Ethanol Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Augments Cellular Anti-oxidant Defense through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1

Lee, Yoo-hwan,Kim, Jung-hee,Song, Choon-ho,Jang, Kyung-jeon,kim, Cheol-hong,Kang, Ji-Sook,Choi, Yung-hyun,Yoon, Hyun-Min KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2016 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.19 No.1

Objectives: The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. Although several studies have focused on the anti-oxidative activity of this mushroom, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity have not yet been clearly established. The present study investigated the cytoprotective effect of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (EGL) against oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, $H_2O_2$) and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in a C2C12 myoblast cell line. Methods: Oxidative stress markers were determined by using the comet assay to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. Cell viability and Western blotting analyses were employed to evaluate the cellular response to EGL and $H_2O_2$ in C2C12 cells. Transfection with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-specific small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) was conducted to understand the relationship between Nrf2 expression and $H_2O_2$-induced growth inhibition. Results: The results showed that EGL effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced growth and the generation of ROS. EGL markedly suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced comet-like DNA formation and phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 ($p-{\gamma}H2AX$), a widely used marker of DNA damage, suggesting that EGL prevented $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, the EGL treatment effectively induced the expression of Nrf2, as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), with parallel phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the C2C12 myoblasts. However, zinc protoporphyrin IX, a HO-1 inhibitor, significantly abolished the protective effects of EGL against $H_2O_2$-induced accumulation of ROS and reduced cell growth. Notably, transient transfection with Nrf2-specific siRNA attenuated the cytoprotective effects and HO-1 induction by EGL, indicating that EGL induced the expression of HO-1 in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate that EGL augments the cellular anti-oxidant defense capacity through activation of Nrf2/HO-1, thereby protecting C2C12 myoblasts from $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative cytotoxicity.

심근 허혈-재관류 백서 모델에서 mitogen-activated protein kinase 활성화에 대한 α-lipoic acid의 효과

김연경,박은미,최준호,윤경호,유남진,이은미,김남호,정진원,김민선,박병림,오석규 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 2006 圓光醫科學 Vol.21 No.1

독시사이클린 나노입자가 함유된 치주용 키토산 스트럽의 제조 및 특성

송경숙,양재헌,김영일,정규호 한국약제학회 2001 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.31 No.4

Local drug delivery by using biocompatible polymers has been developed in the treatment of periodontitis for many years. In the field of dental therapy, doxycycline is usually a first choice because of its broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. The strip releases antibiotics for a week, and the polymer should be degradable after a week. In this study, we prepared and evaluated the chitosan strips and nanoparticle strips containing doxycycline hydrochloride, and studied their antiacterial activity, dissoultion, and degrability in vitro. The weight of cast strip containing a 5 mg of doxycycline hydrochloride and a 45 mg of chitosan polymer was 57.67±0.17 mg. The release rate of doxycycline hydrochloride from the strip was measured by HPLC. The drug released from chitosan strip and nanoparticle strip was shown to be 50 ㎍/ml, in first 24 hours. In antibacterial test showed growth inhibitory activity after 24 hrs anaerobic incubation. In vitro degradability showed demolished weight of 93.74±0.08% chitosan strip, 82.48±1.29% chitosan nanoparticle strip, 2.47±1.99% polycarprolactione strip (control). These results showed that, with this doxycycline hydrochloride strip, it is feasible to obtain a sustained release of the drug within the periodontal pocket for seven days which may be improve for local drug delivery system for treatment of periodontal disease.

