생활SOC 정책 종결에 대한 비판적 고찰: 정책의 정당성, 지속가능성, 대체가능성을 중심으로

최민정,박진아 한국정책분석평가학회 2023 政策分析評價學會報 Vol.33 No.3

In this study, we analyzed the policy termination process of the recently ended living SOC policy in terms of policy legitimacy, sustainability, and substitutability. First, in terms of legitimacy, ‘3-year National Project for Living SOC(2020-2022)’ ended only with the expansion of quantitative facilities related to living SOC, but the ultimate goal of the policy, improving the quality of life of the people and balanced supply of neighborhood complex facilities, remain a real problem. In terms of sustainability, the early abolition of the organization, which served as the control tower and pan-governmental organization of the policy, stopped the input of human and material resources of the policy, which greatly affected sustainability. In terms of substitutability, the policy has returned to the old way in which individual ministries share related projects due to the dissolution of related organizations, and there is no better policy shift after the end of the policy, drifting without a coordinator of the policy. The significance of this study is that it identifies the aspects of the termination of living SOC policy and presents factors to be considered in depth in policy termination.

타인을 위한 보험에 있어서 계약 해지의 요건에 관한 연구

이경재 법제처 2021 법제 Vol.692 No.-

Under Article 649(Voluntary Termination of Contracts Prior to Occurrence of Perils Insured against) of the Commercial Act, A policyholder may terminate a contract in whole or in part at any time before a peril insured against occurs : Provided, That in cases of an insurance contract prescribed in Article 639(Insurance for Benefits of Third Party), the policyholder shall not terminate the contract without obtaining the consent of the third party or carrying the insurance policy with him/her. Should we consider the requirement for termination to meet both 'obtaining the consent of the third party' and 'carrying the insurance policy'? Or should we interpret that meeting only one of them can terminate the contract? Currently, most insurance law references interprets that the termination of an insurance contract requires only one of 'obtaining the consent of the third party' and 'carrying the insurance policy'. In addition, there were multiple-choice questions in nation-certified qualification tests several times, such as insurance expert tests. Looking at the legislative purpose at the time of the amendment of the law in 1991, it is certain that ‘obtaining the consent of the third party’ was a requirement, but it is doubtful how it could be interpreted that most insurance law references and insurance expert tests can terminate the contract with insurance policy only. In this paper, I proved through several cases and logical methods that there are problems in interpreting existing commercial law regulations. And it justified that the requirement of termination meets both 'obtaining the consent of the third party' and the 'carrying the insurance policy'. In particular, in the case of guarantee insurance, which is a kind of insurance for benefits of third party, in order to protect the insured, 'obtaining the consent of the third party' must be a mandatory requirement. If the current provision is properly interpreted according to the purpose of the original legislation, there would be no problem. However, even if the current provision is correct, the explanation is difficult and controversial enough. An easier and clearer amendment is as follows. “Article 649 (Voluntary Termination of Contracts Prior to Occurrence of Perils Insured against) (1) A policyholder may terminate a contract in whole or in part at any time before a peril insured against occurs: Provided, That in cases of an insurance contract prescribed in Article 639, the policyholder must obtain the consent of the third party and carry an insurance policy at the same time to terminate the contract.”Under Article 649(Voluntary Termination of Contracts Prior to Occurrence of Perils Insured against) of the Commercial Act, A policyholder may terminate a contract in whole or in part at any time before a peril insured against occurs : Provided, That in cases of an insurance contract prescribed in Article 639(Insurance for Benefits of Third Party), the policyholder shall not terminate the contract without obtaining the consent of the third party or carrying the insurance policy with him/her. Should we consider the requirement for termination to meet both 'obtaining the consent of the third party' and 'carrying the insurance policy'? Or should we interpret that meeting only one of them can terminate the contract? Currently, most insurance law references interprets that the termination of an insurance contract requires only one of 'obtaining the consent of the third party' and 'carrying the insurance policy'. In addition, there were multiple-choice questions in nation-certified qualification tests several times, such as insurance expert tests. Looking at the legislative purpose at the time of the amendment of the law in 1991, it is certain that ‘obtaining the consent of the third party’ was a requirement, but it is doubtful how it could be interpreted that most insurance law references and insurance expert tests can terminate the contract with insurance polic...

