朝鮮總督府 歐美 出張 制度의 特徵과 官僚의 派遣 推移

최현우 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2020 한국문화 Vol.0 No.90

The Chosen Government General[朝鮮總督府] dispatched 321 officials to Europe & America from 1910 to 1939 on a business travel. High-ranking officials were mainly dispatched to the U.K., France, Germany, and the U.S. including their colonies. The business travel to Europe & America was a shortcut to success of officials. Only three Korean officials at the Chosen Government General were dispatched to the Europe & America. The first business travel to Europe & America by Korean officials in the 1920s was part of measures to appease Korean officials dissatisfied with discriminatory treatment and induce their loyalty. The business travels to Europe & America, which began in 1910, surged between 1912 and 1913, but plunged due to the outbreak of World War I. However, the number of business travels to Europe & America increased rapidly, reaching an average of 22 per year in the 1920s. The business travel to Europe & America was so expensive, but the Chosen Government General gave officials more chance to overseas business travel in the 1920s. Saito makoto[齋藤實] who took a governor[總督] of Chosen shortly after the March 1st Independence Movement[3ㆍ1 運動], sent many officials to Europe & America in the process of seeking effective governing method and calming down the worsening international public opinion. Due to the Great Depression in 1929 and the expansion of the 1930s wartime system, the number of business travels to Europe & America plunged to an average of five per year in the 1930s and 1939 was the last dispatch. In this paper, the field of business travel officials was divided into general administration[一般行政], jurisdiction[司法], education[敎育], medical treatment[醫療], agriculture forestry & fisheries[農林水産], monopoly[專賣], industry[工業], railway[鐵道], communications & postal services[遞信] based on the purpose of business travel and continuity of work after officials returning to Chosen. General administration and education officials accounted for half of all Europe & America business travelers. The average length of business travel was 10 months. Traveling in the medical and industrial fields for the purpose of acquiring professional skills was longer than other fields. Most of the general administrative officials' business travels were made to broaden their knowledge without clear purpose. In other areas, however, dispatch of business travel to Europe & America was done to develop solutions to the problems faced by the Chosen Government General or to improve the professionalism of officials. This study failed to specifically analyze the contents of the surveys conducted by the officials as well as the effect it had on Chosen. These limitations will be supplemented in each field through additional research in the future. In addition, a study that Comprehensive analysis on Chosen Government General policy of survey of Europe & America by connecting the business travel system with overseas researcher system[在外硏究員制度] is left as a future task. .

중일전쟁시기 범한생(范漢生) 경성총영사의 친일활동과 조선화교 사회의 변동

이정희 중앙대학교 중앙사학연구소 2018 중앙사론 Vol.0 No.48

This paper aims to analyse pro-Japanese movement’s cause of Fan Han-sheng of consul-general of Seoul during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Fan Han-sheng visited the Japanese Government-General to expressed his will to participate in the Provisional Government of the Republic of China on December 17. After he proclaimed, he visited Beijing to obtain their approval to become a new government’s consul-general at Seoul from Wang Ke-min and Japanese Northern China Army. In spite of officers’ resist of Chinese Consulate General at Seoul, he forced to switch party flag and emblem of the Kuomintang to Five colored-Flags of new government with the assistance of Japanese military police headquarters in Korea. On December 29, after having successfully raised the Five-colored Flag, he ordered each consulate to raise the flag. Therefore, by January 4, 1938, all consulates raised the Five-colored Flag, in effect closing down all offices of Chiang Kai-shek’s National Government. When the raising of the Five-colored Flag was complete, he forced all the Chinese Chamber of Commerce around the nation to voice support for the provisional government, and beginning with Chinese Chamber of commerce in Seoul and Incheon, all of them are recorded as having announced their support be the end of January 1938. On February 3, 1938, He called a meeting of representatives of overseas Chinese organizations, summoning 22 heads of Chinese Chamber of Commerce from around the country, and organized the Federation of Chinese Chamber of Commerce Association in colonial Korea, the help realize the provisional government’s credo of ‘peace and anti-communism’. On the same day, he also held newly assigned consuls’ meeting. There are three factors in his turning to provisional government from Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalist government. Firstly, he was opposed to Chiang Kai-shek’s anti-Japanese policy and procommunism. Secondly, he was willing to help their consuls and overseas Chinese in Korea. Thirdly, he made a judgement that he and his families’s life were not able to be guaranteed by Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalist government.

