유보통합에 대한 연구동향 분석: 2013년~2022년 7월까지의 논문을 중심으로

이선애,강혜경 학습자중심교과교육학회 2023 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.23 No.3

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze research trends related to integration of kindergartens and day care centers from 2013 to July 2022, and to seek the overall direction of consolidation of kindergartens and pre-kindergartens. Methods The data to be analyzed in this study were searched for the keyword ‘integration of kindergartens and day care centers in domestic academic portal sites such as the National Assembly Library, RISS, DBPIA, and KISS, and published annually, focusing on 80 theses and theses related to integration of kindergartens and pre-kindergartens in academic journals. The current status, research type, research subject, academic field, and research topic were analyzed. The frequency and percentage were calculated using the Excel program for the collected data, and reliability analysis inter coders was used to analyze the subject of the same paper to increase the validity and reliability of the study. Results Looking at the results of the study, first, as for the publication status by year related to integration of kindergartens and day care centers, researches were most actively conducted in 2015 and 2017, and journal thesis papers were generally more conducted than theses. Second, in the case of research type, theory/documentary research and survey research were most actively conducted, while mixed research combining quantitative and qualitative research was found to be very insignificant. Third, as a result of examining the subjects of the study, most of the studies were conducted on childcare teachers on recognition of integration of kindergartens and pre-kindergartens and other studies on domestic integration policies and cases of integration of kindergartens and day care centersr abroad, as well as parents and daycare center directors, were conducted. Studies that investigated integrated cognition were identified. Fourth, most of the papers related to the integration of kindergartens and day care centers were made in education, and it was identified that some of them were also conducted in sociology. Fifth, as for the research topic, relatively active studies have been conducted to review the recognition of integration of kindergartens and day care centers, criticize/discuss domestic integration policies with integration of kindergartens and day care centers, consider cases of consolidation with kindergartens and pre kindergartens abroad, and suggest the development direction of domestic consolidations policies. Conclusions In conclusion, domestic research trends related to integration with kindergartens and day care centers tend to focus on criticism and discussion of recognition of integration and policies for integration and studies that consider cases of consolidation abroad. This suggests that specific discussions and tendencies should be presented.

사회과 통합의 기초: 역사적 접근을 통한 새로운 토대 형성

이태성 한국사회교과교육학회 2019 사회과교육연구 Vol.26 No.3

The purpose of this study is to derive a new foundation for the integration of social studies through the historical perspective of the discussion on integrated social studies. For this aim, first, the arguments for the integration of social studies are reviewed and the complexity of discussing the integration of social studies has been revealed by summarizing the mixture of terms that refer to integration in social studies such as ‘convergence’ and ‘consilience’ which have been highlighted recently. Next, the cases that aimed to integrate in the history of social studies were selected, and the meaning of each attempt was reinterpreted. Based on the analysis of the situation and context of the time, the POD course proposed in the 1916 report was evaluated as ‘a prototype of integration’, the STS education as ‘a challenge of integration’, and the strand proposed by NCSS in 1994 as ‘a compromise of integration’. Finally, by combining the features found in the history of integration on social studies, a new foundation was suggested in terms of ‘a purpose of the integration’, ‘a perspective of the integration’, and ‘a method of the integration’. The fragmented and integrated curriculum could be compromised based on the goal of ‘citizenship education’ and it is necessary to view the integration from the microscopic level of learning experiences beyond the curricular integration. Furthermore, it proposes the integration of the content and method as a task of integrating social studies in the future, and explores the possibility of using issues as a catalyst. Through this process, the researcher wants to promote understanding of the nature of integrated social studies and to emphasize the role of the issues-centered social studies which can integrate learning experiences and life. 본 연구는 사회과 통합 논의에 대한 역사적 조망을 통해 사회과 통합의 새로운 토대를 도출하는 것에 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 우선, 사회과 통합을 둘러싼 논쟁을 살펴보고, 최근 부각되는 ‘융합’, ‘통섭’ 등 사회과에서 통합을 지칭하는 용어의 혼재를 정리하여 사회과 통합 논의의 복잡성을 드러냈다. 다음으로, 사회과의 역사에서 통합을 지향했던 사례를 선정하여, 각 시도의 의미를 재해석하였다. 시대적 상황과 맥락에 대한 분석을 바탕으로, 1916년 보고서에서 제안된 ‘POD 과정’은 ‘사회과 통합의 원형’, ‘STS 교육’은 ‘사회과 통합의 도전’, 1994년 NCSS가 제안한 ‘스트랜드(strand)’는 ‘사회과 통합의 절충’으로 평가하였다. 끝으로, 사회과 통합의 역사에서 발견되는 특징을 종합하여 ‘통합의 목적’, ‘통합을 보는 관점’, ‘통합의 방법’ 차원에서 사회과 통합의 새로운 토대를 제안하였다. 시민성 함양이라는 통합의 목적을 중심으로 분과형과 통합형 교육과정이 절충될 수 있다는 점과, 교육과정 차원의 통합을 넘어 학습 경험이라는 미시적 차원에서 통합을 보는 관점이 필요함을 주장하였다. 나아가, 앞으로의 사회과 통합의 과제로 내용과 방법의 통합을 제안하고, 촉매제로서 쟁점 활용의 가능성을 탐색하였다. 이러한 과정을 통해 사회과 통합의 본질에 대한 이해를 촉구하고, 학습 경험과 삶의 맥락에서 통합을 실천할 수 있는 쟁점 중심 사회과의 역할을 강조하고자 하였다.

