1; Cheongju and Gyeongju Landfills for Type 2; and Pohang Landfill for Type 3. Type 4 landfills are excluded from our analysis due to exception of the cases where unsanitary (illegal) landfills have been reused and the difficulty of reusing and repurposing the sanitary landfills. The four selected landfills are analyzed and compared in terms of their resource recovery potentials. Cheongju (Type 2-1) landfill shows the highest potential for the resource recovery, where 1,662,486m³ of combustible waste, incombustible waste and soil matter can be reclaimed. Cheongju landfill also shows the highest potential for the energy saving and reduction in GHG emission, respectively calculated to be 56 billion KRW and 370,569tCO2_eq. The high energy saving and GHG emission reduction potentials found for Cheongju landfill arises from the high volume of resources that can be recovered from the landfill, as the energy saving effect and reduction in GHG emission are proportional to the resource recovery. Concerning the landfill lifespan, the study finds that it is possible to add 66 years to the lifespan of Gyeongju (Type 2-2) landfill through the LFMR, which is the longest extension in lifespan possible among the four landfills. Data from the study indicates that it is possible due to the relatively small volume of the waste disposal from the city where Gyeongju landfill is located. Meanwhile, Pohang (Type 3) landfill shows the highest potential for the landfill disposal rate reduction, which can be decreased up to 24.3%. The city where Pohang landfill is located lacks the incineration or SRF facilities, so all waste is disposed to the landfill. Thus, the LFMR operations at Pohang landfill can significantly affect the city’s landfill disposal rate. The study further conducts the material stream analysis on the four landfills’ resource recovery potential by using the STAN. The analysis indicates that 100 of waste is compacted into 90m³ at the landfills (10% compaction rate), then increases in volume to 127.4m³ when excavated (rate of volume increase (m³/ m³): 1.42). Applying the average volume ratio of the four landfills, the study calculates that the reclaimed resources, when separated using a sorting machine, will consist of 93.9m³ of combustible waste, 9.2m³ of incombustible waste, and 24.3m³ of soil matter. To support promotion of the landfill resource recovery policy-wise, the study suggests the followings: 1) establishing a basis for the government subsidies; 2) supplementing the regulation for recycling combustible waste from the LFMR; and 3) creating regulations for recycling the excavated waste. 1) Establishing a basis for the government subsidies: To conduct landfill mining operations, the landfill need not only meets the regulatory requirements for the landfills but also be accompanied by the construction of adequate infrastructures, such as excavating and separating facilities and SRF or incineration plants. Therefore, it is necessary to review whether the landfill satisfies the requirements outlined in Appendix 9 of the Wastes Control Act that delineates the requirements for waste treatment or recycling facilities. However, in reality, the “Guidelines for Landfill Mining and Resource Recovery” (Ministry of Environment, 2013) does not specify a requirement for on-site waste treatment (SRF production) facilities for the excavated combustible waste. When there are no such facilities on-site, the excavated waste from landfill mining needs to be sent to private facilities, which can lower the financial unfeasibility of the operation. Therefore, the study suggests the official guidelines for the LFMR operations to specify and make available the installation of SRF facilities on-site during the project period. This modification will also establish a basis for subsidizing the facility installation fees, and further measures can be made to ensure that there are sufficient subsidies by examining how the cost of producing SRF can be reflected in the installation cost. One way to do this is to conduct an economic feasibility study that compares the costs of using on-site versus private facilities for processing and treating excavated combustible waste, then providing a standard rate for on-site facility installation fees in the guideline for the support of national grants for the waste treatment facilities. 2) Supplementing the regulation for recycling combustible waste from the LFMR: Current policies and regulations do not provide specific guidelines for operating SRF facilities at landfills. Thus, the LFMR projects are subject to the same registration and reporting procedures required for facilities that handle the recycled materials. In present, to operate on-site SRF facilities at the landfills for the combustible waste reclaimed through landfill mining, the facility needs to be registered as an intermediate or comprehensive recycling facility which involves the complex procedures and requirements. Since the LFMR operations are usually conducted temporarily or on a one-time basis, supplementing the regulations to specify a different, simplified requirement (e.g., temporary business permit) for operating on-site waste treatment facilities in connection with the LFMR projects will lower the barrier for efficient LFMR operations. 3) Creating regulations for recycling the excavated waste: For excavated waste to be recognized as recyclables, a legal basis is needed. However, the current Wastes Control Act does not include regulations on ‘the methods and standards for the recycling of excavated soil matter and incombustible waste from landfill mining to be reclaimed as cover or bottom soil’ nor ‘the standards for recycling separated incombustible waste.’ Thus, it is suggested that new regulations to be put in place for the excavated and separated soil matters from the landfill mining (51-47-04), the excavated and separated combustible mixed waste from landfill mining (51-47-04). To develop the future landfill management strategies, it is necessary to i) review the current landfill management strategies, ii) take account into the future trends in landfill conditions, iii) specify necessary amendments to landfill management regulations and iv) develop separate strategies for each landfill type (e.g., closed system-type, monofill-type). In particular, the extension of landfill lifespans by the LFMR and the changes in the characteristics of landfill wastes entails the need for new guidelines for facilities, landfill soil, personnel and budget that divert in their approach from the existing strategies. For instance, the longer landfill lifespans mean that the infrastructures at the landfills need to endure longer durations of landfill operations. However, the on-site facilities at the landfills have fixed lifecycles and require replacement when they become too old to function properly or efficiently. Unfortunately, it is not an easy task to replace major facilities at the landfills. Thus, different strategies need to be applied for the LFMR operations or new landfills depending on the intended or remaining lifespan of each landfill. Landfills for long-term operation should be designed to enable the LFMR operations at designated sections of the landfill, while short-term landfills can be built as monofill disposal sites. The LFMR operations can be promoted by making necessary amendments to laws and regulations as well as through active measures that can enhance future landfill projects in the long-term, such as implementing new technologies. One example is an upgrade in waste separation technology to enable better sorting of the excavated waste, which has been unsatisfactory in the past pilot LFMR projects. Landfills have so far been understood as the final disposal site for any and all waste; however, this paradigm is undergoing a shift. Recently, stricter policies are being enforced to control the waste disposed to the landfills, changing the characteristics of landfills as a consequence. Now, there are increasing numbers of small-scale landfills, and fewer gases and leachates are produced from landfill wastes. In the face of this paradigm shift, greater attention should be put towards promoting the LFMR operations to prepare for the future.