학교성과급 정책종결 요인 분석

조영재 한국교육정치학회 2016 敎育政治學硏究 Vol.23 No.1

The purpose of this study is to seek termination factors of school based merit pay policy. The process of the policy termination has been analyzed in three categories of the political environment, inherent characteristics, and constraints. Findings are as follows. The termination process has been mainly influenced by the political environment as termination supportive groups, powerful politicians, change in education minister, and an introduction of new relevant policy. Also, the inherent characteristics have affected the termination. The policy objectives have been overlapped with other policies, and the problems appeared in the policy implementation process have not been addressed. Under these circumstances, the merit pay policy has been under the favored conditions of policy termination. However, the education ministry has played a role of constraints which keep the merit pay policy from being terminated. In spite of the constraint, the merit pay policy comes to termination in 2016. From this study, it is reaffirmed that the political environment is a leading factor of education policy termination in our society. 이 연구의 목적은 학교성과급 정책종결 요인을 찾는 가운데 왜 학교성과급 정책이 정책종결에 이르게 되었는지를 분석하는 데 있다. 학교성과급 정책종결 과정은 정책종결을 유발한 정책의 정치적 환경, 내재적 특성, 제약요인으로 구분하여 분석되었다. 분석결과, 학교성과급 정책종결에는 정책주도자의 교체, 정책종결을 지지하는 집단의 연합, 정치적으로 유력한 협력자의 옹호, 새로운 관련 정책의 등장이라는 정치적 환경의 영향이 크게 작용했다. 그리고 학교성과급 정책은 다른 정책들과 정책이 추구하는 목표와 내용이 중복되거나 정책집행 과정에서 발생하는 문제의 해결이 쉽지 않은 내재적 특징을 보였다. 이러한 정치적 환경과 정책의 내재적 특징이 정책종결을 유도하는 과정에서 교육부의 동태적 보수주의는 학교성과급 정책의 종결을 제약하는 요인으로 작용했다. 이 연구를 통해 우리사회의 교육정책 종결은 정책형성 못지않게 정치적 영향을 크게 받는다는 사실을 다시 한 번 확인할 수 있었다.

間斷-均衡理論與中國政策終結的生成機理

정명첩 ( Ming Jie Ding ),진강화 ( Gang Hua Chen ) 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2015 中國學論叢 Vol.49 No.-

On December 28, 2013, the Lao Jiao system was finally terminated through legal procedures. People wonder why it could run more than 50 years, though it violated the rule of law, human rights and other values obviously. From the view of Punctuated-Equilibrium theory, the policy image and policy institutional venues interacted, which made the policy equilibrium or policy punctuation. The research shows trajectory on the termination of Lao Jiao policy is consistent with the theory of punctuated-equilibrium, taking on the form of equilibrium-punctuation-equilibrium-punctuation. At the same time, the termination of Lao Jiao policy can also be attributed the interaction between the policy attributes、policy environment and constraints. In these factors, the political ideology play an important role in the policy termination.

