지중스틱을 이용한 관수가 ‘후지’/M.9 사과나무의 수분상태와 토양 체적수분함량에 미치는 영향

김영한,황현승,전익조 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2025 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.34 No.1

본 연구는 기후변화로 인해 사과 과수원에서 발생하는 가뭄에 대응하기 위한 새롭게 개발된 ‘지중스틱’의 영향을 조사하였다. 지중스틱이 ‘후지’ 사과나무(Malus domestica Borkh.) 의 증발산량, 상대엽수분함량, 토양체적수분함량에 어떤 영향을 주는지 스프링클러 관수 방식과 비교하였다. 2022년과2023년에 지중스틱으로 측정된 일별 증발산량은 스프링클러보다 각각 37.2%와 71.4% 낮았다. 시간별 평균기온에 따른2022년과 2023년의 지중스틱 증발산량은 스프링클러보다48% 및 51% 낮았다. 2023년에 측정된 스프링클러와 지중스틱의 증발량은 평균기온 15°C에서 0.04L·h-1, 0.03L·h-1였고, 평균기온 40°C에서 0.54L·h-1, 0.14L·h-1였다. 관수 시스템에따른 ‘후지’ 사과나무의 상대엽수분함량을 조사한 결과, 스프링클러와 지중스틱을 통해 각각 26L, 16L를 관수하였을 때의상대엽수분함량은 관수 전과 비교하여 각각 관수 4시간 후, 24시간 후에 유의하게 증가했다. 동일한 시간 동안 스프링클러와 지중스틱을 통해 관수를 적용한 후, 10cm, 20cm 깊이에서 토양 체적수분함량(Volumetric Water Contents, VWC) 을 측정하였다. 스프링클러는 깊이에 따른 토양 VWC에 차이가 없었다. 반면, 지중스틱으로 관수했을 때, 20cm 깊이의VWC가 10cm 깊이의 토양 VWC보다 더 많이 변화했다. 그러나 지중스틱의 토양VWC는 스프링클러와 비교하여 낮게나타났다. 지중스틱과 스프링클러를 이용한 동일시간의 관수에서 지중스틱의 처리에서 낮은 증발산량을 보였으며, 스프링클러보다 40% 적은 관수량이 필요한 것으로 조사되었다. This study was conducted to investigate the influences of ‘Subsurface sticks’ to reduce irrigation amounts and relieve drought stress caused by climate change. The effects of subsurface stick irrigation on evapotranspiration, leaf relative water content (RWC), and soil volumetric water content (VWC) of ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees were compared to those of sprinkler irrigation. In 2022 and 2023, daily evapotranspiration of subsurface stick irrigation was 37.2% and 71.4% lower than that of sprinkler irrigation. Hourly evapotranspiration, based on the hourly average air temperature, was also about 48% and 51% lower than that of the sprinklers in 2022 and 2023. The evaporation of sprinkler and subsurface stick irrigation was 0.04 L·h-1, 0.0 3 L·h-1 at an average air temperature of 15°C, 0.54 L·h-1, 0.14 L·h-1 at an average air temperature of 40°C. The leaf RWC of ‘Fuji’ apple trees was measured after applying 26 L and 16 L irrigation through sprinklers and subsurface sticks, leaf RWC significantly increased after 4 hours and 24 hours, respectively. Soil VWC was measured at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm after irrigating same hour via sprinklers and subsurface sticks. There were no significant differences in soil VWC depending on depth in sprinkler irrigation. On the other hand, using a subsurface sticks increased soil VWC at a depth of 20 cm compared to 10 cm. Soil VWC measured under subsurface stick irrigation was lower than sprinkler irrigation. These results indicate that subsurface stick irrigation could reduce evapotranspiration, but it could not increase soil VWC as much as sprinkler irrigation when irrigating for the same duration. In additon, subsurface stick irrigation requires 60% of the irrigation amount used in sprinkler irrigation.

