The Efficiency of Selecting Target Flower Traits at Early Seedling Stage for New Cut Rose Cultivars

Je Yeon Yeon,Min Ji Kim,Yeong Chan Shin,Gyeong Rok Yang,Wan Soon Kim 한국화훼학회 2021 화훼연구 Vol.29 No.3

To increase the selection efficiency for new cultivars in cut roses during breeding programs, phenotypes of seedlings in two cross combinations, C1 (Rosa hybrida ‘Yellow King’ x ‘Aladin’) and C2 (R. hybrida ‘Evelien’ x ‘Sunny Isle’), were investigated. Although most seedlings showed classic-type flower shapes, some (0.4% - 0.7%) had tomato-shaped flowers, especially at the young plant stage (6 months old). The variation in petal color was high, and pink and pink-mixed flowers were dominant, accounting for 72% in C1 and 76% in C2 at the mature plant stage (13-month-old plants). However, the seedlings had changes in the expression of petal color at different growth stages. The number of petals at the young plant stage had a strong positive correlation with those at the mature plant stage in C1 (r = 0.84***) and C2 (r = 0.73***). Sizes of flowers and petals increased with the growth of the seedlings, and their traits at the young plant stage had positive correlations with those at the mature plant stage in both C1 (r = 0.32***) and C2 (r = 0.39***). Prickle expression on stems was mostly in level 5 at the young plant stage and then dispersed to various classes at the mature plant stage, which increased the variation and coefficient of variation. To select seedlings for new cultivars through breeding processes, breeders should consider the growth stage for targeted traits.

팔상성도(八相成道)의 시현(示現)과 대승불전의 붓다관 - 수능엄삼매(首楞嚴三昧)와 시현팔상(示現八相) -

석길암(Seok, Gil-Am) 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2021 佛敎學報 Vol.- No.96

