Effective Software Solutions for 4D Printing: A Review and Proposal

정성욱,조영태,송상은 한국정밀공학회 2017 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.4 No.3

In 4D printing, a target 3D object that can self-transform or self-assemble over time is created using a printer with smart materials. Since the advent of 4D printing, much research has been conducted on smart materials and application of 4D printing in diverse areas. However, research and development of 4D printing software is very limited due to the fact that 4D printing technology is still a novelty. Nevertheless, the time characteristics of 4D printing require appropriate 4D printing software to produce effective 4D printing outputs. In this article, we first introduce 4D printing technology and discuss its application in various fields. Then, we focus on the software required for 4D printing. More specifically, we present six types of software solutions needed to fully support corresponding stages in the 4D printing process: simulation, modeling, slicing, host/firmware, monitoring, and printing management software (PMS), respectively. We discuss how each software solution can sufficiently carry out the designated functions at each stage of the 4D printing process and propose that these software solutions can together provide all of the required operations for 4D printing.

열반응형 4D 프린팅을 적용한 곡면형 성형회로 부품 제작 연구

이주연,이민종,손용우,윤정훈,박근 대한기계학회 2023 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.47 No.3

4D printing is an advanced application of 3D printing with additional shape changes over time, which deforms additively manufactured parts using external stimuli. In this study, a thermoresponsive 4D printing method was developed to fabricate a molded-interconnect device (MID) with a curved shape. For this purpose, a flat MID keypad was designed to contain conductive circuits in a nonconductive plastic base. The flat MID keypad frame was then additively manufactured using a material extrusion (ME)-type 3D printer, by interactively inserting several conductors during the printing process. In ME-type printing, printing paths were programmed to have planar thermal anisotropy and thus induce bending deformation under thermal stimuli. A curved fixture was designed to install a hot air gun and thus guide thermal deformation to have the desired curvature, from which a facile 4D printing method could be developed with high dimensional accuracy and repeatability. 4D 프린팅은 3D 프린팅 기술에 시간에 대한 형상 변화를 추가한 개념으로, 3D 프린팅으로 제작된 제품에 외부 자극을 가하여 형상을 변화시킨다. 본 연구에서는 열반응형 4D 프린팅 기술을 이용하여 곡면형 성형회로 부품(MID)을 제작하기 위한 기술을 개발하고자 한다. 이를 위해 플라스틱 몸체부 안에 금속 도선이 삽입된 평면형 MID 키패드를 설계하였고, 압출 적층형 3D 프린팅 공정을 사용하여 도선이 삽입된 플라스틱 키패드 프레임을 제작하였다. 특히 압출 적층형 프린팅에서 출력 경로를 인위적으로 조절함으로써 면내 열적 이방성을 부여하였으며, 열적 자극을 인가하여 굽힙 변형이 발생되도록 하였다. 상기 4D 프린팅 과정에서 원하는 곡률을 형성할 수 있도록 가열장치가 삽입된 고정구를 제작하여 사용하였으며, 결과적으로 높은 형상정밀도 및 반복재현성을 보장하는 4D 프린팅 기법을 개발하였다.

A Review on 3D Printed Smart Devices for 4D Printing

이정우,이인환,김호찬,최재원 한국정밀공학회 2017 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.4 No.3

Multi-material 3D printing with electrically functional materials including conducting, sensing, insulating and semiconducting materials has led to the development of smart devices such as 3D structural electronics, sensors, batteries, etc. Electronically smart devices are a hot issue in 3D printing because they can certainly benefit from 3D printing technology, providing high design flexibility and customized functions. Shape-changing materials (e.g. shape memory polymers) incorporated in 3D printing have given birth to 4D printing, where 3D printed structures change in their shapes by external stimuli (temperature, light, water, etc.). The motivation of this review paper is to discuss mutual benefits from both 3D printed smart devices and 4D printed features, which can be built in a single body. It is expected that the combination of 3D printed smart devices and 4D printing would contribute to the development of high performance, adaptability to the environment and programmable 3D smart devices, which have not yet existed. This paper has reviewed the background of 3D printing, smart device fabrication using 3D printing, development into 4D printing, and future applications of 4D printing.

