Clinical and Laboratory Findings of Barley Allergy in Korean Children: a Single Hospital Based Retrospective Study

Eun Joo Lee,Kyung Uk Jeong,이정민,Se-Ah Jeon,박범희,이혜림,Soo-Young Lee 대한의학회 2020 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.35 No.3

Background: Barley is a grain that is consumed in various forms in Asia. Studies on barley allergy are limited to a few case reports about hypersensitivity reactions to beer, but there is no barley allergy study in children. This study aimed to identify the phenotype and immunologic findings in Korean children with barley allergy. Methods: Forty-two participants with a history of ingesting barley who underwent serum specific immunoglobulin E to barley (barley-sIgE) assay at the Department of Pediatrics in Ajou Medical Center were enrolled through a retrospective analysis of medical records from March 2008 to February 2018. The demographic characteristics, symptoms, and immunologic parameters of the patients were assessed. Results: Twenty subjects presented with clinical barley allergy (B-allergic group), and 22 were atopic controls without allergic reactions after the ingestion of barley (B-tolerant group). The median ages of the B-allergic and B-tolerant groups were 1 and 3 years, respectively. In the B-allergic group, the cutaneous system (90.0%) was most frequently affected, followed by the respiratory system (40.0%). Anaphylaxis was observed in 35.0% of the B-allergic group. The median level of barley-sIgE was 13.90 kUA/L (range, 0.14–101.00 kUA/L) in the B-allergic group, and this value was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that of the B-tolerant group (0.30 kUA/L; range, 0.01–24.40 kUA/L), with an optimal cutoff level of 1.24 kUA/L (sensitivity, 85.0%; specificity, 86.4%). A positive correlation was found between the serum levels of barley-sIgE and wheat-sIgE in the B-allergic group with clinical wheat allergy. Conclusion: Barley is an important allergen for children in Korea. This study showed the clinical characteristics of barley allergy and suggested optimal cut-off levels of barley-sIgE for clinical barley allergy. Clinically, cross-reactivity or co-sensitization is often observed between barley and wheat.

Relationship of Physicochemical Characteristics and Ethanol Yield of Korean Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivars

Lee Mi-Ja,Kim Yang-Kil,Park Jong Chul,Kim 韓國作物學會 2012 한국작물학회지 Vol.57 No.4

The grain and agronomic characteristics of Korean barley cultivars were investigated with respect to ethanol yield. Test weight, grain yield, and starch yield showed noticeable variation among the cultivars. Grain yields were higher in covered barley and non-waxy barley. Starch yield was higher in non-waxy barley than waxy barley. Protein, β -glucan, and starch content of tested cultivars ranged in 10.0-12.9%, 4.4-7.5% and 49.7-65.3%, respectively. Naked barley cultivar had higher starch content than covered barley cultivar. However, covered barley had high starch yield because it has higher grain yield than naked barley. Covered barley cultivar had higher husk content, ranging 7.6-14.0%, than that of naked barley cultivar, ranging 5.3-8.0%. Starch content was positively correlated with amylose content, test weight, ethanol yield and negatively correlated with protein, husk, β -glucan content. Ethanol yield per ton was positively correlated with starch content, but negatively correlated with husk content. Ethanol yield per hectare was positively correlated with starch yield, grain yield, grain weight and negatively correlated with protein, test weight. From this research, the important characteristics of barley cultivar as a bioethanol producing material were starch content and grain yield. Optimum barley genotype was non-waxy naked barley that had low protein, β -glucan, husk content, and high starch content and grain yield.