본 논문은 한국적 팔상성도관의 전(前) 이해로서, 팔상성도(八相成道)라는 동아시아 대승불교의 붓다관 혹은 붓다전기를 대표하는 관념이 어떻게 성립되었는가를 해명하려 하였다. 그리고 그 과정에서 ‘팔상성도(八相成道)’ 혹은 ‘시현팔상(示現八相)’으로 일련의 대승경전군에서 전형화된 붓다 전기 이해가 가지는 의미가 무엇인지를 해명하고자 하였다. ‘시현팔상’의 ‘시현(示現)’은 응화신(應化身)의 붓다를 의미한다. ‘시현팔상’이라는 관점이 형성된 기원이 되는 경전은 『광찬반야경』·『방광반야경』이 언급하고 있는 ‘수능엄삼매’이다. 이때의 수능엄삼매는 법신 그리고 마하연의 다른 이름이기도 하다. 그것을 계승하여 『수능엄삼매경(首楞嚴三昧經)』이 성립되었다. 『수능엄삼매경』에서 수능엄삼매는 십지보살의 삼매로 규정되며, 또 여기에서 처음으로 시현팔상의 원형이 등장한다. 『화엄경』과 『대반열반경』은 수능엄삼매의 개념을 확장하고 보살의 실천행과 연계하여 재해석한다. 『열반경』은 수능엄삼매를 불모(佛⺟)·불성(佛性)으로 재해석하며, 『십지경』은 수능엄삼매를 법운지(法雲地) 보살이 성취하는 일체불국체성삼매(⼀切佛國體性三昧)로 재규정한다. 『화엄경』의 「불부사의법품」과 「이세간품」은 팔상의 각 상이 가지는 의미를 다시 확장하고 부연함으로써 ‘시현팔상’의 대승적 붓다관을 종합하고 있다. 이 같은 일련의 과정은 법신의 붓다라는 관점에 기초하여 응화신의 붓다를 중심으로 하는 대승의 붓다관을 체계화하는 과정이다. 그리고 부파불교의 색신의 붓다를 중심으로 하는 붓다관에 대응하여 새롭게 대승의 붓다관을 재정립한 과정으로도 이해할 수 있다. 또 6세기 중후반의 중국과 동아시아 불교인들 사이에 붓다의 전기를 ‘팔상성도’를 중심으로 하는 응화현의 붓다라는 전형적인 도식으로 받아들이게 되는 계기를 제공한 것이 바로 이들 수능엄삼매와 시현팔상을 설하는 대승경전들이라고 추정된다. 따라서 ‘시현팔상(示現八相)’의 관점을 기반으로 한 동아시아 대승불교의 팔상성도는 동아시아 불교전통에서 나타나는 이해하는 붓다관의 전형이면서, 대승불교 내부에서 추구해 간 붓다관의 전형이며, 나아가 중국불교 대승화의 전환점을 보여주는 하나의 사례이기도 하다고 생각된다. As a preliminary understanding of the Korean view of the Buddha’s life in eight stages, this thesis purported to elucidate how the notion of the Buddha’s life in eight stages (八相成道), a concept representing the Buddhist view on the biography of the Buddha in East Asian Mahayana Buddhism, was established. And in the process, it purported to elucidate the significance of the Buddhist understanding of the biography of the Buddha, typified in a series of Mahayana Sutras with “the presentation of the life of the Buddha in eight stages (八相成道)” or “the vision of the Buddha in eight stages (示現八相)”. In “the vision of the Buddha in eight stages (示現八相)”, they portray the Buddha as an incarnated being (應化身). The sutra as the origin of the view of the Buddha in eight stages is the Śūraṃgama-samādhi, which is mentioned in the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sutra (光讚般若經) and the Light-emitting Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, in which the Śūraṃgama-samādhi is another name of the dharma body or the Mahayana. The Śūraṃgama-samādhi Sutra was established as a succession of it. In this sutra, which also portrays the prototype of the vision of the Buddha in eight stages for the first time, it is presented as the samādhi of the boddhisattva in the tenth stage. The Flower Garland Sutra and the Great Nirvana Sutra expand the concept of the Śūraṃgama-samādhi, reinterpreting it in connection with the bodhisattva practice. The Nirvana Sutra reinterprets it as the mother of the Buddha and the Buddha-nature, and the Daśabhūmika Sūtra redefines it as the samādhi of fundamental nature in every Buddha land that is achieved by the Bodhisattva at the stage of the dharma-cloud. The chapters of “The unthinkable dharma of the Buddha” and “Leaving this world” in the Flower Garland Sutra summarizes the Mahayana view of Buddhahood in the vision of the Buddha in eight stages by expanding and amplifying the meaning of each stage. This series of processes is a process of systematizing the view of the Mahayana Buddha centered on the incarnated Buddha based on the notion of the Buddha as dharma body. It can also be understood as the process of re-establishing the view of the Buddha in Mahayana in response to the notion of the Buddha centered on the incarnated Buddha in Southern Buddhist schools of early Buddhism. Also, among Chinese and East Asian Buddhists in the mid to late 6th century, the biography of the Buddha was accepted according to a typical schema of the incarnated Buddha (rupakaya or nirmāṇakāya) centered on the eight stages, which is presumed to be due to the Sutras that teaches Śūraṃgama-samādhi and the vision of the Buddha in eight stages. Therefore, the Mahayana Buddhist vision of the Buddha in eight stages in East Asia based on the perspective of Eight stages is a typical view of the Buddha that we understand in East Asian Buddhist tradition, which forms the basis of the view of the Buddha pursued within Mahayana Buddhism. Furthermore, in China. this is considered to be an example revealing a turning point in the making of Chinese Buddhism into a Mahayana one.