단체보험계약에 관한 소고

홍진희(Hong, Jin-Hee) 한국재산법학회 2010 재산법연구 Vol.27 No.1

Generally, a group insurance policy has been defined as a contract between an insurer and an entity for the benefit of a group of people that has some relationship to the entity. The insurance company saves the cost of soliciting individual policy holders and can thus reduce agents' fees. Also, the employer can save the insurance company some costs of policy administration. These reduced overhead costs allow the insurer to sell a group policy at reduced rates. The legal relationship of a group insurance policy is the same legal relation of a individual insurance. But because of the nature of a group insurance policy, following problems are able to be raised. First, today the pressures of competition and rising costs have produced frequent delegation of administrative detail by the insurer to the employer; and often the insurer has little contact with the insured employee. With the employer carrying out many of the administrative duties traditionally performed by the insurance company, the extent to which an employer's act will bind the insurer has become of significant concern. Secondly, Most group insurance contracts contain provisions that limit the coverage of the employee to the time of employment. Therefore, it is a significant problems what constitutes an effective termination of employment within the meaning of a termination of employment clause in a group insurance policy. Third, When a group insurance plan goes into effect, a group or master policy is customarily issued to the employer or analogous policyholder, and certificate of insurance or other literature, which are prepared by the insurer, the policyholder, or both and which explain the benefits provided by the plan, are issued to the individual employees or other persons. Problems as to the extent of coverage to which the insured are entitled may arise when the master policy contains limitations on or exclusions from coverage which are not contained in the certificates or literature that is furnished to the individual insureds. Fourthly, The matter is whether the insurance company terminates coverage without notice to the insured. If the insurer need not notify the insured of the group policy's termination, the administrative costs of group insurance decrease. However, because an older employee is more likely to be uninsurable, converting group insurance into individual insurance may be an employee's only means of obtaining insurance coverage. Lastly, a contract of property insurance can be made as a contract of insurance between the group and the insurer, but for the benefit of the insured members. This research studied the factors of contract of group insurance as the meaning and of the group, agency relationship of the group, master policy and certificates of participation. That also argued whether the insurer is needed notify the insured of the group policy's termination.

정책 종결 전략을 통한 정보화마을사업의 새로운 발전 방향 모색

박영민(朴英珉),박나라(朴나라) 한국정책과학학회 2018 한국정책과학학회보 Vol.22 No.4

본 연구는 정보화마을사업의 합리적인 정책 종결 방안을 모색하였다. 이 때, 정책 종결 추진 주체로서의 ‘정부’와 정책 종결의 반대 입장 또는 소극적 지지 입장을 고수하는 ‘마을’ 측면을 모두 다룸으로써 균형적인 시각에서 고찰하고자 하였다. 양측 관계자의 입장을 고려하기 위하여 심층인터뷰를 수행하였고, 그 결과를 NVivo 12를 이용하여 체계적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 정보화마을사업의 향방에 대해서는 ‘즉시 종결’보다는 ‘조건부·순차적 종결’ 또는 ‘타부처·타부서 이관’이 현실적인 타당성을 지닌 것으로 인식되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 정보화마을사업에 관한 대부분의 선행연구들이 사업의 지속을 전제로 하고 이에 대한 활성화 방안을 다룬 데 비해, 본 연구는 정보화마을사업의 종결에 초점을 맞춤으로써 장기 지속된 정책의 새로운 발전 방향을 모색하는 데 있어서 중요한 함의를 제공한다는 데 그 의의가 있다. This study investigates the Information Network Village (INVIL) project, which has been implemented for nearly 20 years in Korea, and examines whether its termination can be a viable option benefitting relevant stakeholders. The authors contend that stakeholders of the INVIL project need to include the policy implementer (i.e., the government) and policy beneficiaries (i.e., villages participating in the project). We observe that the two sides hold widely differing views on the project: the government has advocated termination of the project through multiple policy tools, whereas most, if not all, of the villages have been generally against those measures to varying degrees. To maintain a balanced perspective, we conducted in-depth interviews of relevant stakeholders on both sides, and rigorously analyzed the interview results by employing NVivo 12. We found that, despite the well-known disputes, there exists room for reaching “an agreement” between the government and villages: “conditional / gradual / sequential termination” or “assigning the project to another ministry / department” are clearly preferred by both, compared to the “immediate closure” of the INVIL program. This article addresses the lacunae in previous research on the INVIL project of Korea, most of which presume its continuation as given. Ultimately, we attempt to search for a breakthrough to a longstanding policy program that may need an innovative change by suggesting that policy termination can be a possible alternative.

A Study of Container Harbor Policy in Japan

Tomoharu Ozawa(토모하루 오자와),Sung-Jae Pak(박성재) 한국해양비즈니스학회 2006 해양비즈니스 Vol.- No.7

  As for the international maritime container transportation, there are three specific problems as follows :<BR>  It is i) Globalization of Shippers, ii) Changes of Maritime Transportation, iii) Delay in Upgrading Harbor Systems.<BR>  But Japan has improved and consolidated the terminal facility services and introduced new methods from time to time.<BR>  Those are:<BR>  ① organizing Terminal Authority of International Trading (Futo Kodan)<BR>  ② commissioning Terminal Corporations (Futo Kosha) to operate the terminals<BR>  ③ new methods of constructing/operating container terminals<BR>  ④ privatizing container terminals<BR>  In most cases, terminal operation should shift the priority from public service to stable management. At the same time, harbor management should consider the local economic character and establish an individual strategic policy. It is best to work together with neighboring ports for efficient operation and consider role sharing of each port in wide-range tactics