보리산업의 현황과 수매중단에 따른 대응방안 - I. 보리가공제품 생산실태 및 품질과 가격조사 -

김정곤,이종호,성병렬,고복래,이영택,권태오 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.4

국내보리의 수매중단에 따른 원료곡 수급의 대책을 마련하기위한 기초자료로 보리를 이용한 가공제품을 생산하고 있는 전국의 가공업체 현황과 시중에 유통되고 있는 가공제품의 종류와 가격을 조사하고 이들의 품질정도를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 전국적으로 수집된 보리가공제품(주류제외)에 의해 조사된 보리가공업체의 수는 153개였으며 시도별로는 경기 >충북 >전남 >전북 >경북 >경남 =충남 >강원 >서울 순이었다. 2. 보리함유 가공제품(주류제외)의 품목 수는 17개였으며 가공제품의 수는 240종이었다. 3. 보리가공제품의 품목별 수는 혼합곡 >찰보리쌀 >일반보리쌀 >미숫가루 >보리차 >엿기름 >압맥 >보리과자류 순이었다. 4. 보리가공업체가 생산하는 제품의 종류는 평균 1.6종이었으며 전체업종의 68%가 1 ~ 2 종류를 생산하며, 5종 이상을 생산하는 업체도 13%정도 되었다. 5. 보리쌀 제품류별 유통가격은 압맥(찰성) >흑맥(메성) >할맥(메성) >찰보리쌀 >압맥(메성) >메보리쌀 순이었다. 6. 친환경제품은 일반제품에 비해 평균 41%정도 가격이 높았으며 제품에 따라 12~93%의 가격 차이를 보였고, 차이가 큰 순으로는 보리차 >찰보리쌀 >압맥 >미숫가루 >혼합곡이였다. 7. 동일품목 내에서도 가공업체에 따른 차이는 미숫가루가 가장 커서 최고가가 최저가의 4배 이상이고, 보리차음료(PET병), 보리차(티백), 찰보리쌀(친환경)은 3배 이상의 차이를 보였다. 8. 찰보리쌀 제품 42종 중 찰성순도가 높은 제품이 13종, 찰성과 메성이 혼합된 제품이 26종, 완전 메성인 제품이 3종이었으나, 찰성순도와 이들의 가격 간에는 관련이 없었으며 오히려 찰성순도가 낮은 제품이 비싼 경우도 있었다. 9. 메보리쌀 제품 34종 중 표시가 잘못된 찰성 보리쌀 제품이 1종 있었고, 찰성과 메성이 혼합된 제품이 2종 있었다. 10. 보리 엿기름제품 30종의 평균 효소력가는 131oL로 낮은 편이었으며 150˚L미만의 품질이 낮은 제품이 절반이상이었다. 11. 보리 엿기름의 효소력가와 제품가격 간에 관련이 없었으며 오히려 품질이 낮은 제품이 비싼 경우도 있었다. The current state of barley processing enterprises and actual conditions of processed products containing barley in circulation have been investigated. This survey was done in order to set up countermeasures for stable supply and demand of domestic barley consequential to the abolition of procurement system of barley. Liquor-excepted barley processing companies were 153, and 17 items of processed products containing barley and 240 processed products were examined. Mixed grain was the most found among the processed products containing barley, followed with polished waxy barley. The price of polished barley products increased as the grain was more processed and waxy. Eco-friendly products were more expensive than normal products on an average of 41% with a range variation of 12% to 93%. Some processed products containing barley were four times more expensive than other same products made by different companies but actually there weren’t any special difference among the products in terms of quality. Only 31% of the products known as waxy barley could be accepted as 'actual' waxy barley. The rest of them were mixed with non-waxy barley and some of them were even entirely consisted of non-waxy barley. In case of barley malt products, more than a half of them were below the standard of the diastatic power (150 DP). About 24% of the products were below 100 DP which means the product were in a really bad condition. However, there weren't any relation between the quality and price as some bad products were even more expensive than others. Therefore, it can be said that the introduction of a quality grading system is needed for proper quality control of waxy barley or barley malt products.