Md-ACS1 및 Md-ACO1 분자표지를 이용한 국내육성사과의 저장성 예측

권영순,권순일,김선애,권헌중,유진기,류슬기,강인규,김정희 한국식품저장유통학회 2017 Food Science and Preservation Vol.24 No.7

Apple (Malus domestica) is a climacteric fruit because of its high respiration and ethylene production. Ethylene affects the fruit by decreasing its quality and storability. Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1 genes are involved in ethylene biosynthesis in apple; the Md-ACS1-2 and Md-ACO1-1 alleles are associated with low ethylene production. We conducted an analysis to study Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1, and to examine ethylene production and softening rate of fruit at room temperature (20℃) storage in ‘Fuji (FJ)’, ‘Golden Supreme (GS)’, and 5 cultivars of Korean apples (‘RubyS (RS)’, ‘Hongro (HR)’, ‘Arisoo (AS)’, ‘Summer King (SK)’, ‘Greenball (GB)’). The result showed that an increase in the number of the alleles (ACS1-2, ACO1-1) decreased the ethylene production and softening rate. The presence of ACS1-1/1, ACO1-1/2 was confirmed in GS and the highest ethylene production and softening rate was observed. Ethylene production and softening rate of SK and GB expressing ACS1-1/2, ACO1-1/2 were higher than that of HR and AS, expressing ACS1-2/2, ACO1-1/2, but lower than GS. FJ with ACS1-2/2, ACO1-1/1 showed the lowest ethylene production and softening rate among all cultivars except RS. The Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1 DNA markers could potentially be used to estimate storability and applied in marker assisted selection the improve the efficiency of apple breeding.

사과 단과지성 중간모본 "원교 가-단과지 1호"

허성,황정환,신일섭,신용억,김기홍 한국육종학회 2009 한국육종학회지 Vol.41 No.4

"원교 가-단과지 1호"는 농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서 고품질 중생종 "Starkrimson"에 무측지성 "McIntosh Wijick"을 1992년에 교배하여, 2000년부터 2008년까지 그 특성을 조사한 결과, 과실 특성이 뛰어난 계통을 중간모본으로 최종 선발 하였다. 만개기는 "홍로"와 비슷하거나 2일 정도 느리고, 숙기는 "홍로"보다 일주일 정도 느리다. 수세는 중, 수자는 반개 장형이고, 단과지 형성 및 착과량은 "홍로"와 같이 많은 편이 Intermediate parent "Wonkyo Ga-Dangwagi 1" (Malus domestica Borkh.) was released from Fruit Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Korea in 2008. It was derived from the cross between "Starkrimson" and columnar type "McIntosh Wijcik" in 1992 after selection tests from 2000 to 2008. Trees are moderately vigorous and have spreading branching habit. It bears abundant flower buds on one-year-old branches and fruits mainly on spurs or short branches. Harvesting time of this variety is late September, 7 days later than that of "Hongro" in Suwon. The fruit is conical to narrow conical in shape and bright red in skin color. Fruit size is small with weight of 200~240g on an average and fruits have 14ºBx soluble solid and medium acidity. It is moderately susceptible to alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria alternata). "Wonkyo Ga-Dangwagi 1" is a promising apple cultivar and will appeal to young people with good sugar-acid balance.

Ethephon 단용처리와 Ethephon 및 염화칼슘 혼합처리에 따른 사과 ‘Fuji’/M.26의 성숙기 과실특성 비교

오세원,문성호,장금일,이준수,김대일 한국자원식물학회 2023 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.36 No.5