생육 시기별 염 스트레스가 오리엔탈 나리의 생육, 페놀 및 플라보노이드 화합물 함량에 미치는 영향

이지훈,강윤임,서정남,안명숙,장혜숙,서경혜 한국화훼학회 2023 화훼연구 Vol.31 No.4

Lilies (Lilium spp.) are one of the most important flowering crops, valued for their ornamental qualities as cut flowers, garden plants, and potted plants. Lily flowers are highly sensitive to environmental stress, particularly due to continuous cropping disorder with salt stress being a major contributor. In this study, we investigated the phenotypic responses at different growth stages to salt treatment in Lilium Oriental varieties ‘Medusa’, ‘Lake Carey’ and ‘Ovada’. Salt treatment was performed by weekly irrigation with EC 8 dS・m-1 of salt water at various growth stages (no treatment, until shoot emergence, after shoot emergence, and throughout all growth stages). In terms of flower shape, all growth stages exhibited more damaged phenotypes compared to other treatment periods. Morphologically, the plant height and size of flowers were reduced by salt stress treatment. However, ‘Medusa’ and ‘Lake Carey’ showed normal flowering. Furthermore, salt stress at different growth stages led to a reduction in the levels of color compounds such as flavonoid and phenol in flowers. Although there were differences among cultivars, it was confirmed that the total phenol and total flavonoid contents were higher in salt-stressed plants after shoot emergence compared to those treated until shoot emergence and all growth stages. However, the color compound contents were similar to the control group in the case of after shoot emergence. These results indicate that the period of salt stress during various growth stages has different effects on flower growth and development by altering floral color. Additionally, Lilium Oriental varieties are predicted to be highly susceptible to salt stress before shoot emergence.