조선교육요람 영문판(1913년, 1920년)에 나타난 교육기관 연구 : 단어 출현빈도 분석과 분산표상 모델을 활용하여

탁진영,손민주 덕성여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2023 인문과학연구 Vol.37 No.-

This study analyzed two English texts, Manual of Education of Koreans (1913) and Manual of Education in Chosen 1920(1920), published by the Japanese Government-General of Korea, to investigate the stream of colonial education policies from 1911 when First Chosen Educational Ordinance was declared to 1922 when the Second Chosen Educational Ordinance was declared. In particular, we focused on the educational institutions described in two English texts to examine the education policies implemented by Japan. Given this object, we comprehensively conducted quantitative analysis utilizing text-mining techniques and qualitative analysis that interpreted the results of the text-mining analysis with a historical and linguistic perspective. Specifically, we first calculated the word frequency of two English texts and took a closer look at words related to educational institutions. Then we extracted tokens related to ‘school’ through the distributed representation model. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that Japan implemented a discriminatory education policy according to the operational subjects of the educational institutions, and implemented a low and differentiated education policy against Koreans through various types of educational institutions. Especially, in Manual of Education in Chosen 1920(1920) introduced more diverse types of educational institutions than Manual of Education of Koreans(1913) as if Chosen’s educational policy was developed, but it was found that it was intended to implement more specific and subtle colonial educational policies. In addition, this stream of educational policy was closely connected to Second Chosen Educational Ordinance in 1922, in which the Japanese Government-General of Korea more subtly executed education policies to foster ignorant people. Finally, we unveiled that Japan continued implementing education policies to keep the people ignorant from the issuance of First Chosen Educational Ordinance to the issuance of Second Chosen Educational Ordinance. Also, we suggested that quantitative research can be used in concordance with qualitative research in historical research. 본 연구는 1913년과 1920년 조선총독부가 발행한 영문판 조선교육요람의 분석을 기반으로제1차 조선교육령이 공포된 1911년부터 제2차 조선교육령이 공포된 1922년 사이의 식민지교육정책을 관찰하는 것을 목표로 한다. 특히 본 연구는 1913년과 1920년 조선교육요람의 영어텍스트에서 기술된 교육기관에 대해 중점적으로 살펴봄으로써 일본이 시행한 교육정책의 특징을파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 텍스트마이닝 기법을 활용한 양적 분석과 텍스트마이닝 분석 결과를 역사와 언어학적 관점에서 해석하는 질적 분석을 종합적으로 진행하였다. 구체적으로, 조선교육요람 영문판(1913년, 1920년)의 연도별 핵심어의 출현빈도를 계산한 후 교육기관을 중심으로자주 등장한 기관을 살펴보았으며, 다음으로는 분산표상 모델을 활용해 ‘school(학교)’의 유사어를추출한 후 이를 토대로 교육기관의 특징을 살펴보았다. 분석 결과 일본은 교육기관의 운영 주체에따라 차별적인 교육정책을 펼쳤으며, 다양한 유형의 교육기관을 통해 조선인에게 저급하고 차별적인 교육정책을 시행한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 1920년 조선교육요람 영문판에서는 1913년조선교육요람 영문판에서보다 표면적으로는 더 다양한 유형의 교육기관이 서술되어 조선의 교육정책이 발전한다는 인상을 주었지만, 실제로는 이전보다 더 구체적이고 교묘하게 식민지 교육정책을 이어 나가고자 한 정황을 파악할 수 있었다. 그리고 이러한 1920년 영문판 조선교육요람의 흐름은 제1차 조선교육령 간행 약 11년 후 일본인과 동일한 수준의 교육을 제공한다고 발표하였지만 실제로는 계속해서 차별적인 정책이 시행된 제2차 조선교육령의 모습과 닮아있다. 결국 일본이 제1차 조선교육령 발행부터 제2차 조선교육령 발행 전까지 지속적으로 우민 양성 교육정책에 집중하였음이 본 연구에서 증명되었다. 또한 본 연구는 양적 연구와 질적 연구가 역사 연구에서 상호보완적으로 사용될 수 있음을 제시하였다.