SNA를 이용한 물류산업의 3D Printing 연구 동향분석

김유나(Kim, Yu-Na),김현진(Kim, Hyun-Jin),손일명(Sun, Yi-Ming),여기태(Yeo, Gi-Tae) 한국물류학회 2022 물류학회지 Vol.32 No.2

물류산업에서 3D Printing이 가지는 환경적, 경제적 가치에도 불구하고 물류분야에 초점을 맞춰 전반적인 연구 트렌드를 파악한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않은 상태이다. 이러한 측면에서 본 연구에서는 물류분야에서 3D Printing을 주제로 한 연구를 종합하여 연구 동향을 파악하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 하였다. ‘3D Printing’과 ‘Logistics’ 키워드를 사용한 해외학술연구를 대상으로 물류분야 내의 3D Printing 연구를 중심으로, 가장 많이 사용된 키워드를 사회 네트워크 분석(Social Network Analysis, SNA) 방법론을 활용하여 파악하였다. Science Direct를 비롯한 Scopus, Emerald Insight, Springer, Taylor & Francis의 학술데이터베이스에서2010년부터 2021년 4월까지 총 11년간 119편의 논문을 분석에 활용했다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 키워드간 연결 횟수를확인한 결과, 3D Printing을 이용한 적층제조 방식과 Industry 4.0에서 제시된 기술을 활용한 물류분야의 적용 및 개선에 연구가 집중되고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 둘째, 분석대상 119편 논문의 키워드 간 매개성을 분석한 결과, 대부분 키워드들이 Industry 4.0를통해서 3D Printing에 연결되는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 키워드 Industry 4.0에서 제시된 혁신적인 기술을 활용하여 다양한 물류산업에 접목을 시도하는 연구가 가장 활발하다는 것을 나타낸다. 셋째, 전체노드의 중심성을 반영하여 계산하는 고유벡터중심성 결과에서 물류 키워드는 각각 3위 (Supply Chain: 0.242) 및 4위 (Logistics: 0.240)로 상승한 것을 확인할 수 있다. 이를 통하여 3D Printing 관련연구는 물류분야 연구와 밀접하게 진행되고 있으며, 특히 공급사슬망의 최적화 및 보완 역할에 3D Printing이 유용하게 접목되고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. Despite the environmental and economic value of 3D printing in the logistics industry, no research has thus far focused on the field of logistics to identify its overall research trend. Therefore, the present study aims to understand the research trends in logistics by incorporating studies on 3D printing in the field of logistics. The most commonly used keywords surrounding 3D printing in the field of logistics were identified using the social network analysis on academic research that used the keywords “3D printing”and “logistics”. The 110 papers published for a 11-year period from 2010 to April 2021 were retrieved from the academic databases of Science Direct, Scopus, Emerald Insight, Springer, and Taylor & Francis, and then were utilized for analysis. The results of the study are as follows. First, as a result of checking the number of connections between keywords, it can be confirmed that research is focused on applying and improving the additive manufacturing method using 3D printing and the logistics field using the technology presented in Industry 4.0. Second, as a result of analyzing the mediating between keywords of the 119 papers to be analyzed, it was confirmed that most of the keywords were connected to 3D printing through Industry 4.0. This indicates that research that attempts to graft into various logistics industries is the most active by utilizing the innovative technology presented in the keyword Industry 4.0. Third, in the eigenvector centrality result calculated by reflecting the centrality of all nodes, it can be seen that the logistics keyword rose to 3rd (Supply Chain: 0.242) and 4th (Logistics: 0.240), respectively. Through this, research on 3D printing is being conducted closely with research in the logistics field, and in particular, 3D printing is useful for the optimization and supplementation role of the supply chain.