국내 수집 억새 유전자원의 출수 특성

안기홍,엄경란,이준희,장윤희,이지은,유경단,차영록,문윤호,안종웅 한국작물학회 2015 한국작물학회지 Vol.60 No.4

본 연구는 국내에 자생하는 억새 유전자원의 생육특성을 구명하기 위하여 국내외로부터 1,200 여점의 유전자원을 수집하였으며, 그 중에서 재배연수가 3년 이상인 유전자원 960여점을 대상으로 2013년과 2014년 억새의 주요 생육기간 동안인맹아일로부터 지엽전개일 및 출수일까지의 생육특성을 분석하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 억새의 맹아가 진행되는 4월초부터 생육말기인 11월까지의 2013년도 평균기온은 19.1°C이었고, 2014년의 평균기온은 13.9°C로 관측되었다. 평균 강수량 및 누적 강수량은 2013년에 3.8 mm와 921.0 mm 이었으며, 2014년에는 4.5 mm와 1092.5 mm 이었다.2. 2013년 및 2014년 3월초부터 11월말까지의 지표로부터10 cm 이내의 평균 토양수분 조사결과, 2013년에는 24.9% 이었으며 2014년에는 32.2%로 나타났다. 하지만 2013 년에는 3월초부터 8월 20일까지 20.7%의 평균 토양수분을 나타낸 반면, 2014년 동일시기의 평균 토양수분은31.7%로 나타났다. 3. 수집지역별 억새 유전자원의 맹아일로부터 지엽전개일까지 평균 생육일수를 분석한 결과, 경기지역에서 수집한억새 유전자원의 평균 생육일수가 가장 짧았으나 남부지역으로 내려갈수록 평균 생육일수가 긴 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 경향은 2014년도에서도 동일하게 확인되었으며, 지역별로 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 4. 2년간의 조사결과, 전남지역에서 수집한 물억새 중에서거대 1호(Miscanthus sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1) 및우람억새(M. sacchariflorus cv. Uram)는 지엽전개가 가장 늦은 것으로 조사되었으며 맹아일로부터 소요되는 생육일수가 가장 긴 것으로 나타나, 타 억새종에 비하여 영양생장기간이 긴 것으로 판단된다. 5. 2013년도 맹아일로부터 출수일까지의 생육일수와 2014 년도 생육일수와의 상관관계 분석결과, 물억새 유전자원의 경우 상관계수(r)가 0.70으로 나타났으며, 참억새 유전자원은 0.89로 나타나 2년간의 생육일수 사이에 높은 상관관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 6. 2014년에 비하여 2013년도 출수가 지연된 요인으로는높은 기온, 낮은 강수량 및 토양수분의 영향인 것으로 추측할 수 있으며, 3년 이상 동일조건에서 재배한 억새 유전자원의 생육일수는 수집지역간의 유의적인 차이가 있었으며, 억새 유전자원의 출수특성은 현재 재배지역의 환경적 요인보다 자생지에서 다년간 적응되며 나타난 고유한 유전자형의 영향을 받는다는 것을 추측할 수 있다. Miscanthus has been considered as the most promising bioenergy crop for lignocellulosic biomass production. In Korea, M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis can be found easily in all regions. It is a great advantage to utilize as important species with respect to genetic and cross-breeding programs materials for creation of novel hybrids. For successful breeding programs, it is important to precisely understand the variability of flowering traits among Miscanthus species as breeding parents materials. In this study, flowering traits were observed daily in 960 germplasms of two Miscanthus species (M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis) for growing seasons over 2 years. The flowering process was divided into three stages. ST (sprouting time) was recorded when first leaf of the plant emerged on soil. FS1 (flowering stage 1) and FS2 (flowering stage 2) were recorded when flag leaf was firstly observed, and 1 cm of panicle was showing on at least one stem, respectively. For 2013 and 2014, the latest germplasms exerted flag leaf, i.e. September 30 (DOY of FS1 164.1) and September 4 (DOY of FS1 141.0) occurred M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 and M. sacchariflorus cv. Uram collected from Southern Korea (Jeollanam-do), while Miscanthus germplasms collected from northern Korea (Gyeonggi-do) which emerged the earliest flag leaf in July and August, significantly decreased DOY. For DOY from ST to FS2, M. sacchriflorus germplasms ranged from 140 to 190 days, and 110 to 170 days for 2013 and 2014. The highest frequency showed to 160 days for 2013, and 150 days for 2014. In M. sinensis germplasms, the highest frequency showed to 180 days for 2013, and 170 days for 2014. In the results of correlation between the day of years from ST to FS2 for 2013 and 2014, M. sacchriflorus and M. sinensis showed high coefficient of correlation (0.70 and 0.89). It can be supposed that flowering characteristics of Miscanthus are largely affected by the unique phenotypic characteristic of native habitat than environmental factors of the current planted site. This study for flowering traits of Miscanthus may provides an important information in order to expedite the introduction as breeding materials for creation of new hybrid.

Floral Volatile Compound Accumulation and Gene Expression Analysis of Maxillaria tenuifolia

Su Yeong Kim,Mummadireddy Ramya,Hye Ryun An,Pil Man Park,Su Young Lee,So-Young Park,Pue Hee Park 한국원예학회 2019 원예과학기술지 Vol.37 No.6

Floral volatiles play a key role in attracting pollinators, and floral scent is an important trait for many floricultural crops, including orchids. Maxillaria tenuifolia belongs to the Orchidaceae family and has highly fragrant flowers. Due to the importance of plant biology, we needed to isolate the floral volatiles and corresponding genes in this plant. In this study, we investigated the floral volatile compounds and gene expression of M. tenuifolia at various flower developmental stages and in different floral organs using headspace–solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). The main compounds of M. tenuifolia were sesquiterpene, known as the scent of coconut, and the compounds β-caryophyllene, α-copaene, and δ-decalacton. The total amounts of volatile compounds in petal, sepal, lip, and column was 94.0%, 93.0%, 72.7%, and 90.0%, respectively. The compounds α-copaene, β- caryophyllene, and caryophylladienol II were identified in all parts. The total volatile compound amount at the bud stage (I) was 29.1%, at the initial flowering stage (II) was 81.0%, at the full flowering stage (III) was 93.7%, at the loss of pedicel color stage (IV) was 85.6%, and at the wilting flower stage (V) was 69.8%. Except for the bud stage (I), α-copaene and β-caryophyllene were identified in all stages. In the qRT-PCR analysis, most of the terpenoid genes were highly expressed at the full flowering stage in the sepal and petal. According to these results, we concluded that sesquiterpene is the major source for the floral scent profile in this plant. This study establishes a baseline for product development and provides information about using aromatics to promote orchid consumerism by identifying and analyzing volatile compounds and gene expression.