제대혈 단핵구 냉동보존 기법에 따른 해동 후 세포 회복률 비교 : 급속 냉각 vs 통제속도 냉각 Dump Freezing vs Controlled Rate Freezing

오상철,김병수,윤수영,박경화,윤소영,김석진,서재홍,최철원,신상원,김열홍,김준석 대한조혈모세포이식학회 2003 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.8 No.1

연구배경: 저자 등은 조혈모세포를 -80℃ 냉동고에서 급속냉각법을 통하여 경제적으로 보존하는 방법의 냉동보존 효율이 통제속도냉각 후 액체질소보존법의 냉동보존 효율과 동등한 유효기간을 규명하고자 본 연구를 시행하게 되었다. 방법: 총 20 명의 산모에서 채집한 재대혈을 대상으로 하여 10% DMSO로 제대혈을 -80℃로 급속냉각한 경우(실험군)와 통제속도냉각장치로 냉각 후 액체질소냉동고에서 보존한 경우(대조군)에서의 해동 후 세포 회복률 및 기능의 회복 정도가 동등한 기간의 범위를 파악하기 위하여 3달 간격으로 총 18개월 동안 각 군 간의 해동 후 단핵세포회복률, CFU-GM 집락회복률, CD34+ 세포회복률 등을(평균)±(표준편차)로 표시하여 Paired t test를 통하여 비교, 분석하였다. 결과: 1) 생존 단핵세포 회복률: 대조군(통제속도냉각군)과 실험군(급속냉각군)을 비교하여 보았을 때, 모든 기간 동안 각 군 간에 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 2) CFU-GM 집락 회복률: 대조군(통제속도냉각군)과 실험군(급속냉각군)을 비교하여 보았을 때 12개월 이후부터는 대조군이 실험군에 비하여 높은 경향의 회복률을 보였으나 양 군 간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 3) CD34+세포 회복률: 대조군(통제속도 냉각군)과 실험군(급속 냉각군)을 비교하여 보았을 때 12개월 이후부터는 대조군이 실험군에 비하여 높은 경향의 회복률을 보였으나 양 군 간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론: 제대혈에서 채집된 단핵구를 냉동보존 시 18개월까지 -80℃ 급속 냉각법으로 보존한 군과 통제속도 냉각 후 액체질소 보존 군 간에 단핵세포 회복률, CD34 양성 세포 회복률, CFU-GM 세포 회복률의 유의한 차이가 없었음을 관찰할 수 있었다. Background: This study was designed to compare the mononuclear cell recovery rate of cord blood after thawing and freezing according to cryopreservation methods: dump freezing vs controlled rate freezing. Methods: Twenty samples of cord blood were divided into dump freezing and controlled rate freezing groups. The viable mononuclear cell, CFU-GM and CD34+ cell recovery rates were evaluated at the time of post-thawing 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months after cryopreservation with 10% DMSO and compared between two groups. Results: The mean viable mononuclear cell recovery rates from cryopreservation 1 month to 18 months of dump freezing and controlled rate freezing were 81~88% and 82~89%, respectively. There was no statistical difference between two groups. The mean CFU-GM colony and CD34+cell recovery rates of dump freezing and controlled rate freezing (cryopreservation duration: 1 month to 18 months) were 66~76% vs 71~78% and 86~95% vs 86~94%, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the results of two groups. Conclusion: The -80℃ storage without rate-controlled freezing of cord blood was practically applicable with satisfactory cell recovery rates after thawing, which was comparable with those cryopreserved with controlled rated freezing and liquid nitrogen storage.