Integration of Faith and Learning : Reflections in Christian Education Context

Kang, Ho Kyung 한국실천신학회 2017 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.55

The purpose of this study was to explore conceptual and empirical researches on faith and learning integration and propose practical implications for Christian education and school contexts. For this study, different approaches to integration of faith and learning was explored and in turn organized four constructs to possible approaches to integration, namely, Hostile Separation, Independent Model, Mutual Respect Approach, and Integration Model. The need for biblical integration was highlighted and praxis of biblical integration was contemplated and suggested through this article. The implications for faith and learning integration are 1) comprehensive understanding of both the Scripture and the given academic disciplines, 2) building connection between the faith, knowledge, and lives of our students, 3) posing integrative questions, 4) developing faculty who can promote effective and biblical integration, and 5) creating environment for faith and learning integration.

사회통합지수에 관한 연구 - 지표의 구성, 측정 및 검증을 중심으로 -

윤건 ( Kun Yoon ),박준 ( June Park ) 한국정책학회 2019 韓國政策學會報 Vol.28 No.3

사회통합의 중요성에 따라 사회통합지수가 수차례 시도되었으나 국제 비교라는 목적, 이로 인한 객관적 데이터 위주 측정이라는 문제가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 국내의 변화 추이를 파악하기 위한 목적, 인식데이터에 의한 측정 등을 통해 기존 지수의 한계를 극복하고자 하였다. 선행연구와 전문가조사에 기초하여 사회통합지수 지표체계를 마련하고, 사회통합실태조사 데이터를 활용하여 지표체계를 검증하고 지수화 하였다. 사회통합지수 지표체계는 사회통합의 조건, 상태, 목적으로 구분하고 사회통합의 상태는 기존의 사회통합 논의를 종합하여 결속, 포용, 갈등으로 구분하였다. 지표체계 검증을 위해 확인적 요인 분석과 매개효과 분석을 실시하였다. 요인분석을 통해 측정지표들이 지표체계대로 묶이는 것을 확인하였고, 매개효과 분석을 통해 사회통합의 상태가 사회통합의 조건(거버넌스 역량, 경제적 안정성)과 목적(행복) 사이에 매개효과를 나타내는 것을 확인하였다. 지수화의 경우 최대최소 방식으로 표준화하고 하위요소 간 산술평균을 통해 도출하였다. 사회통합지수 분석 결과 사회통합의 수준은 낮게 나타났고, 2013년부터 2016년까지 연도별로 하락하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 갈등 수준이 낮았고, 결속의 하위지수로서의 참여 수준이 동일 레벨의 하위지수 중에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 일정한 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다. Many scholars have been interested in measuring the level of social integration for its significance in sustainable development. Previous researches tend to focus on cross-national comparisons of the level of social integration using objective or hard data due to the lack of data availability. But this conventional approach is limited because it neglects that social integration is basically a social construct shaped by citizens and thus using subjective or perception data is crucial to measure the level of social integration properly. We use data from the Korea Social Integration Survey (KSIS) of the Korea Institute of Public Administration (KIPA) which have multiple subjective indicators related to social integration. Rather than cross-country comparisons, we attempt to make time-series comparisons of the level of social integration in South Korea. With the KSIS data, we try to devise a new social integration index which is more adequate for measuring subjective part of social integration. First, we investigate theoretical literature about concepts of social integration. Then, we perform an expert survey to shed lights on the components of social integration. Based on the literature review and the analysis of the expert survey, we develop a new framework of indicators for social integration. It is composed of the condition, state, and goal parts of social integration. The condition part includes governance capacity as a political factor and economic stability as an economical factor. The state part is composed of three factors; social cohesion, social inclusion, and social conflicts. The goal of social integration is set to happiness. We test the framework with the KSIS data, focusing on the mediating effect of the state of social integration between the condition and the goal of social integration. Our finding is that the social integration index in South Korea has been decreasing between 2013 and 2016, while the mediating effect of the state part is statistically significant. We conclude with policy implications about how to address social conflict and civic participation which have the lowest scores in the social integration index.