조선총독부 간행 ‘일본어·영어 대조 텍스트’의 텍스트마이닝 분석: 『조선교육요람』의 “서당”을 중심으로

탁진영 ( Jinyoung Tak ),김효숙 ( Hyosook Kim ) 인문사회 21 2020 인문사회 21 Vol.11 No.6

This paper aims to analyze Japanese-English parallel texts published by the Japanese government general of Korea through utilizing text mining softwares and investigate how the governmental purposes were differently permeated in the two parallel texts. To envision this, the current study extracted the section “Sohtang” from Chôsen Kyôiku Yôran written in Japanese and Manual of Education in Chosen written in English, presumably regarded as a translation of the former. In this paper, it is unveiled that the English texts contain more positive words than Japanese texts, suggesting that the Japanese government general of Korea purposedly exploited English texts in order to show off their capacity of administration and propagate the rationalization of the colony to outer countries. Based on the results, this research further emphasizes the need for a multifaceted text analytics on Japanese-English parallel texts in the future.

1920년대 조선총독부의 사회교화 영화정책과 ‘변사’ ― 재조일본인 발행 잡지 『조선공론(朝鮮公論)』의 기사를 중심으로 ―

임다함 한국일본어교육학회 2018 日本語敎育 Vol.0 No.84

Prior studies about ‘benshi’ during the Japanese colonial rule have a tendency to either focus on the status of benshi in the film industry and culture, or to concentrate on the regulation of colonial power over benshi. As these studies were mostly based on the press and media by the Joseon people, it was difficult to grasp the recognition of benshi by the Japanese settlers living in the colonial Joseon and the perspective of the Japanese government-general towards the regulation of benshi. There is little discussion on how the Japanese government-general ‘utilized’ the use of benshi, who was the key element to box office success, as a tool of political propaganda. In this paper, I will review the film policy of the Ministry of Education in Japan which utilized the box office success factor ‘benshi’ for social reform and education. Then I will discuss how this movie policy of the Ministry of Education reflected upon that of the colonial Joseon, focusing on the articles of “Chosen Koron”, the magazine issued by the Japanese settlers in Joseon.

사이토 총독 저격사건과 재조일본인 일본어 문학의 반응

정병호 한국일본학회 2015 日本學報 Vol.104 No.-

이 논문은 식민지 조선에서 일본인이 발행하던 일본어 잡지가 사이토 마코토 총독 저격 사건을 어떤 식으로 기사화하고 있었는지, 나아가 이를 모티브로 창작한 재조일본인 문학의 특징을 고찰한 것이다. ‘사이토총독 저격사건’을 다룬 소설들은 현장에서 직접 취재에 임하였거나 실제 피해를 입었던 기자들에 의해 빠르게 창작되었는데 대체적으로 아래와 같은 특성을 가지고 있었다. 첫째, 폭탄투척사건 자체나 이를 일으킨 강우규의사에 대한 직접적인 비난과 규탄보다는 조선에 건너온 등장인물들의 고향의 회상이나 가족의 역사를 보여주는 경우가 많았다. 둘째, 이들 작품들을 창작한 작가들은 기자들의 취재과정과 그들의 투병과정과 죽음을 부각하고 언론인으로서의 동료의식이나 직업의식을 보여주는 점도 공통된 특징이다. 셋째, 이들 작품들이 이러한 내용을 중심으로 전개하고 있는 이유는 그들이 식민지 조선에 건너와 신문 특파원이나 잡지 기자 활동을 하는 과정에서 생사와 관련된 큰 사건을 경험하면서 자신들의 존재 의미를 고향과 가족, 나아가 언론 종사자로서의 직업의식을 통해 확인하고자 하였기 때문이다. 특히 이들은 3·1 독립운동 이후 변화된 조선총독부의 정치적 흐름과 배경을 누구보다도 잘 알고 있기 때문에, 그들의 시선은 폭탄투척 사건에 대한 직접적인 규탄보다는 등장인물 개인들의 궤적을 통해 자신들의 존재의미를 되묻고 있었다. This paper contemplates on how a Japanese language magazine published by a Japanese publisher in the colonial Chosun printed the shooting incident of the Government-General Saitō Makoto and, furthermore, the characteristics of Japanese literature created using this incident as a motif. Fictions that deal with "Government-General Saitō Makoto Shooting Incident" were quickly written by reporters who were either covering on site at the time or were harmed during the incident and had largely the following characteristics. First, instead of directly condemning the bomb throwing incident itself or Dr. Woo Kyu Kang, who caused the incident, they often portrayed the hometown memories recollected by the stories' characters who moved to Chosun or their family histories. Second, it is also the common characteristic of those works that the authors highlight the procedures of news reporting by journalists and their struggles against injuries and deaths in addition to comradeship and professionalism shown by these journalists. Third, the reason that these works revolve around these details is that the authors wanted to confirm the meaning of their existence through hometown, family and professional consciousness as media workers after experiencing this big, work-related incident while working as newspaper correspondents or magazine reporters after moving to the colonial Chosun. In particular, because they understood better than anyone the political flow and backdrop of the changed Japanese colonial general-government after the March 1st Movement, they were reasking the meaning of their existence through the path of individual characters in stories, rather than making direct accusations about the bomb throwing incident.