국내 보리 품종의 전분 관련 특성 평가

윤영미,김경훈,강택규,강성욱,강혜정,강천식,김양길,박철수,조성우 한국육종학회 2019 한국육종학회지 Vol.51 No.2

Starch properties of 32 Korean barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) were evaluated to improve the Korean barley breeding program. The average amylose content of non-waxy barley cultivars was approximately 3.5 times higher than that of waxy barley cultivars. Furthermore, non-waxy barley cultivars showed lower damaged starch content, water retention capacity, swelling volume, swelling power, and peak viscosity than waxy barley cultivars, while they showed bigger average starch granule size and higher final viscosity. Among Korean barley cultivars, the amylose content showed a positive correlation with damaged starch content, water retention capacity, swelling volume and power, and peak viscosity, while showing a negative correlation with pasting temperature and final viscosity. Among non-waxy barley cultivars, the amylose content showed a positive correlation with damaged starch content, but correlation with swelling power, peak viscosity, pasting temperature, and final viscosity was negative. Among waxy barley cultivars, the amylose content showed negative correlation with peak viscosity. There were positive correlations between swelling volume and peak viscosity among Korean barley and waxy barley cultivars. Also, there were positive correlations between swelling power and peak viscosity among Korean barley and non-waxy barley cultivars. Principal Components Analysis revealed that amylose content and peak viscosity are the main factors affecting starch properties of Korean non-waxy barley cultivars, and Korean non-waxy barley cultivars can be classified into two groups with these two factors. Water retention capacity and peak viscosity are the main factors affecting starch properties of waxy barley cultivars and classify them into two groups. The starch properties of Korean barley cultivars demonstrated in this study are useful to improve end-use quality for processed foods using barley. In addition, the continuous qualitative evaluation of barley is very important for the Korean barley breeding program.

Evaluation of Winter Barley Fields as Feeding Habitat for Waterfowl in the Dongup Reservoir System, Korea

Lee, Chan-Woo,Kim, Gu-Yeon,Jang, Ji-Deok,Joo, Gea-Jae The Ecological Society of Korea 2006 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.29 No.2

As a Biodiversity Management Plan in S. Korea, barley fields are being prepared for the wintering migratory birds. However, the effectiveness of barley fields as a feeding habitat has not been evaluated. In 2003/04 wintering period, we installed exclosures in the barley fields to evaluate the waterfowl grazing effectiveness. Approximately 8,000 waterfowls used the Dongup Reservoir System and utilized the barley fields during the daytime. The white-fronted goose Anser albifrons occupied more than 90% of the all barley-feeding waterfowls. Waterfowls significantly impacted to the shoot density and biomass of barley. In the closed plot, barley shoot density gradually increased to $267{\pm}27/m^2$ in January, 2004. Shoot density in open plots (site 1) declined sharply from.15 December ($189{\pm}18/m^2$) to 5 January 2004 ($25{\pm}11/m^2$). However, barley shoot density in open plots (site 2) was stable in January 2004 because of human disturbances. The changes in barley biomass and shoot density showed similar trend in both open and closed plot. From the exclosure experiment, it was clear that barley fields were important feeding habitat for wintering waterfowls in this area. Further, human disturbances such as noise from traffic and other human activities (farming and hiking) had significant impact on waterfowls' grazing activity. Collectively, winter barley fields were effective for waterfowl feeding, but the location of barley fields should be carefully selected for the maximum utilization of the barley feeding.