소프트 로봇용 4D 프린팅 소재(총설)

이선희 한국의류산업학회 2022 한국의류산업학회지 Vol.24 No.6

This paper aims to investigate 4D printing materials for soft robots. 4D printing is a targeted evolution of the 3D printed structure in shape, property, and functionality. It is capable of self-assembly, multi-functionality, and self-repair. In addition, it is time-dependent, printer-independent, and predictable. The shape-shifting behaviors considered in 4D printing include folding, bending, twisting, linear or nonlinear expansion/contraction, surface curling, and generating surface topographical features. The shapes can shift from 1D to 1D, 1D to 2D, 2D to 2D, 1D to 3D, 2D to 3D, and 3D to 3D. In the 4D printing auxetic structure, the kinetiX is a cellular-based material design composed of rigid plates and elastic hinges. In pneumatic auxeticsbased on the kirigami structure, an inverse optimization method for designing and fabricating morphs three-dimensionalshapes out of patterns laid out flat. When 4D printing material is molded into a deformable 3D structure, it can be applied tothe exoskeleton material of soft robots such as upper and lower limbs, fingers, hands, toes, and feet. Research on 4D printingmaterials for soft robots is essential in developing smart clothing for healthcare in the textile and fashion industry.

Encoding of direct 4D printing of isotropic single-material system for double-curvature and multimodal morphing

Bihui Zou,Chao Song,Zipeng He,Jaehyung Ju 대한기계학회 2022 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2022 No.11

The ability to morph flat sheets into complex 3D shapes is extremely useful for fast manufacturing and saving materials while also allowing volumetrically efficient storage and shipment and a functional use. Direct 4D printing is a compelling method to morph complex 3D shapes out of as-printed 2D plates. However, most direct 4D printing methods require multi-material systems involving costly machines. Moreover, most works have used an open-cell design for shape-shifting by encoding a collection of 1D rib deformations, which cannot remain structurally stable. Here, we demonstrate the direct 4D printing of an isotropic single-material system to morph 2D continuous bilayer plates into doubly curved and multimodal 3D complex shapes whose geometry can also be locked after deployment. We develop an inverse-design algorithm that integrates extrusion-based 3D printing of a single-material system to directly morph a raw printed sheet into complex 3D geometries such as a doubly curved surface with shape locking. Furthermore, our inverse-design tool encodes the localized shape-memory anisotropy during the process, providing the processing conditions for a target 3D morphed geometry. Our approach could be used for conventional extrusion-based 3D printing for various applications including biomedical devices, deployable structures, smart textiles, and pop-up Kirigami structures.

AR과 3D 프린팅 객체를 연계한 건설공사 4D 시스템 구성 연구

박상미,김현승,문현석,강인석 대한토목학회 2021 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.41 No.2

In order to increase the practical usability of the virtual reality(VR)-based BIM object in the construction site, the difference between the virtual image and the real image should be resolved, and when it is applied to the construction schedule management function, it is necessary to reduce the image gap between the virtual completion and the actual completion. In this study, in order to solve this problem, a prototype of 4D model is developed in which augmented reality (AR) and 3D printing technologies are linked, and the practical usability of a 4D model linked with two technologies is verified. When a schedule simulation is implemented by combining a three-dimensional output and an AR object, it is possible to provide more intuitive information as a tangible image-based schedule information when compared to a simple VR-based 4D model. In this study, a methodology and system development of an AR implementation system in which subsequent activities are simulated in 4D model using markers on 3D printing outputs are attempted 건설현장에서 가상현실 BIM객체의 활용성을 높이기 위해서는 실제 이미지와의 이질감을 해소시켜야 하며, 공정관리 분야 적용시에는 가상현실 공정모습과 실제 공정모습간의 괴리감을 감소시킬 필요가 있다. 연구에서는 이러한 부분을 해소하기 위해 AR (Augmented Reality)과 3D프린팅 기술이 연계된 4D 모델기반 공정관리 시제품을 구성하여 두 기술이 연동된 4D모델의 활용 가능성을 검토한다. 입체적인 3D 출력물과 AR객체를 접목하여 시공 공정 시뮬레이션을 구현하면 단순한 가상현실기반 4D 모델과 비교시 실체적 이미지기반의 정보로 보다 직관적인 공정 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 이를 위해 연구에서는 3D 프린팅 출력물에 마커를 이용하여 후속공정이 4D 모델로 시뮬레이션되는 AR구현 체계의 방법론 및 시스템 구성의 적정성을 검토한다.