여고생의 운동부하검사시 심폐기능과 심박수 회복에 대한 비만의 영향

강설중(Seol Jung Kang),정성림(Sung Lim Jung) 한국사회체육학회 2009 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.38

The purpose of this study was to effect of obesity on cardiopulmonary functions and heart rate recovery at grade exercise test for high school girl`s. The subjects were composed of obese group(n=13) and normal group(n=14) in high school girl`s. Each groups completed an grades exercise test with Bruce protocol. Heart Rate Recovery(maximum heart rate-heart rate at recovery state) and the percent of heart rate reserve{(heart rate at recovery state-resting heart rate)/(measured maximum heart rate-resting heart rate)×100} were evaluated during three minutes after maximum exercise. The results were as follows: First, in the cardiopulmonary function, VO2max were significantly lower older obese group than normal group. HRrest were significantly higher older obese group than normal group. HRmax were significantly higher older obese group than normal group. Second, Heart rate recovery response in 1min, 2min and 3min after grades exercise test were significantly lower older obese group than normal group. %Heart rate recovery were not significantly different between obese group and normal group. In conclusion, obese group was lower compared to normal group in cardiovascular function. Also, in after grades exercise test show that delayed heart rate recovery.

관상동맥질환에서 안정시 심박변동 및 최대운동 후 심박수 회복에 대한 베타차단제의 영향

김철 ( Chul Kim ),방인걸 ( In Keol Bang ),김영주 ( Young Joo Kim ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2006 체육과학연구 Vol.17 No.3

본 연구는 관상동맥질환 환자에서 안정시 심박변동 및 최대운동 후 심박수 회복을 통해 베타 차단제가 자율신경계에 미치는 영향을 알아 보고자 시행되었다. 연구의 대상자는 정상군 16명, 관상동맥질환 환자 중 베타차단제 비투여군 13명, 관상동맥질환 환자 중 베타차단제 투여군 9명의 세군으로 구분하여 안정시 심박변동 및 최대강도의 트레드밀 운동 후 5분간의 심박수 회복을 평가하였다. 심박변동은 시간영역 분석방법을 통한 RR간격의 표준편차(the standard deviation of the NN interval; SDNN), RMSSD(the root mean square successive differences)와 주파수영역 분석방법을 통한 저주파영역 전력(low frequency power; LF), 고주파영역 전력(high frequency power; HF), 저주파영역/고주파영역 비(LF/HF ratio)를 구하여 평가하였다. 심박수 회복은 최대심박수와 회복기 심박수의 차이로 최대운동 후 5분 동안 1분 간격으로 심박수를 측정하여 구하였다. 심박수 회복의 평가에서 개개인의 최대심박수 차이에 따른 영향을 극복하기위해 여유심박수 백분율[(회복기 심박수-안정시 심박수)/(측정된 최대심박수-안정시 심박수)×100]을 구하여 이용하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. SDNN과 저주파영역 전력은 관상동맥질환 환자군에서 정상군보다 유의하게 낮았으나 베타 차단제 투여군과 비투여군 사이에는 심박변동의 모든 지표에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 반면 최대강도운동 후 회복기에 매분마다의 심박수는 베타차단제 투여군이 정상군에 비하여 유의하게 낮았고, 심박수 회복은 정상군이 베타차단제 비투여군과 투여군에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. 회복기 여유심박수 백분율은 베타차단제 비투여군이 정상군에 비해 최대운동 후 회복기 1분, 2분, 3분대에서 유의하게 낮았으며, 정상군과 베타차단제 투여군 사이에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 관상동맥질환 환자는 정상인에 비하여 교감신경 활동도는 증가되어 있고, 부교감신경 활동도는 감소되어 있는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 베타 차단제는 자율신경계를 정상화시켜 관상동맥질환 환자의 심박수 회복율을 증가시키는 것으로 생각한다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of beta blocker on autonomic nervous activity with using heart rate recovery(HRR) after maximum exercise and heart rate variability(HRV) at rest for coronary artery disease(CAD) patients. The 38 subjects were divided into three groups. The control group consisted of 16 normal subjects. The non beta blocker group consisted of 13 CAD patients who didn`t take beta blocker. The beta blocker group consisted of 9 CAD patients who took beta blocker. Time domain and frequency domain of HRV were measured in three groups at rest. The time domain consisted of the standard deviation of the NN interval(SDNN) and the root mean square successive differences(RMSSD). The frequency domain consisted of low frequency power(LF), high frequency power(HF), and LF/HF ratio. Heart rate, HRR(maximum heart rate-heart rate at recovery stage), the percent of heart rate reserve{(heart rate at recovery stage-resting heart rate)/(measured maximum heart rate-resting heart rate)×100} were evaluated during five minutes after maximum exercise. The criteria for maximum exercise were a respiratory exchange ratio of 1.1 or 90% of the age determined maximum heart rate. The SDNN and LF were significantly lower in both beta and non beta blocker groups than in control group. However, there was no significant difference between beta blocker group and non beta blocker group. Heart rate during five minutes after maximum exercise was significantly lower in beta blocker group than in control. HRR from the maximal heart rate during five minutes after exercise was significantly higher in control group than in beta blocker and non beta blocker groups. The percent of heart rate reserve in control group was significantly lower than non beta blocker group at 1, 2 and 3 minutes after exercise. There was no significant difference between beta blocker group and control group for the percent of heart rate reserve. This study demonstrated reduced control of the autonomic nervous activity and delayed heart rate recovery in CAD patients. HRR in CAD patients was normalized by beta blocker. Beta blocker improve balance of autonomic nervous activity in CAD patients.