보리산업의 현황과 수매중단에 따른 대응방안 - I. 보리가공제품 생산실태 및 품질과 가격조사 -

김정곤,이종호,성병렬,고복래,이영택,권태오 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.4

The current state of barley processing enterprises and actual conditions of processed products containing barley in circulation have been investigated. This survey was done in order to set up countermeasures for stable supply and demand of domestic barley consequential to the abolition of procurement system of barley. Liquor-excepted barley processing companies were 153, and 17 items of processed products containing barley and 240 processed products were examined. Mixed grain was the most found among the processed products containing barley, followed with polished waxy barley. The price of polished barley products increased as the grain was more processed and waxy. Eco-friendly products were more expensive than normal products on an average of 41% with a range variation of 12% to 93%. Some processed products containing barley were four times more expensive than other same products made by different companies but actually there weren’t any special difference among the products in terms of quality. Only 31% of the products known as waxy barley could be accepted as 'actual' waxy barley. The rest of them were mixed with non-waxy barley and some of them were even entirely consisted of non-waxy barley. In case of barley malt products, more than a half of them were below the standard of the diastatic power (150 DP). About 24% of the products were below 100 DP which means the product were in a really bad condition. However, there weren't any relation between the quality and price as some bad products were even more expensive than others. Therefore, it can be said that the introduction of a quality grading system is needed for proper quality control of waxy barley or barley malt products. 국내보리의 수매중단에 따른 원료곡 수급의 대책을 마련하기위한 기초자료로 보리를 이용한 가공제품을 생산하고 있는 전국의 가공업체 현황과 시중에 유통되고 있는 가공제품의 종류와 가격을 조사하고 이들의 품질정도를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 전국적으로 수집된 보리가공제품(주류제외)에 의해 조사된 보리가공업체의 수는 153개였으며 시도별로는 경기 >충북 >전남 >전북 >경북 >경남 =충남 >강원 >서울 순이었다. 2. 보리함유 가공제품(주류제외)의 품목 수는 17개였으며 가공제품의 수는 240종이었다. 3. 보리가공제품의 품목별 수는 혼합곡 >찰보리쌀 >일반보리쌀 >미숫가루 >보리차 >엿기름 >압맥 >보리과자류 순이었다. 4. 보리가공업체가 생산하는 제품의 종류는 평균 1.6종이었으며 전체업종의 68%가 1 ~ 2 종류를 생산하며, 5종 이상을 생산하는 업체도 13%정도 되었다. 5. 보리쌀 제품류별 유통가격은 압맥(찰성) >흑맥(메성) >할맥(메성) >찰보리쌀 >압맥(메성) >메보리쌀 순이었다. 6. 친환경제품은 일반제품에 비해 평균 41%정도 가격이 높았으며 제품에 따라 12~93%의 가격 차이를 보였고, 차이가 큰 순으로는 보리차 >찰보리쌀 >압맥 >미숫가루 >혼합곡이였다. 7. 동일품목 내에서도 가공업체에 따른 차이는 미숫가루가 가장 커서 최고가가 최저가의 4배 이상이고, 보리차음료(PET병), 보리차(티백), 찰보리쌀(친환경)은 3배 이상의 차이를 보였다. 8. 찰보리쌀 제품 42종 중 찰성순도가 높은 제품이 13종, 찰성과 메성이 혼합된 제품이 26종, 완전 메성인 제품이 3종이었으나, 찰성순도와 이들의 가격 간에는 관련이 없었으며 오히려 찰성순도가 낮은 제품이 비싼 경우도 있었다. 9. 메보리쌀 제품 34종 중 표시가 잘못된 찰성 보리쌀 제품이 1종 있었고, 찰성과 메성이 혼합된 제품이 2종 있었다. 10. 보리 엿기름제품 30종의 평균 효소력가는 131oL로 낮은 편이었으며 150˚L미만의 품질이 낮은 제품이 절반이상이었다. 11. 보리 엿기름의 효소력가와 제품가격 간에 관련이 없었으며 오히려 품질이 낮은 제품이 비싼 경우도 있었다.

Effects of particle size of processed barley grain, enzyme addition and microwave treatment on in vitro disappearance and gas production for feedlot cattle

Shin-ichi Tagawa,Lucia Holtshausen,Tim A McAllister,Wen Zhu Yang,Karen Ann Beauchemin 아세아·태평양축산학회 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.4