전시체제기 일본 유학생의 사회 진출과 식민지 엘리트의 위상- 조선공업협회 『조선기술가명부(朝鮮技術家名簿)』 분석을 중심으로 -

김경남 ( Kim Kyung Nam ) 대구사학회 2017 대구사학 Vol.129 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to examine the entry of Korean students in Japan into society and the status of the colonial Korean elite during the war. We mainly analyzed the list of professional experts from the Chosen Industry Association by alma mater, region, and major. Through this analysis, we were able to identify the forms the professional experts existed as and understand their discontinuity and continuity after liberation. Overseas students learned science and professional technology not only in Tokyo and Kyoto but also at 38 universities(colleges) on the Japanese mainland. These people were mostly employed by the Japanese Government-General of Chosen(朝鮮) and regional administrative offices, and they also worked in munitions factories or as secondary school teachers. This was because, at the time, Governor-General Minami needed many civil servants in the industrial and mining fields as he implemented a policy to turn Korea into a military base. Therefore, overseas students during the war played the role of middle managers or low-class technicians for Imperial Japan as the colonial elite. However, with a few exceptions, they could not reach high positions for the simple reason that they were colonized people. Within these restrictions, overseas students became a new intellectual middle class in cities as they were employed by educational institutions and private companies. These students who studied in Japan and learned advanced culture entered society; however, this led to them tolerating their knowledge being used for Japanese wars of aggression. Of the overseas students, about half entered public offices, and they came to form the lower intellectual class who mobilized their own compatriots to maintain the colonial system. Overseas students within the Japanese general mobilization system supported the colonial system by learning low-class technical skills that could be used immediately, rather than fundamental fields of study; therefore, a colonial structure was formed in which it was difficult to develop new skills that could lead to the development of social systems. After liberation, overseas students replaced the Japanese to form a professional elite in an effort to create a basic foundation for nation building of the new country. Although they faced many trials and tribulations due to the US and Russian military administrations and the Korean War, the overseas students played a pivotal role in establishing the Chosen Academy, Seoul National University, and Kim Il Sung University. As such, the Japanese occupying key positions during the colonial period were replaced with Koreans after liberation, which paradoxically shows that the technicians during Japanese colonial rule were an oppressed intellectual class.

조선총독부 발행 조선교육요람 영문번역판에 나타난 일제의 식민교육방침: 1913년판과 1920년판 비교

진실로 한국통번역교육학회 2022 통번역교육연구 Vol.20 No.3

Japan published various English texts to promote the successful rule of its colonies and to maintain approval from Western powers of its legitimacy in occupying them. For example, in order to claim that the Korean education system improved and developed under its rule, the Japanese Government-General of Korea published Manual of Education of Koreans (1913) and Manual of Education in Chosen (1920). The latter is superior in quantity and quality compared to the former, giving the impression that the Korean education system was improving and was well managed during Japanese rule. However, analyzing the two manuals shows that the Japanese education policy for colonial Korea focused on (i) expanding ‘common’ low-level basic education, (ii) ‘controlling’ private schools closely associated with the independence movement, and (iii) ‘controlling’ Koreans both in Korea and Japan.