休養林 利用客의 特性 및 利用行態에 관한 調査 硏究

宋亨燮,郭炅鎬 忠南大學校 地域開發硏究所 1993 地域開發論叢 Vol.5 No.-

Since 1988, Forestry Administration of Korea has established Recreation forests to meet the increasing needs for forest recreation. The purpose of this study is to obtain information on the users’ behaviors and socio-economic characteristics in recreation forest. Respondents were selected 568 adults more than 18 years old randamly from 3 recreation forest of manin, yumyung, and youngchu. Analysis of users’ behaviors and socio-economic characteristics was carried out through frequency and factor analysis methods. The most of noticeable characteristic of users for recreation forest were rather youth groups, high education level, city residents. The major preference activities were walking and climbing in recreation forest. With difference age groups, professional groups, recreation forest site, people tend to have their preference activities differently. According to factor analysis for visit motives three most explanatory factors of visit motives for recreation forest were contact with natural land, life with family, and cultivate mutual friendship.

鷄龍山 森林群集型과 그의 構造에 關한 硏究

宋鎬京,辛昌男 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1985 環境硏究 Vol.3 No.1

The floristic composition and RA ordination, based on the data obtained from 150 nested quad-rats by releve method of Mueller- Dombois and Ellenberg, were applied to classify forest communti-ties in Mt. Gyeryong, and to investigate the relationships between species composition and sites. The investigation was done from June 1981 till May 1985. 1. The forest vegetation in Mt. Gyeryong was classified into Pinus Densiflora, Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica communities according to the floristic composition, and it was subdivided into Pinus densiflora, Styrax japonica, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, Quer-cus mongolica, and Carpinus cordata forests according to the physignomy. It is peculiary significant that Quercus mongolica community was mainly distributed at the ridge, the high elevation and the steep slope areas of the mountain. The disribution of the leading dominant species in the tree layer showed a close relation with soil moisture gradient. For example, Quercus aliena, Platycarya strobilacea, Styrax japonica, and Zelkova serrata in the mesic area; Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus sieboldiana, and Lindera obtusiloba in xeric area. When the investigations were made starting from the Pinus densiflora community up to the Quercus monogolica community, a significant increase of total nitro- gen, organic matter content, available phoshorus, and cation exchange capacity in soil was shown. 2. The relationship between the distribustion of dominant species of forest vegetation and soil condition in Mt. Gyeryong was investigated by analyzing soil nutrition and moisture gradient. Carpinus cordata forest was distributed in the subserix and good nutrition area, Styrax japonica forest in the mesic and medium nutrition area, Pinus densiflora forest in the subserix and poor nutrition area, Quercus mongolica forest in the serix and relative good nutrition area, and Carpinus laxiflora and Quercus variabilis forest in the subserix and relative good nutrition area. 3. Based on the above classification, the vegetation map of Mt. Gyeryong was prepared in consideration of climate conditions, and the topography and distribution of soil. 4. The relative densities of an oak seedling of the Pinus densiflora community, the Pinus densiflora- Quercus variabilis community, and the Quercus mongolica community were 90%, 86%, and 63% respectively. And the relative density of a hornbeam seedling of the Quercus mongolica community was 29%. 5. According to the RA ordination, except particular terrain like rocky one, the major successional pathway of tree layer was from a pine community through an oak community to a mongolian oak community in the hilly zones and to a hornbeam community in the low zones. 6. According to the interspecific correlations, the tree layer was subdivided into Pinus densiflora group, Quercus mongolica group, and Styrax japonica group, and the shrub layer into Lespedza bicolor-Indigofera kirilowi group and Callicarpa japonica- Euonymus oxyphyllus group, and the herblayer into Arundinella hirta group, Disporum smilacinum group, and Ainsliaea acerifolia group. 7. In the whole mountains, ten dominant species of tree layer were found in the order of Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Styrax japonica, Castanea crenata, Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata, Styrax obassia, Zelkova serrata, and Prunus serrulata var. spontanea. The dominant species of shrub layer were Lespedeza maximowiczii, Quercus serrata, Stephanandra incisa, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Lindera obtusiloba, Weigela subsessilis, Quercus mongolica, Smilax china, Lespedeza bicolor, and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa. The dominant species of herb layer were Spodiopogon cotulifer, Artemisia keiskeana, Disporum smilacinum, Carex okamotoi, Carex humilis, Festuca ovina, Smilax nipponica, Isodin inflexus, Oplismenus undulatifolius, and Viola albida.