글로벌 항만컨테이너터미널 경쟁력 제고 방안

송계의(Gyeeui Song) 한국항만경제학회 2014 韓國港灣經濟學會誌 Vol.30 No.1

GTO의 경쟁력 제고 방안 요인 중 대분류 세 가지 요인에 대한 분석결과는 “주관적인 요인”이 4.21점, “경영환경적인 요인”이 3.94점, 그리고 “정부 정책적인 요인”이 3.90점이었다. 세 가지 요인 중 주관적인 요인의 평균평점이 월등히 높아 결국 GTO의 경쟁력을 제고하기 위해서는 GTO 스스로 물동량을 확보하고, 항만물류서비스를 제고하는 등의 노력을 하는 것이 가장 중요하다는 것을 나타내고 있다. 하지만 경영환경적인 요인과 정부 정책적인 요인의 평균평점은 거의 동일하여, 이 두 가지 요인은 GTO의 경쟁력 제고에 거의 동일하게 영향을 미치고 있다는 결론이다. 즉, 주관적인 요인의 평균평점이 월등히 높다는 것은, GTO의 경쟁력을 제고하기 위해서는 항만 컨테이너터미널을 운영하는 GTO 스스로가 가장 우선적으로 ① 로컬 및 환적 컨테이너 물동량을 확보하고, ② 신속성·정시성·안정성 등 항만물류서비스를 제고하며, ③ 생산성을 높여 저렴한 요율을 적용하여야 하고, ④ 선사 유치 및 전략적 제휴 등을 통해 물동량을 확보하는 것이 가장 중요하다는 것을 의미한다. 한편 경영환경적인 요인(3.94점)이 정부 정책적인 요인(3.90) 보다 약간 높지만 거의 동일한 평균 평점을 기록하고 있는데, 이것은 경영환경적인 요인, 즉 세계경제의 발전 및 컨테이너 물동량의 증가, 컨테이너선사의 발전 및 Alliance, 항만의 인지도, 중추항만으로서의 기능 등도 GTO의 경쟁력을 제고 하는데 상당히 중요하며, 이와 더불어 선진적인 항만개발정책, 선전진적인 요율 정책, 환적물량 확보 등을 위한 인센티브 정책 등 정부 정책적인 요인도 GTO의 경쟁력을 제고 하는데 상당한 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 보인다. Recently, GTO s rate of return to investment is decreasing. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to analyze empirically on enhancement of competitiveness of global port container terminal. This study deals with the terms of three competitiveness enhancement factors which are a GTO s subjective factors, a management environment factors, and a government policy factors. According to analysis results of the three competitiveness enhancement factors, a GTO s subjective factors(4.21 score) are scored at the most ones of competitiveness enhancement factors of GTO, to be compared with a management environment factors(3.94 score). with a government policy factors(3.90 score). Therefore, first of all, it is important to enhance competitiveness of GTO through as follows, a GTO"s subjective factors : (1) to procure local and tranship cargo volume, (2) to promote port logistics service, (3) to retain resonable port rate by promoting terminal productivity, (4) to procure container ship firms and alliance. And, the next, we have to enhance GTO s competitiveness through considering a management environment factors, that is, fluctuation of container cargo volume, port awareness, whether function of hub port, etc., and a government policy factors, that is, smart policy of port development, smart policy of port rate, incentive policy for procuring tranship cargo, etc.