무안 회산지(回山池) 백련의 개화기간 중 화형변화

박윤점,유용권,이상필,허북구 인간식물환경학회 2012 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.15 No.6

This study was conducted to investigate flowering type and method of white lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) in Muan Hoesan-lake, and to enhance the utilization of lotus flowering. Blooming time of white lotus was 6:00 a.m. at 1 day after flowering (DAF), 5:40 a.m. at 2 DAF, 6:10 a.m. at 3 DAF, and 5:10 a.m. at 4 DAF, and all the lotus flowers bloomed were closed until 12:00 a.m. Maximum flower diameter at 10:00 a.m. at 1 DAF was 7.6 cm, at 7 a.m. at 2 DAF 25.2 cm, 8 a.m. at 3 DAF 23.7cm, and 10 a.m. at 4 DAF 22.2 cm. Number of petals bloomed was 14. Two petals were fallen at 3 DAF and all the petals were withered until 12 a.m. at 4 DAF. All the petals bloomed upright at 1 DAF, horizontal at 2 DAF and upright and oblique at 3 DAF. No petals bloomed downward at 1 and 4 DAF were observed. Overall results indicate that the flowering type and method including blooming time, size, and direction during flowering stage would be significant parameters for optimum production of white lotus flowers. 무안 회산지 백련의 개화 상태를 통해 개화 이력을 알 수 있는 지표 마련 및 이를 이용하여 생태 체험관광 자원 등으로 활용하기 위한 자료 확보 측면에서 개화 기간 중의 화형 변화를 조사하였다. 꽃은 개화 1일째는 6시에, 2일째는 5시 40분, 3일째는 6시 10분, 4일째는 5시 10분에 개화가 시작되어 오전 중에 피었다가 12시 이후에는 오므려들었다. 꽃의 직경은 개화 1일째는 10시 정각에 7.6cm, 2일째는 7시 정각에 25.2cm, 3일째는 8시 정각에 23.7cm, 4일째는 10시 정각에 22.2cm로 최대치를 나타냈다. 꽃잎 수는 14개였으며, 3일째에 2개가 탈락되었으며, 4일째 12시 이전에 모두 탈락되었다. 꽃잎의 각도는 개화 1일째는 모두 직립하였으며, 1일째와 4일째는 하향된 꽃잎이 없었고, 2일째는 수평,Table 6. Change in flower shape of white lotus after flowering in Muan-Hoesan lake. Time Flowering Hour Minute Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 460 80 100 120 160 -180 -3일째는 직립형과 사립형이 많았다. 이와 같이 백련 꽃의 화형은 개화 후 경과 일수에 따른 각각의 특성이 뚜렷하였다. 따라서 개화 상태별로 시청각 자료나 모형을 만든 후 시청각 자료 및 모형을 보면서 개화 이력을 추적할 수 있게 하면 무안 회산지 백련은 생태체험 관광 자원으로서 활용가치가 더욱 높아질 것으로 생각된다.

청양백련의 개화기간 중 화형변화

박윤점,유용권,조자용,박수민,허북구 한국인간·식물·환경학회 2011 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.14 No.5

