일산화탄소중독(一酸化炭素中毒)의 진료대책(診療對策) 수립(樹立)을 위한 추계학적(推計學的) 연구(硏究)

김용익,윤덕로,신영수,Kim, Yong-Ik,Yun, Dork-Ro,Shin, Young-Soo 대한예방의학회 1983 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.16 No.1

Emergency medical service is an important part of the health care delivery system, and the optimal allocation of resources and their efficient utilization are essentially demanded. Since these conditions are the prerequisite to prompt treatment which, in turn, will be crucial for life saving and in reducing the undesirable sequelae of the event. This study, taking the hyperbaric chamber for carbon monoxide poisoning as an example, is to develop a stochastic approach for solving the problems of optimal allocation of such emergency medical facility in Korea. The hyperbaric chamber, in Korea, is used almost exclusively for the treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning, most of which occur at home, since the coal briquette is used as domestic fuel by 69.6 per cent of the Korean population. The annual incidence rate of the comatous and fatal carbon monoxide poisoning is estimated at 45.5 per 10,000 of coal briquette-using population. It offers a serious public health problem and occupies a large portion of the emergency outpatients, especially in the winter season. The requirement of hyperbaric chambers can be calculated by setting the level of the annual queueing rate, which is here defined as the proportion of the annual number of the queued patients among the annual number of the total patients. The rate is determined by the size of the coal briquette-using population which generate a certain number of carbon monoxide poisoning patients in terms of the annual incidence rate, and the number of hyperbaric chambers per hospital to which the patients are sent, assuming that there is no referral of the patients among hospitals. The queueing occurs due to the conflicting events of the 'arrival' of the patients and the 'service' of the hyperbaric chambers. Here, we can assume that the length of the service time of hyperbaric chambers is fixed at sixty minutes, and the service discipline is based on 'first come, first served'. The arrival pattern of the carbon monoxide poisoning is relatively unique, because it usually occurs while the people are in bed. Diurnal variation of the carbon monoxide poisoning can hardly be formulated mathematically, so empirical cumulative distribution of the probability of the hourly arrival of the patients was used for Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the probability of queueing by the number of the patients per day, for the cases of one, two or three hyperbaric chambers assumed to be available per hospital. Incidence of the carbon monoxide poisoning also has strong seasonal variation, because of the four distinctive seasons in Korea. So the number of the patients per day could not be assumed to be distributed according to the Poisson distribution. Testing the fitness of various distributions of rare event, it turned out to be that the daily distribution of the carbon monoxide poisoning fits well to the Polya-Eggenberger distribution. With this model, we could forecast the number of the poisonings per day by the size of the coal-briquette using population. By combining the probability of queueing by the number of patients per day, and the probability of the number of patients per day in a year, we can estimate the number of the queued patients and the number of the patients in a year by the number of hyperbaric chamber per hospital and by the size of coal briquette-using population. Setting 5 per cent as the annual queueing rate, the required number of hyperbaric chambers was calculated for each province and for the whole country, in the cases of 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent of the treatment rate which stand for the rate of the patients treated by hyperbaric chamber among the patients who are to be treated. Findings of the study were as follows. 1. Probability of the number of patients per day follows Polya-Eggenberger distribution. $$P(X=\gamma)=\frac{\Pi\limits_{k=1}^\gamma[m+(K-1)\times10.86]}{\gamma!}\times11.86^{-{(\frac{m}{10.86}+\gamma)}}$$ when$${\gamma}=1,2,...,n$$$

정상인에서 고빈도의 무통증성 경피적 신경자극이 RIII Nociceptive Flexion Reflex와 Temporal Summation에 미치는 영향

김용익,이장원,김정순,정진헌,박욱,Kim, Yong-Ik,Lee, Jang-Weon,Kim, Jung-Soon,Chung, Jin-Hun,Park, Wook 대한통증학회 2001 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.14 No.1

Background: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has been used widely, but its effects are controversial. This is probably due to the varying intensity and type of pain. We designed a study to assess the effects of the TENS on the RIII nociceptive flexion reflex as the resting pain level and the temporal summation as a repeated, movement related pain in 7 normal volunteer subjects. Methods: High frequency (80 Hz), non-noxious TENS was applied over the left popliteal fossa for 20 minutes. Ipsilateral RIII reflexes induced by single electrical stimulus and temporal summation of pain responses to repeated stimuli (five stimuli at 2 Hz) were recorded before, during (just before stopping), and subsequently at 20 minutes after TENS. Results: R (III) nociceptive flexion reflex activity during and after TENS was more significantly decreased than before treatment. However, the temporal summation threshold was not changed. Conclusions: We conclude that high frequency, non-noxious TENS could be effective on resting pain relief in the same segment but not on the movement related pain.