보험사고와 인과관계가 없는 고지의무 위반에 대한 계약해지권 행사의 적정성에 관한 판례연구 : 대법원 2010. 7. 22. 선고 2010다25353 판결

조규성(Cho Gyu-Seong) 부산대학교 법학연구소 2010 법학연구 Vol.51 No.4

상법에서 고지의무를 둔 이유는 본래 보험계약 청약자에 의해서 지배되고 있는 위험에 관하여 동일한 정보를 보험자도 얻을 수 있도록 하기 위함이며, 이를 통해 보험자는 위험의 성질에 관하여 올바른 평가를 내릴 수 있게 되고, 불량위험을 배제함으로써 도덕적 위험을 방지할 수 있게 된다. 이러한 고지의무를 위반한 보험계약자와 피보험자에 대해서 상법은 보험자의 계약해지권 인정과 보험금의 지급책임을 면제하고 있는데, 문제는 고지의무를 위반한 사실과 보험사고의 발생 사이에 인과관계가 없을 경우에도 보험자에게 계약해지권이 인정되느냐의 다툼이다. 이는 상법 제655조의 단서 조항에는 단순히 “고지의무에 위반한 사실이 보험사고의 발생에 영향을 미치지 아니하였음이 증명된 때에는 그러하지 아니하다”라고 추상적이고 모호하게 규정하고 있어 그 의미에 대한 해석이 다양하기 때문이다. 지금까지 대부분의 학설과 판례는 ‘그러하지 아니하다’의 의미를 보험계약을 해지할 수 없는 것으로 해석해 왔고, 금융감독원의 분쟁조정 결정은 비록 인과관계가 없더라도 보험자는 계약 해지를 할 수 있다고 결정해 오고 있어서 통일적인 법해석 기준이 없는 상황이었다. 하지만 이번 대상 판결에서 고지의무에 위반한 보험계약은 위반 사실과 사고발생 사이에 인과관계가 없다고 하더라도 보험자는 해당 보험금을 지급한 후에는 보험계약을 해지할 수 있다고 판결하면서 그 구체적인 사유에 대해 고지의무 제도의 취지와 관련법 조문들과의 관련성을 들어 명확하게 정리하였다는 점에서 큰 의미가 있는 판결이라고 하겠다. 다만 아쉬운 점은 기존의 대법원 선례와 다른 판단을 하려면, 전원합의체에 의함이 바른 처리방법이었을 것인데도, 본건 판결은 대법원 부(部)판결로 선례에 저촉되는 판단을 한 사례라 할 것이고, 이러한 태도는 타당하지 않다고 생각된다. According to the Commercial Act, Article 651(Termination of contract due to breach of duty of disclosure), is defined as “if, at the time of making the insurance contract the policyholder or the insured, by fraud or gross negligence, fails to disclose or not to misrepresent material facts, the insurer may terminate the contract within one month after it knew the non-disclosure or misrepresentation or within three years after the contract was made.” Also, according to Article 655(Termination of contract and Right to demand Insured amount), is defined as “… Provided, That this shall not apply when it was provided that the occurrence of the insured events was not affected by the non-disclosure or misrepresentation or by a substantial alteration or increase of the risks insured.” Generally a breach of ‘duty of disclosure’ may take the form of ‘misrepresentation’ which may be either innocent or fraudulent and ‘non-disclosure’ which may be innocent or fraudulent(sometimes called concealment). In each case, and regardless of whether there is fraud or not, the insurers have the right to terminate the contract ‘ab initio’(from the beginning). The effect is that the contract is cancelled retrospectively so that the insurers are not liable for any claims arising between the making of the contract and the time when it is avoided. Therefore, the right to avoid the contract does not depend upon there being any connection between the non-disclosure(or misrepresentation) and the circumstances of the loss. If insurers discover an actionable breach of ‘duty of disclosure’, they can avoid the contract at any time, that is question. According to this Supreme Court case, the insurers may terminate an insurance policy for breach of 'duty of disclosure' unless there is an connection between the breach and the loss. In other words, even if there was no connection at all between the non-disclosure of past medical history and the loss, the insurers would have the right to terminate the policy. this is because it is the relevance of a particular fact to the risk as a whole which is the issue, not its relevance to the circumstances of any particular claim. Also in principle, the issue of breach of 'duty of disclosure' usually arises when there is a dispute about a claim under the policy. the insurers do not have to wait for a claim to happen before doing so. In conclusion, I strongly support this Supreme Court case, because the judgement made it clear the implication and extent under the Commercial Act, Article 655.