청양백련의 개화 상태를 통해 개화 이력을 알 수 있는 지표 마련 및 개화의 활용성 향상을 위한 자료 확보 측면에서 개화 기간 중의 화형 변화를 조사하였다. 꽃은 개화 1일째는 6시 10분에, 2일째는 6시 20분, 3일째는 6시 40분, 4일째는 5시 50분에 개화가 시작되어 18시까지 지속되었다. 꽃의 직경은 개화 1일째는 9시 정각에 22.3cm, 2일째는 11시 정각에 26.5cm, 3일째는 10시 정각에 26.6cm, 4일째는 9시 정각에 26.7cm로 최대치를 나타냈다. 꽃잎 수는 16개였고, 3일째에 2개가 탈락되었으며, 4일째 11시 이전에 모두 탈락되었다. 꽃잎의 각도는 개화 1일째는 모두 직립하였으며, 1일째와 4일째는 하향된 꽃잎이 없었고, 2일째는 하향, 3일째는 직립형과 수평형이 많았다. 이와 같이 청양 백련 꽃의 화형은 개화 후 경과 일수에 따른 각각의 특성이 뚜렷하였으며, 이는 개화 이력을 추적하는데 활용 가능함을 확인하였다. This study was conducted to provide for an index of flowering record well informed of the flowering state for the white lotus ‘Chungyang’. We have gathered the information about the increase of flowering and the useful utilization of flowering. We have also investigated the flowering type of white lotus ‘Chungyang’ (Nelumbo nucifera). Flowering time of white lotus were 6:10 a.m. at 1 day after flowering (DAF), 6:20 a.m. at 2 DAF, 6:40 a.m. at 3 DAF, and 5:50 a.m. at 4 DAF, and closed until 18:00 p.m. Maximum flower diameter at 9:00 a.m. at 1 DAF was 22.3 cm, at 11 a.m. at 2 DAF 26.5 cm, 10 a.m. at 3 DAF 26.6cm, and 9 a.m. at 4 DAF 26.7 cm. Number of petals bloomed was 16. Two petals were fallen at 3 DAF and all the petals were withered until 11 a.m. at 4 DAF. All the petals flowered upright at 1 DAF, downward at 2 DAF and upright and horizontal at 3 DAF. No petals bloomed downward at 1 and 4 DAF. It was assumed that the flowering type of the white lotus ‘Chungyang’ were striking contrast by the days elapsed after flowering. And it was useful for the flowering record well informed of the flowering state.

청양백련의 개화기간 중 화형변화

박윤점,유용권,조자용,박수민,허북구 인간식물환경학회 2011 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.14 No.5

This study was conducted to provide for an index of flowering record well informed of the flowering state for the white lotus 'Chungyang'. We have gathered the information about the increase of flowering and the useful utilization of flowering. We have also investigated the flowering type of white lotus 'Chungyang' (Nelumbo nucifera). Flowering time of white lotus were 6:10 a.m. at 1 day after flowering (DAF), 6:20 a.m. at 2 DAF, 6:40 a.m. at 3 DAF, and 5:50 a.m. at 4 DAF, and closed until 18:00 p.m. Maximum flower diameter at 9:00 a.m. at 1 DAF was 22.3 cm, at 11 a.m. at 2 DAF 26.5 cm, 10 a.m. at 3 DAF 26.6cm, and 9 a.m. at 4 DAF 26.7 cm. Number of petals bloomed was 16. Two petals were fallen at 3 DAF and all the petals were withered until 11 a.m. at 4 DAF. All the petals flowered upright at 1 DAF, downward at 2 DAF and upright and horizontal at 3 DAF. No petals bloomed downward at 1 and 4 DAF. It was assumed that the flowering type of the white lotus 'Chungyang' were striking contrast by the days elapsed after flowering. And it was useful for the flowering record well informed of the flowering state. 청양백련의 개화 상태를 통해 개화 이력을 알 수 있는 지표 마련 및 개화의 활용성 향상을 위한 자료 확보 측면에서 개화 기간 중의 화형 변화를 조사하였다. 꽃은 개화 1일째는 6시 10분에, 2일째는 6시 20분, 3일째는 6시 40분, 4일째는 5시 50분에 개화가 시작되어 18시까지 지속되었다. 꽃의 직경은 개화 1일째는 9시 정각에 22.3cm, 2일째는 11시 정각에 26.5cm, 3일째는 10시 정각에 26.6cm, 4일째는 9시 정각에 26.7cm로 최대치를 나타냈다. 꽃잎 수는 16개였고, 3일째에 2개가 탈락되었으며, 4일째 11시 이전에 모두 탈락되었다. 꽃잎의 각도는 개화 1일째는 모두 직립하였으며, 1일째와 4일째는 하향된 꽃잎이 없었고, 2일째는 하향, 3일째는 직립형과 수평형이 많았다. 이와 같이 청양 백련 꽃의 화형은 개화 후 경과 일수에 따른 각각의 특성이 뚜렷하였으며, 이는 개화 이력을 추적하는데 활용 가능함을 확인하였다.