2000년대 한국 보건의료 환경의 변천

김용익,Kim, Yong-Ik 대한병원협회 1993 대한병원협회지 Vol.22 No.10

정상인에서 고빈도의 무통증성 경피적 신경자극이 P3 Nociceptive Flexion Reflex 와 Temporal Summation 에 미치는 영향

김용익(Yong Ik Kim),이장원(Jang Weon Lee),김정순(Jung Soon Kim),정진헌(Jin Hun Chung),박욱(Wook Park) 대한통증학회 2001 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.14 No.1

N/A Background: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has been used widely, but its effects are controversial. This is probably due to the varying intensity and type of pain. We designed a study to assess the effects of the TENS on the RIII nociceptive flexion reflex as the resting pain level and the temporal summation as a repeated, movement related pain in 7 normal volunteer subjects. Methods: High frequency (80 Hz), non-noxious TENS was applied over the left popliteal fossa for 20 minutes. Ipsilateral RIII reflexes induced by single electrical stimulus and temporal summation of pain responses to repeated stimuli (five stimuli at 2 Hz) were recorded before, during (just before stopping), and subsequently at 20 minutes after TENS. Results: R (III) nociceptive flexion reflex activity during and after TENS was more significantly decreased than before treatment. However, the temporal summation threshold was not changed. Conclusions: We conclude that high frequency, non-noxious TENS could be effective on resting pain relief in the same segment but not on the movement related pain.

스네이크 패턴을 가진 대면적 판형 열교환기의 전열성능에 관한 연구

김정규(Jung-Kyu Kim),박재홍(Jae-Hong Park),조성열(Sung-Youl Cho),양명국(Myeong-Kuk Yang),허인은(In-Eun Hur),고성규(Seong-Kyu Ko),임혁(Hyug-Lim),현용익(Yong-Ik Hyun) 한국유체기계학회 2009 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.-

In view of space saving, the design of more compact heat exchangers is important. Also, to meet the demands for saving energy and resources today, manufacturers have tried to enhance efficiency and reduce the size and weight of heat exchangers. Over the past decades, there have been tremendous advancements in the manufacturing technology of high efficiency heat exchangers. This has allowed the use of high performance(high heat transfer coefficient and low pressure drop) heat exchangers. Consequently, the use of high performance heat exchanger becomes popular in the design of heat exchangers. When compared with the well-established shell and tube heat exchangers, the plate heat exchanger shows a lot of advantages like high NTU values, compactness, low cost, multi duties and reduced fouling etc. For the higher performance in plate heat exchanger, the snake pattern in the heat transfer plate has been developed instead of the conventional herringbone pattern. The performance of the plate heat exchanger with snake pattern was evaluated by test, and provided in this paper.

공업고등학교 공업교사의 직무수행을 위한 교육요구 분석

김용익(Yong Ik Kim),이무근(Mu Keun Lee) 대한공업교육학회 1997 대한공업교육학회지 Vol.22 No.2

The purposes of this study were to investigate the importance of each job competency and their own performance with respect to the same which technical teachers in technical high schools recognized and, to assess their educational needs. In accordance with a review of the relevant literature, job competencies were categorized as follows, technological and skill competency in the specialty, basic engineering competency, instructional and psychological competency, and affective job competency. These four categories included 40 job competencies in total. The population sample for the survey constituted 783 completed questionnaires from a random sample of 1,320 technical high school teachers in Korea. The major findings of this study were as follows. In general teachers rated their own performance in a particular competency lower than the importance of that competency. Technical teachers showed highest educational need with respect to some key job competency variables. That is to say, `the use and repair of machinery and tools`, `comprehensive understanding of operating systems within the specialty`, basic knowledge of research through PC communication`, `computer programming and the use of com~outer programs`, `understanding English manuals for new tools and machines`, `an attitude to improve self expert through collecting and analyzing new knowledge, technical skill in the specialty` were found to be educational needs. The following recommendations were made from the result of this study. (1) Teachers displayed a common lack of confidence in key job competencies, those primarily of a practical nature. In-service education can serve a better purpose by attending directly to teacher proficiency in these areas. (2) This study addressed 40 job competency variables in four categories. Further research might adapt this study to a more detailed investigation, yielding more specific data to be applied in developing competency-based teacher education programs.