회복 시 심박수의 역할: 심장질환과 운동프로그램 적용 가능성

이해성,김종희 사단법인 한국동물생명공학회 2019 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.34 No.3

Heart rate is a relatively simple and non-invasive method that is used as an important physiological indicator in many studies and has a close relationship with heart structure and function, cardiovascular disease and sudden cardiac death. In general, appropriately low heart rate during resting means effective heart function and cardiovascular fitness; heart rate at recovery is an important indicator of health and disease condition. We found a beagle dog (Dog_1) with a high heart rate in the previous preliminary experiment. Therefore, purpose of this study was to compare the heart rate response of the Dog_1 with the control group during 12 weeks of interval exercise, to evaluate the structural and functional abnormalities of the heart and to verify the applicability of exercise program. Heart rate was checked during 12 weeks of interval exercise, and after the exercise was over, imaging examination and hematological and serum biochemistry were performed. As a result, Dog_1 (165.6 ± 1.5) showed significantly higher heart rate in low intensity session of interval exercise than control group (133.3 ± 0.5, p < 0.01). In addition, Dog_1 (181.2 ± 1.4) showed significantly higher heart rate than control group (155.1 ± 0.9) in high intensity session (p < 0.01). The heart rate (30 sec, 60 sec) during recovery state was higher in Dog_1 (30 sec: 156.8 ± 4.0, 60 sec: 166.8 ± 5.8) than in the control group (30 sec: 111.2 ± 2.5, 60 sec: 104.0 ± 5.1, p < 0.01). The results of the imaging examination of Dog_1 with high heart rate confirmed that the heart had no functional and structural abnormalities. All beagles with the interval exercise program did not show maladjustment, and in the hematological and serum biochemistry results, all the parameter were within the reference range. If the interval exercise program of this study is used in the future, it is expected to be used as an important basic data to achieve the purpose of health, welfare, and physical fitness improvement of dogs.

한국과 케냐 남자 엘리트 마라톤 선수들의 최대 운동 후 심박수와 혈중 젖산 회복율 비교

조성연(SeongYeonCho),오창석(ChangSukOh),이재현(JaeHyunLee) 한국체육학회 2012 한국체육학회지 Vol.51 No.1