Encoding of direct 4D printing of isotropic single-material system for double-curvature and multimodal morphing

Bihui Zou,Chao Song,Zipeng He,Jaehyung Ju 대한기계학회 2022 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2022 No.11

The ability to morph flat sheets into complex 3D shapes is extremely useful for fast manufacturing and saving materials while also allowing volumetrically efficient storage and shipment and a functional use. Direct 4D printing is a compelling method to morph complex 3D shapes out of as-printed 2D plates. However, most direct 4D printing methods require multi-material systems involving costly machines. Moreover, most works have used an open-cell design for shape-shifting by encoding a collection of 1D rib deformations, which cannot remain structurally stable. Here, we demonstrate the direct 4D printing of an isotropic single-material system to morph 2D continuous bilayer plates into doubly curved and multimodal 3D complex shapes whose geometry can also be locked after deployment. We develop an inverse-design algorithm that integrates extrusion-based 3D printing of a single-material system to directly morph a raw printed sheet into complex 3D geometries such as a doubly curved surface with shape locking. Furthermore, our inverse-design tool encodes the localized shape-memory anisotropy during the process, providing the processing conditions for a target 3D morphed geometry. Our approach could be used for conventional extrusion-based 3D printing for various applications including biomedical devices, deployable structures, smart textiles, and pop-up Kirigami structures.

3D 프린팅 응용을 위한 환원그래핀/폴리피롤 복합체 기반의 전도성 폴리카프로락톤 레진의 개발

정현택(Hyeon Taek Jeong),정화용(Hwa Yong Jung),조영광(Young Kwang Cho),김창현(Chang Hyeon Kim),김용렬(Yong Ryeol Kim) 한국유화학회 2018 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.35 No.3

3D프린팅 기술은 산업적 응용을 넘어서 기계 설비 및 각종 장비의 부품생산뿐만 아니라 의료, 식품, 패션에 이르기까지 많은 시제품들의 개발 및 연구가 진행되고 있다. 3D 프린팅 기반 기술의 적용사례를 볼 때 정밀도와 제작 속도 측면에서도 다른 산업에 충분이 활용될 수 있는 기술의 개발이 보고되고 있으나, 아직까지는 시제품 위주로 이용되고 있으며, 향후 3D 프린팅 기술은 4차산업혁명과 관련하여 광범위한 분야에서 응용될 수 있는 완성품이나 부품제작에 이용될 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구에 서는 탄소나노 재료중 대표적으로 많이 이용되는 환원그래핀 [rGO(reduced graphene oxide)]과 전도성 고분자중 생체 친화적인 특성을 갖는 폴리피롤[Ppy(Polypyrrole)]의 복합체를 생분해성 고분자인 폴리카 프로락톤 [PCL(polycaprolactone)]과 혼합하여 3D 프린팅용 전도성 레진을 개발하고자 하였다. 결과로, 폴리피롤과 환원그래핀 각각 5 wt%, 0.75 wt% 에서 최적의 전기적 특성을 나타내었으며, 환원그래핀의 농도에 따른 표면분석에서도 이와 부합하는 결과를 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통하여 제조된 전도성 레진은 3D 프린팅 뿐만 아니라, 다른 산업분야의 전자재료에도 적용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다. 3D Printing technology is developing in various prototypes for medical treatment, food, fashion as well as machinery and equipment parts production. 3D printing technology is also able to fully be utilizedto other industries in terms of developing its technology which has been reported in many field of areas.3D printing technology is expected to be used in various applications related to 4 th industrial revolution such as finished products and parts even it is still carried out in the prototype model. In this study, we have investigated and developed conductive resin for 3d printing application based on reduced graphene oxide(rGO)/Polypyrrole(Ppy) composite and polycaprolactone(PCL) as a biodegradable polymer. The electrical properties and surface morphology of the conductive PCL resin based on therGO/Ppy composite were analyzed by 4point-probe and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The conductive PCL resin based on rGO/Ppy composite is expected to be applicable not only 3D printing, but also electronic materials in other industrial fields.