제7.x차 실과(기술·가정) 교육과정에 따른 초등 기술교육 내용의 선정 및 조직 방안

김용익(Kim, Yong Ik) 한국실과교육학회 2007 한국실과교육학회지 Vol.20 No.2

The purpose of this study was to present the selection and organization plans of the technology education contents in the 7.xth practical arts curriculum. This study was carried out through review of literature related to practical arts education, elementary school technology education(ESTE). Merits of ESTE could be justified in the respect of psycho-motor, affective, and cognitive domains. And, ESTE has also shortcomings which should be gotten over, including limited lesson hours, lots of compulsory preparation of materials and tools for experiment and practice, and difficulties in reflecting rapidly changing technology to textbook. Plans for selecting and organizing the contents of ESTE were classified into general ones and concrete ones. General plans were proposed as follows; compromised approach between objective-oriented and content-oriented, an emphasis of learner needs in the contents selecting criteria, an emphasis of appropriateness than systemicity, and an integrated approach based at problems. And concrete plans were proposed as follows. First, newer contents which are dealt with in DIY wooden classes or T puzzle, game of assembling wooden pieces should be added to attract students in the unit of wooden ware in the life . Second, easier and more interesting contents should be selected, organized, and systemized for more effective ESTE in the unit of electricity·electron in the life . Finally, it was proposed that more emphasis should be given to improvement of creative problem solving skill instead of computer operating skill, in the unit of information machinery and tools, cyber space and Internet and information .

수술 후 통증 평가를 위한 Visual Analogue Scale , Categorical Scale 그리고 환자 만족도와의 비교

김용익(Yong Ik Kim),남상구(Sang Goo Nam),홍승택(Seung Taek Hong),강규식(Kyu Sik Kang),박욱(Wook Park) 대한통증학회 2001 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.14 No.2

N/A N/A

초등학교 교원들의 기술적 교양과 관련된 변인

김용익(Kim Yong Ik) 한국실과교육학회 2001 한국실과교육학회지 Vol.14 No.2

The purposes of this study were to test the significant difference among teachers’ personal variables about cognition degree toward technological literacy level, and to identify the relationship among those variables. The major findings and recommendations of this study were as follows. In general, male teachers rated their own technological literacy level higher than female teachers. Accordingly, teacher education program should be developed so that female teachers’ opinion can be reflected on it. Teachers who had longer teaching experience rated the their own technological literacy level lower than shorter experienced teachers unexpectedly. Accordingly, more chances for in-service education should be given to teachers who had longer teaching experience. There were no significant differences among intensified courses at university of education about technological literacy level. Therefore, in future, intensified courses should be strengthened for more effective technological literacy education, and reorganized for their representing characteristics well. There were no significant differences between industrial world’s work experience existence and nonexistence, and between technology licence possession and nonpossession. Therefore, it’s not necessary to consider industrial world’s work experience existence or nonexistence, and technology licence possession or nonpossession.

경피적 관동맥 확장술의 시술량과 조기 시술결과의 관련성

김용익,김창엽,이영성,김선민,이진석,오병희,강영호,Kim, Yong-Ik,Kim, Chang-Yup,Lee, Young-Sung,Kim, Sun-Mean,Lee, Jin-Seok,Oh, Byung-Hee,Khang, Young-Ho 대한예방의학회 2001 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.34 No.1

Objectives : To explore the relationship between Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty(PTCA) volume and the associated immediate outcome. Methods : A total of 1,379 PTCAs were peformed in 25 hospitals in Korea between October 8 and December 31 in 1997. Data from 1,317 PTCAs (95.5%) were collected through medical record abstraction. Inter-observer reliability of the data was examined using the Kappa statistic on a subsample of 110 PTCA procedures from five hospitals. Intra-observer reliability of the data was also examined. PTCA success and immediate adverse outcomes were selected as the outcome variables. A successful PTCA was defined as a case that shows less than 50% diameter stenosis and more than 20% reduction of diameter stenosis. Immediate adverse outcomes included deaths during the same hospitalization, emergency coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) within 24 hours after PTCA, and acute myocardial infarction within 24 hours after PTCA. The numbers of PTCAs performed in 1997 per hospital were used as the volume variables. Results : Without adjusting for patient risk factors that may affect outcomes, procedures at high volume hospitals ($\geq200$ cases per year) had a greater success rate (P=0.001) than low volume hospitals. There was a marginally significant difference (P=0.070) in major adverse outcome rates between high and low volume hospitals. After adjusting for risk factors, there were significant differences in procedural failure and major adverse outcome rates between high and low volume hospitals. Conclusions : After adjusting for patient clinical risk factors, the hospital volume of PTCA was associated with immediate outcomes. It is recommended that a PTCA volume per year be established in order to improve the immediate outcome of this procedure in Korea.