Objective: The effects of particle size of processed barley grain, enzyme addition and microwave treatment on in vitro dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), gas production and fermentation pH were investigated for feedlot cattle. Methods: Rumen fluid from four fistulated feedlot cattle fed a diet of 860 dry-rolled barley grain, 90 maize silage and 50 supplement g/kg DM was used as inoculum in 3 batch culture in vitro studies. In Experiment 1, dry-rolled barley and barley ground through a 1-, 2-, or 4-mm screen were used to obtain four substrates differing in particle size. In Experiment 2, cellulase enzyme (ENZ) from Acremonium cellulolyticus Y-94 was added to dry-rolled and ground barley (2-mm) at 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/g, while Experiment 3 examined the interactions between microwaving (0, 30, and 60 s microwaving) and ENZ addition (0, 1, and 2 mg/g) using dry-rolled barley and 2-mm ground barley. Results: In Experiment 1, decreasing particle size increased DMD and gas production, and decreased fermentation pH (p<0.01). The DMD (g/kg DM) of the dry-rolled barley after 24 h incubation was considerably lower (p<0.05) than that of the ground barley (119.1 dry-rolled barley versus 284.8 for 4-mm, 341.7 for 2-mm; and 358.6 for 1-mm). In Experiment 2, addition of ENZ to dry-rolled barley increased DMD (p<0.01) and tended to increase (p = 0.09) gas production and decreased (p<0.01) fermentation pH, but these variables were not affected by ENZ addition to ground barley. In Experiment 3, there were no interactions between microwaving and ENZ addition after microwaving for any of the variables. Microwaving had minimal effects (except decreased fermentation pH), but consistent with Experiment 2, ENZ addition increased (p<0.01) DMD and gas production, and decreased (p<0.05) fermentation pH of dry-rolled barley, but not ground barley. Conclusion: We conclude that cellulase enzymes can be used to increase the rumen disappearance of barley grain when it is coarsely processed as in the case of dry-rolled barley. However, microwaving of barley grain offered no further improvements in ruminal fermentation of barley grain.

맥종별 주산지와 재배한계지 수집종자의 활력, 초기생장 및 이차화합물 차이

박현화,국용인,Park, Hyung Hwa,Kuk, Yong In 한국작물학회 2021 Korean journal of crop science Vol.66 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 다양한 맥종별 주산지 및 재배한계지에서 수집한 종자에 대한 종자활력과 이들 수집종에 대해 다른 온도조건(25, 13℃)하에서 발아율 및 생장과 저온 조건(13℃)하에서 엽록소 함량, 광합성 효율, 이차화합물(총 페놀, 총 플라보노이드, DPPH 라디컬 소거능력) 차이를 알아보는데 있다. 맥종에 상관없이 주산지와 재배한계지간에 전기전도도 값에는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 일부 수집종자간에는 전기전도도 값에 차이를 보여 종자활력에 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 25℃의 조건하에서 맥종별로 주산지와 재배한계지 수집종간에 발아율, 초장, 근장 및 지상부 생체중은 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 일부 수집종간에 차이를 보였다. 저온조건하에서도 맥종에 상관없이 주산지와 재배한계지간에 출현율, 초장 및 지상부 생체중에는 차이가 없었으나 일부 수집종간에 차이를 보였다. 그러나 겉보리 수집종은 파종 후 5일째에 출현하였고, 맥주보리와 쌀귀리는 파종 후 7일에 출현하여 맥종별 차이를 보였다. 맥종에 상관없이 수집종간에 엽록소와 광합성의 효율에는 차이가 없었다. 또한 맥종에 상관없이 주산지와 재배한계지간에 총 페놀, 총 플라보노이드 함량 및 DPPH 라디컬 소거능력이는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 일부 수집종간에 차이를 보였다. 특히 맥주보리 경우 총 플라보노이드 함량은 강진>창원>해남=전주>나주 순으로 차이를 보였다. 따라서 기후 변화에 따른 겉보리, 쌀보리, 맥주보리 및 쌀귀리 등은 동일품종이라도 재배지역에 따라 종자활력 뿐만 아니라 생장 및 이차화합물의 함량의 차이가 있을 것으로 사료된다. The purposes of this study were to determine how changes in temperature affect germination rates and growth of hulled and dehulled barley, malting barley, and naked oat plants, and to measure chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, and secondary compounds (total phenol, total flavonoid, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity) in plants grown at 13℃ or 25℃). Various types of barley seeds were collected from areas with ideal conditions for barley cultivation, hereinafter referred to as IA, and also from areas where barley cultivation is more difficult due to lower temperatures, hereinafter referred to as LTA. Seeds were tested for seed vigor. While there were significant differences in the electrical conductivity values between seeds collected from certain specific areas, no significant differences were evident between IA and LTA seeds, regardless of the type of barley seed. When plants were grown at 25℃, there were no significant differences in germination rates, plant height, root length and shoot fresh weight between plants originating from IA and LTA. However, there were differences in the measured parameters of some specific seeds. Similarly, under the low temperature condition of 13℃, no differences in the emergence rate, plant height, and shoot fresh weight were evident between plants originating from IA or LTA, regardless of the type of barley. However, there were differences between some specific seeds. One parameter that did vary significantly was the emergence date. Hulled barley and malting barley emerged 5 days after sowing, whereas naked oats emerged 7 days after sowing. There were no differences in the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficacy, regardless of the type of barley. There were no significant differences in total phenol, total flavonoid content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity between plants originating from IA and LTA, regardless of the type of barley. However, there were differences between some specific seeds. In particular, for malting barley the total flavonoid content differed in the order of Gangjin > Changwon > Haenam = Jeonju > Naju. The results indicate that crop growth, yield and content of secondary compounds in various types of barley may be affected by climate change.