3D 프린터가 영상 산업에 미치는 영향분석

조종학(Jong Hak Cho) 한국디자인문화학회 2015 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.21 No.2

최근 흥행 돌풍을 일으킨 월트 디즈니사의 3D애니메이션 ‘빅히어로’는 애니메이션 자체로도 이슈였지만 영화 속에 등장한 다양한 하이테크 기술인 홀로그램, 히어로 갑옷을 만드는 3D 스캐너 및 3D 프린터, 여러 부속이 모여 형상을 만드는 마이크로봇 등 애니메이션 특유의 과장을 감안한다면 현재, 또는 가까운 미래에 실행 가능한 기술로 근 미래에 대한 이정표를 제시하여 더욱 이슈이다. 이러한 3D 프린팅 기술이 최근 단순 모형을 만드는 데에서 진화를 거듭하여 ‘마이크로봇’이나 영화 ‘트랜스포머’처럼 환경과 시간에 따라 스스로 조립 및 변신하는 4D 프린팅 기술로까지 진화하고 있다. 제 3의 산업혁명으로 일컬어지고 있는 3D프린팅 산업은 그 응용범위가 넓어 가능성이 무한한 산업으로 시각정보의 사실감이 요구되는 기계, 자동차, 메카트로닉스 등의 산업은 물론, 현장감이 요구되는 교육, 의료, 게임, 국방, 스포츠 등 타산업과 융합됨으로써 더욱 시너지 효과를 일으키는 산업으로 21세기 3D프린터 기술을 지배하는 나라가 세계의 중심이 될 것이라고 전문가들은 예측하고 있어 이에 대한 연구가 시급하다. 이에 본 연구는 서론에서는 연구의 목적, 배경, 방법 및 범위에 대하여 기술하였으며, 본론에서는 의료, 우주항공, 자동차, 건축, 패션 등 기존 산업에 있어서 3D 프린팅 기술을 활용한 사례들을 조사하고, 특히 선진국의 애니메이션, 영화, 캐릭터 등 영상산업 분야의 3D 프린팅 기술을 활용한 사례 분석을 통하여 결론에서는 대한민국 창조경제의 핵심 산업인 콘텐츠산업을 육성하기 위해서는 선진 3D 프린팅 기술의 도입을 통해 글로벌 경쟁력을 갖추어야 하며, 이를 위해서는 정부와 기업의 R&D 투자 등을 통하여 미래 성장 동력인 콘텐츠 산업을 육성하고 경쟁력을 높이는 것이야말로 대한민국이 표방하고 있는 창조경제의 미래 발전 목표가 되어야한다는 지표를 마련하였다. Lately, Walt Disney’s 3D animation, ‘Big Hero’, made a great box-office success not only as an animation itself, but it is even more noticeable as it presented a milestone for the near future with technology that is applicable to the present or the near future in consideration of a variety of high-tech technologies found in the movie like holograms or hero armor made by 3D scanners or 3D printers and an animation’s unique exaggeration like microbots having their shape with the components assembled. This 3D printing technology has repeated its evolutions recently from producing simple models merely and is now evolving to 4D printing technology realizing autonomous assembling or transformation according to the environment and time like ‘Microbots’ or ‘Transformers’. 3D printing industry being referred to as the third industrial revolution is industry equipped with endless potentials as its rage of application is very vast. The industry can produce even more synergic effects by being applied to not only industries like machinery, automobiles, or mecatronics demanding the realism of visual information but also other industries like education, medical care, games, national defense, or sports requiring vividness. As experts are predicting that the country ruling 3D printer technology will be the center of the world in the 21st century, it is urgent for us to study this area thoroughly. Accordingly, in the introduction of this paper, the study purpose, background, method, and range are described. In the body, the cases of applying 3D printing technology to existing industries such as medical care, astronautics, automobiles, architecture, product design, and fashion are examined, and particularly, the cases using 3D printing technology in visual entertainment like animations, movies, or characters are investigated and analyzed. Lastly, in the conclusion, the researcher suggests you to vitalize the application of 3D printing technology more in order to cultivate contents industry, the core industry of creative economy in Korea, and has particularly established an index that enhancing the competitiveness of contents industry applying 3D printing technology through the government and companies’ R&D investment should be the goal of future development in creative economy that is being supported by the government in Korea.