적 요만생종 ‘Fuji’ 사과(Malus × domestica)는 과피 착색에 따라수확시기가 가변적인 품종이다. Ethephon은 ethylene 발생을촉진하는 식물생장조절제로 사과나무를 포함한 호흡급등형 과수작물의 과실 성숙과 관련된 생리적 반응을 유도한다. 본 연구는 ‘Fuji’/M.26 사과의 경제적이고 안정적인 수확기 조절 방법을 제시하고자 과실 비대생장 종료 후 ethephon 단용처리와ethephon 및 염화칼슘 혼합처리가 과실특성에 미치는 영향을조사하였다. 과실 비대생장이 종료된 만개 후 145일에 100 ㎎/L ethephon과 100 ㎎/L ethephon 및 0.5% 염화칼슘 혼합용액을분무처리 후 10일 주기로 과실특성을 조사하였다. Ethephon 단용처리구와 ethephon 및 염화칼슘 혼합처리구 모두 만개 후 155 일부터 전분함량이 감소되어 과실성숙이 촉진되었으며, 수확10일 전 전분함량은 대조구의 수확기 전분함량과 유사하였다. 과피 착색은 ethephon 및 염화칼슘 혼합처리구에서 ethephon 단용처리구보다 착색률이 낮았으나 대조구보다는 높았다. 과실 평균 경도는 ethephon 단용처리구가 가장 낮았으며, ethephon 및 염화칼슘 혼합처리구는 대조구와 유사하였다. 수확기 당산비는 세 처리구 간에 유의한 차이는 없었으나 수확 10일 전ethephon 단용처리구와 ethephon 및 염화칼슘 혼합처리구의적정산도가 대조구보다 유의적으로 낮았다. 특히 2021년 수확10일 전 ethephon 단용처리구와 ethephon 및 염화칼슘 혼합처리구의 당산비는 수확기 당산비와 유사하였다. 따라서 ‘Fuji’/ M.26의 과실 비대생장이 종료된 시점에 100 ㎎/L ethephon과0.5% 염화칼슘 혼합처리를 통해 과실성숙과 과피 착색을 수확기보다 10일 촉진할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Abstract - The harvest time of the late-ripening ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus × domestica) is variable, depending on the coloration of the fruit skin. Ethephon, a plant growth regulator, promotes the ethylene production and induces physiological responses associated with fruit maturation in climacteric fruit crops, such as apples. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ethephon treatment on fruit characteristics after fruit enlargement, with the objective of proposing an economical and stable harvest control method for ‘Fuji’/M.26 apples. Fruit characteristics were assessed at 10-days intervals following the application of 100 ㎎/L ethephon and mixture of 100 ㎎/L ethephon and 0.5% CaCl2 at 145 days after full bloom (DAFB). Starch contents of ethephon-treated (ET) and ethephon with CaCl2-treated (EC) apples began to decrease from 155 DAFB, and the starch contents of ET and EC at 10 days before harvest were similar to those of control at harvest time. Red coloration of fruit skin in EC was lower compared to ET but higher than control. The average fruit firmness was low in ET, while the control and EC exhibited similar levels of firmness. Fruit sugar acid ratios did not show significant differences between treatments. However, the titratable acidity of EC was significantly lower than that of the control at 10 days before harvest. Moreover, fruit sugar acid ratio of ET and EC at 10 days before harvest in 2021 was similar to their sugar acid ratio at harvest time. Therefore, it was thought that fruit maturation and skin coloration could be accelerated by 10 days from the harvest time through the combined treatment of 100 ㎎/L ethephon and 0.5% CaCl2 at the end of fruit enlargement in ‘Fuji’/M.26.

Molecular Characterization of New S-RNases(“S31” and “S32”) in Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.)

( Hoytaek Kim ),( Jongin Park ),( Yutaka Hirata ),( Illsup Nou ) 한국식물학회 2008 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.51 No.3

S-allele Specific PCR 분석에 의한 사과와 꽃사과 품종의 자가불화합성 유전자형 동정

조강희,김정희,이정우,권순일,박종택,신일섭,김세희,김대현,최인명 한국육종학회 2014 한국육종학회지 Vol.46 No.4

사과는 배우체형 자가불화합성을 나타내는데 이는 S-locus의 복대립유전자에 의해 조절된다. 본 연구는 S-allele specific PCR분석을 통해 신품종을 포함한 24종의 사과 주요 재배품종과 7종의 꽃사과 품종의 자가불화합성 유전자형(S-genotype)을 결정하고자 수행하였다. 31종의 재배품종과 꽃사과 품종 을 23종의 S-allele specific primer을 이용하여 분석한 결과 12개의 S-allele (S1, S2, S3, S5, S7, S9, S10, S16, S21, S23, S26, S29)이 동정되었다. 그 중에서 24종의 재배품종에는 S1(41.7%), S3(58.3%), S7(29.2%), S9(54.2%)의 S-allele이 흔히 존재하는 것으로 확인되었다. 국내육성 신품종인 ‘아리수’와 ‘황옥’의 S-genotype은 각각 S3S7과 S3S9으로 동정되었다. 본 실험에서 얻은 S-genotype 정보는 안정적인 사과 과실생산에 적합한 수분수 선발과 육종프로그램에서 교배조합 작성에 유용 하게 활용될 것이다. Apple (Malus ☓ domestica Borkh.) has gametophytic self-incompatibility (S) controlled by the multi-allelic S-locus. In the present study, S-genotypes of 24 apple cultivars including newly released Korean cultivars and seven crabapple cultivars were identified using S-allele specific polymerase chain reaction analysis. Twelve different S-alleles (S1, S2, S3, S5, S7, S9, S10, S16, S21, S23, S26, and S29) from 31 apple and crabapple cultivars were identified using 23 S-allele specific primers. Among them, S1 (41.7%), S3 (58.3%), S7 (29.2%), and S9 (54.2%) S-alleles were found to be common in 24 apple cultivars. The newly released Korean cultivars ‘Arisoo’ and ‘Hwangok’ were genetyped as S3S7 and S3S9, respectively. S-genotypes information obtained from the present study will be useful to select proper pollinzers for stable production of apple fruit and to design cross of breeding programs.