1915년 조선총독부의 고려대장경 인출 사업

양혜원 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2023 규장각 Vol.62 No.-

본고에서는 1915년 조선총독부에서 인출한 고려대장경 관련 자료를 두 가지 범주로 분류하여 그간 불분명하던 자료들의 성격과 특징을 다음과 같이 규명하였다. 자료의 첫 번째 분류는 규장각에 소장된 3종 자료로 ‘1915년 조선총독부 인출 고려대장경 관련 자료군’인 ‘『高麗板大藏經印刷顚末』(海士일10, 한은40) - 『大藏經綴本目錄』(奎26757) - 규장각 소장 고려대장경 인경본(奎15036)’이다. 두 번째는 ‘1915년 조선총독부 인출 고려대장경 3부’로, 규장각 소장 고려대장경과 그 동일 판본인 일본 東京 宮内庁 書陵部 소장본 및 일본 京都 泉涌寺 소장본이다. 『高麗板大藏經印刷顚末』은 1915년 고려대장경의 인쇄 경위와 인쇄 과정을 소상히 밝히고 있다. 이에 의하면 당시 일본 천황가에 바치기 위해 조선 총독이던 寺内正毅가 해인사 대장경을 절본 1부, 철본 2부로 총 3부 인출하였다. 현재 규장각 소장 고려대장경은 그 중 ‘철본’ 대장경으로, 철본이란 선장본을 뜻한다. 『大藏經綴本目錄』은 규장각 소장 철본 고려대장경의 經名, 卷數, 張數, 冊次 등을 정리한 것으로, 그 내용은 규장각 소장 고려대장경의 현황과 정확히 일치한다. 또 여기 수록된 대장경의 경전 종수와 권수를 헤아리면 1,511종 6,805권이 되는데, 이는 『高麗板大藏經印刷顚末』 수록 小田幹治朗의 「大藏經印刷終了報告」에서 전체 경전이 1,511종 6,805권이라 언급한 것과 일치한다. 즉, 『大藏經綴本目錄』의 정리 결과를 근거로 『高麗板大藏經印刷顚末』이 작성되었음을 알 수 있다. 규장각 소장 고려대장경은 위 두 자료의 기록을 충실히 구현하고 있으며, 『高麗板大藏經印刷顚末』에서 서술한 조선 전통의 대장경 제작 기술의 결과물이라는 점에서 의미가 있다. 결국 조선총독부에서 제작한 이 세 자료는 서로가 서로를 설명해 주는 자료인 셈이다. 한편, 『大藏經綴本目錄』에서 고려대장경의 경전 종수와 권수를 각각 1,511종 6,805권으로 정리한 것은 현재 학계에서 통용되는 1,514종, 6,808권과 차이가 있다. 이러한 차이는 『大藏經綴本目錄』에서 「補遺目錄」, 『金剛頂瑜伽念珠經』, 『蓮華眼陀羅尼經』의 3종 3권을 별건으로 헤아리지 않았기 때문임을 밝혔다. 『高麗板大藏經印刷顚末』에서 언급한 1915년 조선총독부 인출 고려대장경 절본 1부, 철본 2부는 그 소장처가 불분명하였는데, 실물 조사를 통해 각각 일본 교토 泉涌寺, 서울대학교 규장각, 일본 도쿄 궁내청 書陵部 소장 고려대장경을 가리킨다는 것을 명확히 하였다. 또한 書陵部 소장 대장경 사이에서 나온 카드를 통해, 『高麗板大藏經印刷顚末』에서 말하는 갑본이 泉涌寺 대장경, 을본이 규장각 대장경, 병본이 書陵部 대장경임도 밝혔다.

텍스트 마이닝(Text mining) 기법을 활용한 『제1차 조선교육령』과 『조선교육요람』(1913, 1920)의 영어 번역본 분석

탁진영,곽은주,진실로,손민주,김동미 국제문화기술진흥원 2023 문화기술의 융합 Vol.9 No.6

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how Japan tried to dominate Chosen through educational policies by analyzing three official English texts published by the Japanese Government-General of Korea: the First Chosen Educational Ordinance declared in 1911, the Manual of Education of Koreans(1913), and the Manual of Education in Chosen 1920(1920). In order to pursue this purpose, the present study carried a corpus-based diachronic analysis, rather then a qualitative analysis. Facilitating text analytics such as Word Cloud and CONCOR, this paper derived the following results: First, the first Chosen Educational Ordinance(1911) includes overall educational regulations, curriculum, and operations of schools. Second, the Manual of Education of Koreans(1913) contains the educational medium and contents on how to educate. Finally, it can be proposed that the Manual of Education in Chosen 1920(1920) contains specific implementation of education and the subject of education.