Relationship of Physicochemical Characteristics and Ethanol Yield of Korean Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivars

이미자,김형순,김양길,박종철,김영진,김경훈,최인덕,최재성,김기종 한국작물학회 2012 Korean journal of crop science Vol.57 No.4

The grain and agronomic characteristics of Korean barley cultivars were investigated with respect to ethanol yield. Test weight, grain yield, and starch yield showed noticeable variation among the cultivars. Grain yields were higher in covered barley and non-waxy barley. Starch yield was higher in non-waxy barley than waxy barley. Protein, β-glucan, and starch content of tested cultivars ranged in 10.0-12.9%, 4.4-7.5% and 49.7-65.3%,respectively. Naked barley cultivar had higher starch content than covered barley cultivar. However, covered barley had high starch yield because it has higher grain yield than naked barley. Covered barley cultivar had higher husk content, ranging 7.6-14.0%, than that of naked barley cultivar,ranging 5.3-8.0%. Starch content was positively correlated with amylose content, test weight, ethanol yield and negatively correlated with protein, husk, β-glucan content. Ethanol yield per ton was positively correlated with starch content,but negatively correlated with husk content. Ethanol yield per hectare was positively correlated with starch yield,grain yield, grain weight and negatively correlated with protein, test weight. From this research, the important characteristics of barley cultivar as a bioethanol producing material were starch content and grain yield. Optimum barley genotype was non-waxy naked barley that had low protein, β-glucan, husk content, and high starch content and grain yield.

연구보문 : 사회과학 ; 보리산업의 현황과 수매중단에 따른 대응방안 1 : 보리가공제품 생산실태 및 품질과 가격조사

김정곤,이종호,성병렬,고복래,이영택,권태오 韓國國際農業開發學會 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.4

The current state of barley processing enterprises and actual conditions of processed products containing barley in circulation have been investigated. This survey was done in order to set up countermeasures for stable supply and demand of domestic barley consequential to the abolition of procurement system of barley. Liquor-excepted barley processing companies were 153, and 17 items of processed products containing barley and 240 processed products were examined. Mixed grain was the most found among the processed products containing barley, followed with polished waxy barley. The price of polished barley products increased as the grain was more processed and waxy. Eco-friendly products were more expensive than normal products on an average of 41% with a range variation of 12% to 93%. Some processed products containing barley were four times more expensive than other same products made by different companies but actually there weren't any special difference among the products in terms of quality. Only 31% of the products known as waxy barley could be accepted as "actual" waxy barley. The rest of them were mixed with non-waxy barley and some of them were even entirely consisted of non-waxy barley. In case of barley malt products, more than a half of them were below the standard of the diastatic power (150 DP). About 24% of the products were below 100 DP which means the product were in a really bad condition. However, there weren't any relation between the quality and price as some bad products were even more expensive than others. Therefore, it can be said that the introduction of a quality grading system is needed for proper quality control of waxy barley or barley malt products.