산업조직론을 활용한 부산항 컨테이너 하역산업의 특성 분석

고병욱(Ko, Byoung-Wook),길광수(Kil, Kwang-Soo),이다예(Lee, Da-Ye) 한국항만경제학회 2021 韓國港灣經濟學會誌 Vol.37 No.3

컨테이너 하역산업에서 장단기 측면에서 이용자(선사 또는 화주)와 공급자(하역업체)가 상생하는 산업생태계가 기능하기 위해서는 컨테이너 하역시장에 알맞은 시장의 다양한 조건이 갖추어질 필요가 있다. 본 논문은 경제학의 산업조직론을 활용해 부산항 컨테이너 하역시장의 여건과 수급 특성을 분석하고 그에 따른 시장성과를 살펴보고 있다. 먼저 산업의 기본조건으로서 수요 및 공급 특성을 분석했다. 수요 특성으로는 1) 물동량의 외생성, 2) 수출입 및 허브 기능 병행, 3) 선사 교섭력 강화, 4) 높은 대체 탄력성, 5) 물동량 증가세 둔화 등이 도출되었다. 공급 특성으로는 1) 공급의 비탄력성, 2) 하역서비스의 동질성, 3) 공급 과잉, 4) 하역기술 고도화, 5) 규모의 경제 및 저장 불가능성, 6) 항만노무공급시장의 경직성, 7) SCM 상의 역할 증대 등이 분석되었다. 다음으로 산업조직론의 대표적 분석방법인 구조-행동-성과(Structure-Conduct-Performance)의 관점에서 분석을 수행했다. 시장 구조 측면에서는 1) 운영사의 규모의 경제 미흡, 2) 높은 진입장벽, 3) 선사의 교섭력 강화, 4) 일시적 요율 인가제 등이 분석되었고, 시장 행동 측면에서는 1) 수출입/환적 화물의 가격차별, 2) 선사의 중장기 터미널 이용 계약, 3) 지속적 장비 투자, 4) 낮은 수준의 운영사 간 협력 등이 도출되었다. 시장 성과 측면에서는 1) 불균등한 운영사 수익성, 2) 수출입 물류비 경감, 3) 첨단기술도입 지연, 4) 유휴시설 발생 등이 분석되었다. 나아가 시장구조가 시장행동에 영향을 미친다는 사실을 실제 자료를 이용한 회귀분석을 통해 검증했다. 결론에서 미래 중요 어젠다로서 항만 산업정책을 수립/시행하여 국제물류 서비스의 경쟁력을 제고하고 항만 운영사 발전을 통한 국부 및 고용 창출을 도모할 필요가 있음을 제시했다. In order for the users (shipping firms and shippers) and suppliers (stevedoring firms) in the container terminal industry to win-win, it is necessary to have some appropriate diverse market conditions for the industry. This study analyses the basic conditions and demand and supply characteristics of the industry and investigates the market performance of Busan container ports. First, this article analyses the basic characteristics of demand and supply. As the demand characteristics, there are five ones such as 1) exogeneity of demand, 2) function as export/import transportation and hub for transshipment, 3) increase of users’ bargaining power, 4) high substituting elasticity, 5) reduction of volume growth. As the supply characteristics, there are seven ones such as 1) inelasticity of supply, 2) homogeneity of stevedoring services, 3) over-supply, 4) adoption of cutting-edge stevedoring technology, 5) scale economy and impossibility of storage, 6) labor market rigidity, 7) enhancing port’s role in SCM. In addition, this study conducts the so-called structure-conduct-performance analysis. For the structure analysis, 1) lacks of scale economy in stevedoring companies, 2) high entry barrier, 3) strengthening of shipping firms’ bargaining power, 4) transitory permission scheme for tariff are analyzed. For the conduct analysis, 1) price discrimination between export/import and transshipment, 2) mid-term length of terminal use contract, 3) continuous investment in equipment, 4) low level of cooperation among terminal operating firms are derived. For the performance analysis, 1) inequality in profitability, 2) reduction of export/import cost, 3) delay in adopting cutting-edge technology, 4) idle equipment are analyzed. Following this logical flow, the hypothesis that the market structure influences the market conduct is tested based on the actual dataset. As a future agenda in the conclusion, this article recommends the so-called port industrial policy.