Effects of Vegetative and Flowering Stages on the Biosynthesis of Artemisinin in Artemisia Species

Abdul Mannan,Ibrar Ahmed,Waheed Arshad,Izhar Hussain,Bushra Mirza 대한약학회 2011 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.34 No.10

Artemisinin is an endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone, and has been proven to be very effective in treating drug resistant cases of malaria, cancer, etc. The compound is obtained from Artemisia species. In the current study, the effects of vegetative and flowering stages on artemisinin production were studied, to determine the proper harvesting time of naturally growing Artemisia species with the highest levels of artemisinin. Eight Artemisia species along with two varieties were selected for this analytical work. The results showed that artemisinin content was high in the leaves of Artemisia indica, A. sieversiana, A. roxburghiana var. roxburghiana, A. roxburghiana var. gratae, and A. parviflora at the flowering stage. The highest artemisinin content was measured in the leaves of A. dracunculus var. dracunculus. Upon comparisons of artemisinin content among the individual plant species, the highest amount of artemisinin was again in A. dracunculus var. dracunculus followed by A. sieversiana when harvested at the flowering stage. In overall comparisons, the plants at the flowering stage showed high levels of artemisinin, which is deemed the optimum harvesting time of Artemisia species in Pakistan for maximum artemisinin content.

국내 수집 억새 유전자원의 출수 특성

안기홍,엄경란,이준희,장윤희,이지은,유경단,차영록,문윤호,안종웅 한국작물학회 2015 Korean journal of crop science Vol.60 No.4

Miscanthus has been considered as the most promising bioenergy crop for lignocellulosic biomass production. In Korea, M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis can be found easily in all regions. It is a great advantage to utilize as important species with respect to genetic and cross-breeding programs materials for creation of novel hybrids. For successful breeding programs, it is important to precisely understand the variability of flowering traits among Miscanthus species as breeding parents materials. In this study, flowering traits were observed daily in 960 germplasms of two Miscanthus species (M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis) for growing seasons over 2 years. The flowering process was divided into three stages. ST (sprouting time) was recorded when first leaf of the plant emerged on soil. FS1 (flowering stage 1) and FS2 (flowering stage 2) were recorded when flag leaf was firstly observed, and 1 cm of panicle was showing on at least one stem, respectively. For 2013 and 2014, the latest germplasms exerted flag leaf, i.e. September 30 (DOY of FS1 164.1) and September 4 (DOY of FS1 141.0) occurred M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 and M. sacchariflorus cv. Uram collected from Southern Korea (Jeollanam-do), while Miscanthus germplasms collected from northern Korea (Gyeonggi-do) which emerged the earliest flag leaf in July and August, significantly decreased DOY. For DOY from ST to FS2, M. sacchriflorus germplasms ranged from 140 to 190 days, and 110 to 170 days for 2013 and 2014. The highest frequency showed to 160 days for 2013, and 150 days for 2014. In M. sinensis germplasms, the highest frequency showed to 180 days for 2013, and 170 days for 2014. In the results of correlation between the day of years from ST to FS2 for 2013 and 2014, M. sacchriflorus and M. sinensis showed high coefficient of correlation (0.70 and 0.89). It can be supposed that flowering characteristics of Miscanthus are largely affected by the unique phenotypic characteristic of native habitat than environmental factors of the current planted site. This study for flowering traits of Miscanthus may provides an important information in order to expedite the introduction as breeding materials for creation of new hybrid.