Development of an Apple F1 Segregating Population Genetic Linkage Map Using Genotyping-By-Sequencing

( Seung Hyun Ban ),( Cheol Choi ) 한국육종학회 2018 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.6 No.4

Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) has been used as a viable single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) validation method that provides reduced representation sequencing by using restriction endonucleases. Although GBS makes it possible to perform marker discovery and genotyping simultaneously with reasonable costs and a simple molecular biology workflow, the standard TASSEL-GBS pipeline was designed for homozygous groups, and genotyping of heterozygous groups is more complicated. To addresses this problem, we developed a GBS pipeline for heterozygous groups that called KNU-GBS pipeline, specifically for apple (Malus domestica). Using KNU-GBS pipeline, we constructed a genetic linkage map consisting of 1,053 SNP markers distributed over 17 linkage groups encompassing a total of 1350.1 cM. The novel GBS pipeline for heterozygous groups will be useful for marker-assisted breeding programs, and diverse heterozygous genome analyses.

Effect of High Vanillin Treatment on Storage Quality of Fresh-cut Apples

Hun-Sik Chung,Peter M.A. Toivonen,Kwang-Deog Moon 한국식품과학회 2009 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.18 No.3

The effect of post-cut vanillin treatment at high concentrations on changes of quality and microorganism in freshcut apples was studied. Apples (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) were sliced, treated by dipping in different vanillin solution, 0, 40, 80, and 120 mM, packed in polyethylene bag, and then stored for up to 3 weeks at 4℃. Changes in total aerobic bacteria, yeast and molds, browning, soluble solids, and titratable acidity during storage were investigated. Growth of total aerobic bacteria throughout storage was strongly inhibited by vanillin regardless of treatment concentrations. Growth of yeast and molds was inhibited by vanillin of all concentrations until 2 weeks of storage. Levels of browning index, soluble solids, and titratable acidity were not significant difference among the treatment conditions until 2 weeks of storage. However, when stored for 3 weeks, browning index increased more at 80 or 120 mM vanillin, while soluble solids and titratable acidity more be decreased by 120 mM vanillin as compared with other treatment conditions. These results show that the usage of vanillin in processing of fresh-cut apples had a limitation for maintaining quality.

Comparison of the Effects of Early and Conventional Defoliation on Fruit Growth, Quality and Skin Color Development in 'Fuji' Apples

Matsumoto, Kazuhiro,Fujita, Tomomichi,Sato, Saki,Chun, Jong-Pil Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2017 원예과학기술지 Vol.35 No.4

We compared the quality of 'Fuji' apples (Malus ${\times}$ domestica) from trees whose leaves were not removed (no artificial defoliation; NAD) with apples from trees that underwent early defoliation (ED, treated in mid September and early October) and conventional defoliation (CD, treated in early and mid October). The experiment was conducted in three consecutive years using 15-year-old 'Fuji' apple grafted on Malus prunifolia. Fruits were harvested on November 7, 16 or 12 in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Compared to NAD treatment, ED and CD treatment reduced the fresh weight by 4.7% and 0.6%, respectively. The soluble solids content of NAD apples ($14.4^{\circ}Brix$) was slightly higher than that of CD ($14.1^{\circ}Brix$) and ED ($14.0^{\circ}Brix$) apples. Soluble sugar content, flesh firmness, water-core index, and titratable acidity were not affected by defoliation treatment regardless of treatment timing. The skin blush index of NAD apples (2.3) was inferior to that of CD (3.3) and ED (3.4)- treated apples. Furthermore, artificial defoliation treatments increased skin redness ($a^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$) and significantly improved the degree of skin blush compared to NAD fruits.

Proteome Analysis of Malus x domestica Borkh. cv. Annurca

Carmine Guarino,Luciana De Simone,Simona Santoro 한국원예학회 2006 한국원예학회 기타간행물 Vol.- No.-