SCM통합과 기업성과의 인과관계 분석

황채영 ( Chea Young Hwang ),서창교 ( Chang Kyo Suh ) 한국정보시스템학회 2015 情報시스템硏究 Vol.24 No.1

Supply chain management (SCM) aims to provide the coordination and execution of planning and decision-making in multi organization-wide production and distribution. The advancement of information technology and the globalization of market promote SCM integration. Information sharing has become a major driver of competitive advantage in SCM. In this research, we aim to analyze the influence of SCM integration on firm performance and the role of information sharing between SCM integration and firm performance. Of the 750 questionnaires posted, a total of 218 questionnaires were collected after one follow-up. A total of 199 questionnaires were analyzed after 19 questionnaires were eliminated due to largely missing values. We used structural equation modeling technique to validate the causal relationship between SCM integration, information sharing, and firm performance. The results suggest that improved SCM integration both within the focal company (intra-organization) and across companies (inter-organization) enhances firm performance positively. Information sharing acts as a mediator between the SCM integration and the firm performance. Intra-organization SCM integration is positively related to inter-organization SCM integration, namely, SCM integration with suppliers and customers. The results suggest that internal integration of SCM significantly influences external integration with customers and suppliers. The result also shows that supply chain integration has a positive influence on firm performance and information sharing positively impacts firm performance as well.