뇌동맥류의 진단에 대한 전산화단층촬영 뇌혈관조영술과 고식적 뇌혈관조영술의 비교

송상현,윤수한,안영환,안영민,조기홍,조경기,김선용,서정호 대한신경외과학회 1996 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.25 No.10

Cerebral angiography has been essential for the diagnosis of the intracranial aneurysms but. is sometimes accompanied by serious complications. Resolution of CT angiography was up-graded greatly to represent the three-demensional structure of vesseles since helical CT had been introduced. We have compared 26 cases of CT angiography and 28 cases of conventional angiography in terms of specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis detectable aneurysm diameter. configurational diagnosis and diagnostic confidency. All results showed no statistical difference between CT angiography and conventional angiography. These should suggest that CT angiography could be replaced with conventional angiography for the diagnosis of ruptured aneurysms and even of unruptured aneurysms. resulting in the introduction of first screening modality of unruptured aneurysms.

농구 선수의 만성 슬개건염

서경호,서경묵,김성원,김백곤,송인섭 大韓再活醫學會 1998 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.22 No.6

植生

宋鎬京,張圭寬 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1992 環境硏究 Vol.10 No.-

全北 鎭安郡 龍潭댐 주변의 植物相을 把握하기 위하여 1991년 10월11-12일, 1992년 5월 29-31일, 10월 23-25일에 걸쳐 調査하였다. 本 調査 地域의 管束植物은 總 88科 202屬 277種으로 貧弱한 편이며, 主要 植物은 리기다소나무, 일본잎갈나무, 굴참나무, 졸참나무, 물오리나무, 싸리, 찔레, 맑은대쑥 등이다. 또한 出現된 管束植物의 種類는 羊齒植物이 2.5%, 裸子植物이 2.2%, 被子植物이 95.3%이다.

鷄龍山 森林群集의 連續變化에 關하여

宋鎬京 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1984 環境硏究 Vol.2 No.2

150 quadrats of 20m×20m scattered in Mt. Gyeryong were inventoried to determine continuous variation of leading dominants along topographic moisture gradient. The mesic species were Quercus aliena, Styrax japonica, etc., and the xeric were Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus sieboldiana, etc. The leading dominant species were determined as follows; Styrax japonica, Castanea crenata, Pinus densiflora, Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus cordata, Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica. The continuous variation of leading dominants were presumed with close relations to moisture gradient. Pinus densiflora located in subxeric regions were widely dispersed pioneer species.

조선후기의 사회구조적 변화와 대원군의 정책

송이랑,김경호 東亞大學校 2000 東亞論叢 Vol.37 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate changes in social structure in the latter period of Chos?n and Daewongun's policies. During his rule, externally, the World Powers were eager to expand their imperialistic policies. Internally it was time for Chos?n to choose a new direction in history, largely due to the changes in the social structure. From an integrative point of view on structure and act rather than dualistic point, the paper examined the structure of ideology, status, agriculture, and commerce in the later Chos?n and then examined the relations between Chosen and Chung, between Chos?n and Japan, and between Chos?n and Western powers, respectively. Under such circumstance, in 1863, King Kojong ascended the throne Cheoljong and, immediately, Daewongun took the reigns of government. He tried to clean up deep-rooted evils caused by royal-married families(Sedojunchi), and to rule over the nation flexibly enough to accommodate various social changes. Accordingly, he promoted various policies in order to establish a new domestic order by way of overall social reforms. politically, Daewongun solidified his power basis and adopted merit system to allow more opportunities for the talent. His policies may be evaluated by three criteria - the will of ruler, support base, and the atmosphere of the times. Daewongun met two necessary conditions: leader's will on reform and possession of supporter groups. Nonetheless, his reformative policies can be evaluated as an half success because of premature social atmosphere to accommodate his reformative will. Thus, we come to conclusion that for the successive promotion of Daewongun's policies the three conditions must be worked out on mutual balance.