본 연구는 한국과 케냐의 남자 엘리트 마라톤 선수들을 대상으로 점진적 최대운동부하검사를 실시하고 탈진 이후 심박수와 젖산의 회복 능력을 비교하였다. 케냐 남자 엘리트 선수들(KN) 10명과 국내 프로팀 소속 마라톤 선수(KR) 8명을 대상으로 최대운동부하검사를 실시하고 안정시, 운동시 최고, 운동후 10분까지 1분 간격으로 심박수를 기록하였으며, 젖산은 안정시, 운동직후, 운동 후 2, 4, 6, 10분에 측정하였다. 측정 결과 최대산소섭취량은 두 집단 간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 심박수(F=4.906, p=.003)는 두 집단간에 유의한 교호 작용 효과를 보이며 KN이 KR보다 유의하게 빠르게 회복되는 양상을 보였다. KN의 심박수는 회복기 1분 후 59.2%까지, 10분 후 27.5%까지 감소된 반면, KR은 회복기 1분 후 71.3%, 10분 후 36.4%까지 감소되었다. 젖산(F=3.072, p=.039) 또한 KN이 KR에 비해 빠르게 회복되는 양상을 보였으며 이는 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결론적으로 최대운동 직후 심박수 및 젖산의 회복 능력은 케냐 선수들이 유의하게 뛰어난 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to compare heart rate and blood lactate recovery after maximal exercise test between Kenyan(KN) and Korean(KR) male elite marathon runners. 18 male elite marathon runners(ten of KN and eight of KR) performed maximal graded exercise test. Heart rate at rest, peak, and every minutes until 10 minutes after all-out were recorded and blood lactate measured from the fingertip were recorded at rest, all-out and during recovery(2, 4, 6 and 10 minutes after exhaustion). The interaction of group and time in recoveries of heart rate(F=4.906, p=.003) was statistically significant although there was no difference in maximal oxygen uptake between KN and KR. Heart rate of KN was recovered to 59.2% at 1 min recovery then to 27.5% at 10 minute recovery while that of KR to 71.3% at 1 minute recovery then to 36.4% at 10 min recovery. Lactate of KN also showed more rapid recovery than that of KR , that is statistically significant(F=3.072, p=.039). In conclusion, Kenyan male elite marathon runner's recovery in heart rate and blood lactate after maximal exercise are higher than Korean ones.

Effect of Static Recovery and Dynamic Recovery on the Cardiopulmonary Variables, Lower Extremity Muscle Activity after Progressive Resistance Exercise to Maximal Point

Jung Gyu Yoon,Ga Yeong Kim,Min A Kim,Seung Mi Lee,Seung Min Kwon,Kyung Tae Yoo,Joon Haeng Cho,Jung Hyun Choi 국제물리치료학회 2011 Journal of International Academy of Physical Ther Vol.2 No.1

This study was to examine on the respiratory variables, heart rate and muscle activity between the static recovery and dynamic recovery after progressive resistance exercise to maximal point. Subjects were 15 students enrolled in N University. All were tested two times (static recovery and dynamic recovery) and were requested to perform a walking on a treadmill after progressive resistance exercise to maximal point. Electromyography(EMG) was used to monitor the muscle activity(TA: Tibialis Anterior, MG: Medial Gastrocnemius) during gait. CPEX-1 was used to measure the respiratory variables and heart rate. The dynamic recovery group was shown the significant lower heart rate than that of static recovery group at during gait. Respiratory rate showed statistically a significant difference. Electromyography(RMS, root mean square) showed a non-significant difference. But the dynamic recovery group of muscle activity was found highly in TA and MG. This study indicated that the dynamic recovery method evidenced more faster than the static recovery method. And this type of dynamic rest by walking can be a help of recovery after exercise.

Effect of Static Recovery and Dynamic Recovery on the Cardiopulmonary Variables, Lower Extremity Muscle Activity after Progressive Resistance Exercise to Maximal Point

Yoon, Jung-Gyu,Kim, Ga-Yeong,Kim, Min-A,Lee, Seung-Mi,Kwon, Seung-Min,Yoo, Kyung-Tae,Cho, Joon-Haeng,Choi, Jung-Hyun International Academy of Physical Therapy Research 2011 Journal of International Academy of Physical Ther Vol.2 No.1

This study was to examine on the respiratory variables, heart rate and muscle activity between the static recovery and dynamic recovery after progressive resistance exercise to maximal point. Subjects were 15 students enrolled in N University. All were tested two times (static recovery and dynamic recovery) and were requested to perform a walking on a treadmill after progressive resistance exercise to maximal point. Electromyography(EMG) was used to monitor the muscle activity(TA: Tibialis Anterior, MG: Medial Gastrocnemius) during gait. CPEX-1 was used to measure the respiratory variables and heart rate. The dynamic recovery group was shown the significant lower heart rate than that of static recovery group at during gait. Respiratory rate showed statistically a significant difference. Electromyography(RMS, root mean square) showed a non-significant difference. But the dynamic recovery group of muscle activity was found highly in TA and MG. This study indicated that the dynamic recovery method evidenced more faster than the static recovery method. And this type of dynamic rest by walking can be a help of recovery after exercise.