ASSET SPECIFICITY AND CHANNEL INTEGRATION

Hidesuke Takata,Mark E. Parry 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Introduction An important decision that a manufacturer has to make in distributing a product to customers is the degree of forward channel integration (Aulakh & Kotabe, 1997; Coughlan et al., 2001; John & Weitz, 1988). Transaction cost economics (TCE) developed by Williamson (1975, 1985, 1986, 1999) has been one of the leading theoretical frameworks used to explain the channel integration decision (Frazier, 1999; Watson et al., 2015). TCE is generally a theory for explaining the choice of an efficient governance structure in transactions and includes asset specificity, uncertainty, and frequency as its explanatory variables. According to Williamson (1985, 1986, 1999), much of the explanatory power of TCE is driven by asset specificity. TCE-based channel integration studies argue that as asset specificity increases, firms are expected to increase the degree of channel integration. This study proposes to extend existing research in four important ways. First, existing studies have not examined individual dimensions of asset specificity. This study examines two important dimensions discussed by TCE: human asset specificity and physical asset specificity. Second, existing studies have tended to measure asset specificity in a particular way (i.e., with a particular set of questionnaire items). This study examines the robustness of the estimated asset specificity-integration relationship to alternative measures of asset specificity. Third, existing studies have focused on firms in one country such as the United States, Canada, or Germany. This study empirically examines the roles and relative importance of human and physical asset specificity in channel integration in two countries with different cultures, the United States and Japan. Fourth, existing studies have not investigated the possibility of endogeneity between asset specificity and channel integration. This study tests whether asset specificity is endogenous in explaining channel integration through an instrumental variables and two-stage least squares (IV-2SLS) approach. Literature Review In the context of distribution channels, asset specificity refers to the extent to which durable, transaction-specific investments in human and/or physical assets are needed to distribute the product in question (John & Weitz, 1988; Klein et al., 1990; Shervani et al., 2007). Examples of such investments include (1) the time and effort employed to acquire the firm-specific, product-specific, and customer-specific knowledge needed for distribution activities, and (2) specialized physical equipment and facilities (e.g., warehouses, deliver vehicles, refrigeration equipment, demonstration facilities, and repair and service centers) (Anderson, 1985; Bello & Lohtia, 1995; Brettel et al., 2011a, 2011b; John & Weitz, 1988; Shervani et al., 2007; Williamson, 1985, 1986). According to TCE, when the assets needed to distribute a product are non-specific, the use of independent channels is a priori more efficient than the use of integrated channels based on the benefits of distribution specialists and competition in the market place (Anderson, 1985). Conversely, a high level of specific assets, whether human or physical, has important implications for the degree of channel integration. The primary consequence is to reduce a large number of relationships between a manufacturer and independent channel members to a small number of relationships, which may expose the transaction in question to opportunistic behavior. Because the unique productive value created by a high level of specific assets makes it costly to switch to a new relationship, the use of independent channels will not be effective as a safeguard against opportunism (John & Weitz, 1988; Shervani et al., 2007). Channel integration provides a safeguard against opportunism by permitting (1) the better monitoring and surveillance of integrated channels relative to independent channels, and (2) the reduction of profits from opportunistic behavior since employees in integrated channels do not ordinarily have claims to profit streams (John & Weitz, 1988). As a result, as asset specificity increases, manufacturers are expected to increase the degree of channel integration to exercise greater control over the channels (John & Weitz, 1988; Shervani et al., 2007). This leads to the following basic TCE hypothesis concerning asset specificity and channel integration: TCE hypothesis. Asset specificity will be positively related to the degree of channel integration. Existing studies of channel integration tend to provide support or partial support for the hypothesized positive relationship between asset specificity and channel integration. One limitation of key studies is that they have not fully explored the dimensions of asset specificity because they treat asset specificity as unidimensional or examine only one dimension of asset specificity. Specifically, Anderson and Schmittlein (1984), Anderson (1985), Anderson and Coughlan (1987), and Krafft et al. (2004) focus on human asset specificity. While John and Weitz (1988), Shervani et al. (2007), and Brettel et al. (2011a) consider both human and physical asset specificity in their theoretical discussions, their empirical analyses focus only on human asset specificity. Klein et al. (1990), Aulakh and Kotabe (1997), and Brettel et al. (2011a) use a single measure of asset specificity that contains distinct items measuring human and physical asset specificity. Importantly, none of these studies has examined the dimension of physical asset specificity while controlling for the impact of human asset specificity. These observations suggest that further research is needed that explicitly measures and evaluates the relative importance of human and physical asset specificity in the channel integration decision. Research Hypotheses Based on the above literature review, we seek to extend existing research by distinguishing between two types of asset specificity, human and physical asset specificity. As already explained, TCE and TCE-based channel integration studies argue that both human and physical asset specificity are positive drivers of the degree of channel integration. Thus, our research hypotheses are the following: Hypothesis 1. Human asset specificity will be positively related to the degree of channel integration. Hypothesis 2. Physical asset specificity will be positively related to the degree of channel integration. Research Methodology As shown in Table 1, previous empirical studies attempt to test the basic TCE hypothesis concerning asset specificity and channel integration using (1) a particular measure of asset specificity, (2) data from a single national survey of firms in the United States, Canada, or Germany, and (3) methods such as an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis and a partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. In contrast with these studies, we seek to test the above two hypotheses concerning two types of asset specificity and channel integration using (1) different measures of asset specificity, (2) data from parallel national surveys of firms in two countries with different cultures, the United States and Japan, and (3) the methods used in prior empirical analyses and an IV-2SLS approach, which is a widely accepted method for investigating the potential endogeneity problem of focal explanatory variables (Antonakis et al., 2010, 2014; Zaefarian et al., 2017). This research strategy is partly based on the guidelines for high-quality replication studies articulated by Bettis et al. (2016b). The aims are to assess the generalizability of important prior results using different survey data drawn from different research contexts and to assess the robustness of these results using different measures and methods, thereby providing important additional evidence that contributes to the establishment of repeatable cumulative knowledge (Bettis et al., 2016a, 2016b). We developed the survey questionnaire in several steps. Following John and Weitz (1988), Shervani et al. (2007), and Brettel et al. (2011b), the dependent variable, channel integration, was operationalized by the percentage of sales through direct channels. We measured the focal explanatory variable, asset specificity, in four ways: (1) a four-item scale of human asset specificity used by Shervani et al. (2007), (2) a four-item scale of physical asset specificity based on Bello and Lohtia (1995) and Klein et al. (1990), (3) a six-item scale of human and physical asset specificity used by Klein et al. (1990), and (4) a four-item scale of human and physical asset specificity used by Brettel et al. (2011a). We also included four control variables: environmental uncertainty, behavioral uncertainty, financial performance, and channel members’ capabilities. Based on existing studies, manufacturers of electronic and telecommunication, metal, and chemical products in industrial (business-to-business) markets were selected as the setting for the empirical test. The unit of analysis was the domestic channel integration decision made at a product-market level. Respondents were sales/marketing managers (or executives) knowledgeable about channel design and strategies. In the United States, a professional marketing research company administered the data collection. In Japan, respondents were surveyed by mail. In total, we obtained 235 usable responses from US managers and 279 responses from Japanese managers. Results and Conclusions Following similar studies (John & Weitz, 1988; Shervani et al., 2007), an OLS regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The results, shown in Table 1, exhibit significant explanatory power for each model. As expected, (1) human asset specificity exhibits significant positive relationships with the degree of channel integration in both the United States and Japan (Models 1 & 2). These findings support Hypothesis 1. Conversely, (2) physical asset specificity does not have the expected significant positive relationships with the degree of channel integration in both the United States and Japan (Models 1 & 3). These findings do not support Hypothesis 2. Also, (3) asset specificity (Klein et al., 1990) and (4) asset specificity (Brettel et al., 2011a), two composite measures of human and physical asset specificity, exhibit the expected significant coefficients (Models 4 & 5). Additionally, we conducted a similar analysis using a structural equation modelling approach. The results mirrored those of OLS regression, thus providing further support for it. To assess the problem of potential endogeneity between asset specificity and channel integration, we employed IV-2SLS. We used (1) the level of the product’s technical content and (2) the need for coordination between production and distribution activities as instruments for human/physical asset specificity. Our instruments were individually significant predictors of asset specificity and met the exclusion restriction. However, the endogeneity test revealed no evidence of endogeneity. Thus, asset specificity was treated as exogenous in the model. In summary, our preliminary results suggest that human asset specificity, not physical asset specificity, is relevant to the channel integration decision. This finding is significant in that TCE-based channel integration studies tend to measure only one type of asset specificity. We are currently conducting additional analyses to better understand the relationship between human and physical asset specificity, for example, (1) the effects of human and physical asset specificity on different kinds of direct distribution, and (2) a multiple equation model in which human asset specificity is a function of physical asset specificity and direct distribution is a function of both human and physical asset specificity. We believe that our results will have important implications for the ways in which managers approach the channel integration decision.

국어교육의 상보적 통합 -문법 영역을 중심으로-

신호철 ( Ho Choel Shin ) 한국문법교육학회 2007 문법 교육 Vol.7 No.-

This paper is about the integration of Korean education. Until nowadays the discussion about the integration of Korean education was aimed at exclusive integration. Therefore it was ignoring the existence of other domain and only considering the part of its own. However this kind of integration is not harmonic and symbiotic way of integration. In order to have a genuine concept of integration of Korean education, it should be aimed at complementary integration. To develop the discussion about this, first of all, on chapter 2, it deals about the pre-existing discussion about integration and it contains each concepts of `integration`. There are many ways to integrate but it ultimately leads to exclusive integration. On chapter 3, it contains the context that pre-existing discussion about the integration excludes other domain and it assimilates and consolidates which that is the image of exclusive integration. This paper asserts that not like the exclusive, it should be harmonic between other domains and be a complementary integration which preserve and develop others. Each concepts and principles of complementary integration is discussed on separate paragraph and it proposed principles of complementary integration as intention and degree and the basic element as explanatory and exemplary element.

정보시스템 통합단계별 성과측정 모형 및 물리적 통합단계의 측정지표 개발에 관한 연구

정해용(Haeyong Jung),나종회(Jonghei Ra) 한국IT서비스학회 2008 한국IT서비스학회지 Vol.7 No.4

This study aims to develop an integration performance measurement model for each stage of information systems integration. In order to achieve the purpose of the research, first of all, the concepts of IS integration or consolidation are analyzed through theoretical and practical reviews. Also, a number of important studies of domestic and overseas cases about the stage models of IS integration or consolidation are critically reviewed. Second, we proposed three step stage model of IS integration, Physical Integration stage, Application Integration stage, Service Integration stage, and Also proposed the performance measurement model for each stage of information systems integration. Third, especially in case of performance indicators and performance measurement methodology for physical integration stage are illustratively proposed, based upon the case of NCIA (National Computing Integration Agency) in Korea. This study provides the theoretical basis for reasonably deriving the stage model and performance measurement model for each stage of Information Systems Integration, and they are validating through investigating domestic and foreign practices. The results of this study are very likely to contribute to presenting the practical guideline for desirably implementing IS integration or IS consolidation.

Why Are Common Values Critical to Inter- and Intra-Regional Integration?: Lessons from European Integration

( Chih-mei Luo ) 한국EU학회 2016 Asia-Pacific Journal of EU Studies Vol.14 No.1

The desirability of joining regional integration in an age of globalization is often measured in materialistic terms, and ideological issues such as values, believes and identities are either dismissed or ignored. This paper aims to argue that common values and believes are critical not only to intra- but also to inter-regional integration, by looking into the historical ex-periences of European integration. This paper distinguishes four different integrative models of EU members` participation in European integration from empirical evidences and ana-lyzes their implications for European integration and regional cooperation between the EU and Asia. It argues that, for European integration, a recall and reviving its commitment to common values and believes have become imperative especially at a time of crisis. For the EU-Asia cooperation, the task of searching for common values and believes should not be ignored any longer, especially after the negotiations on ASEAN-EU FTA collapsed. If the inertia of slow and stagnant developments of EU-Asia integration is meant to reverse, policy-makers must answer a key question first: what are the common values and believes between the two communities?

Regional Integration, Growth and Convergence

( Dirk Willem Te Velde ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소(구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2011 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.26 No.1

This paper examines empirically whether and how regional integration leads to convergence and growth amongst developing countries. Using standard growth models for nearly 100 developing countries over 1970-2004 we cannot establish robust growth effects of regional integration as such at the aggregated level of analysis even after using alternative measures of regional integration. However, because we find that trade and FDI promote growth, and because regional integration tends to increase trade and FDI, regional integration still has a positive impact on growth in its members through the effects of increased trade and investment on growth. Further, country-specific growth diagnostics do suggest that regional integration can be a binding constraint to growth as “deep” regional approaches can help to address crucial rail, road, air and energy links amongst countries (e.g. in the East African Community). Our findings also suggest that initially high levels of regional income disparities will lead to greater decreases in disparities. Whilst the level of intra-regional trade and incomes do not explain changes in income disparities, the presence of a regional Development Finance Institutions (e.g. Central American or East African development banks) with a relatively high loan exposure to GDP ratio tends to reduce regional income disparities suggesting a useful role for deeper integration in achieving regional cohesion. A one percentage point increase in exposure by DFIs leads to a drop of σ of about one percentage point. Finally, while the macro economic literature on regional integration tends to highlight only limited expected effects of African regional integration itself, our work at the firm level in three African countries (Benin, Malawi and South Africa) is indicative of significant dynamic effects of regional integration through the effects on firm level productivity in Africa. We suggest that in the future, further growth analytical work is undertaken which combines the development of methods to examine the effects of regions and measurement of the various types of regional integration.