파라메트릭 건축의 기술적 변화에 따른 디자이너의 역할

이원수 ( Lee Wonsoo ) 한국공간디자인학회 2021 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.16 No.4

(Background and Purpose) Parametric architecture generates unprecedentedly introduced non-linear form in virtue of advancement of both computing technology and 3D modeling software. Using 3D modeling software plug-in such as Grasshopper and Dynamo, designer visualizes design intent by inputting and controlling specific parameter. Contemporary parametric architecture, besides form making, extends its realm to performance-based design utilizing BIM technique, so that parameter sharing and data interference among architectural disciplines actively occur in this complex and multi-layered system. Thus, the role of designer, organizing algorithm and controlling parameter, becomes much more important in the process of design. This study highlights the role of architectural designer and its direction. (Method) The trend of parametric architecture was analyzed in order of time from its nascence to middle period and afterwards, so as to identify interrelationship between parametric architecture and its embryo, parameter. Also, non-linear architectural design was analyzed through case studies not only from form-making perspective but from engineering perspective, so as to identify the impact of building performance simulation on parametric design. Through this analysis, consequently, interrelationship between parametric architecture and parameter is identified, so that the awareness of the role of designer, that is to input and control parameters, is further raised. (Results) Early parametric architecture focuses on aesthetic experiment to seek emergence and ambiguity on form-making by administering external parameters. By conceptualizing these parameters with his own interpretation, designer expresses design intent either rhetorically or metaphorically on the generation field of dematerialized virtual world. However, philosophical criticism on digital architecture, that it is of absent from interrelation with environment to which requires realistic and humane attachment, has been left an assignment behind parametric architecture. Subsequently thereafter, designer cannot help considering ways to overcome this contextual schism. Parametric architecture in its middle period and afterwards was able to construct non-linear form in real world with the help of engineering performance analysis, which contributes to parameters widening its range and structure of algorithm being organized in much more complex way. In result, the role of designer, that is to control parameters and data flow, becomes critical in highly advanced and segmentalized design process such as BIM where interdisciplinary interference and interaction in between actively occur. (Conclusions) The result of this study on parametric architecture, investigated through literature and case analysis, suggested that parametric architecture deals with form and performance by means of parameter. The contextual schism and absence of communication in this technological achievement of parametric architecture is able to be overcome by designer engaging actively in parameter. Through this responsible role of designer, parametric architecture is able to communicate with the earth and establish humane relationship with environment.

Precedent based design foundations for parametric design: The case of navigation and wayfinding

Kondyli, Vasiliki,Bhatt, Mehul,Hartmann, Timo Techno-Press 2018 Advances in computational design Vol.3 No.4

Parametric design systems serve as powerful assistive tools in the design process by providing a flexible approach for the generation of a vast number of design alternatives. However, contemporary parametric design systems focus primarily on low-level engineering and structural forms, without an explicit means to also take into account high-level, cognitively motivated people-centred design goals. We present a precedent-based parametric design method that integrates people-centred design "precedents" rooted in empirical evidence directly within state of the art parametric design systems. As a use-case, we illustrate the general method in the context of an empirical study focusing on the multi-modal analysis of wayfinding behaviour in two large-scale healthcare environments. With this use-case, we demonstrate the manner in which: (1). a range of empirically established design precedents -e.g., pertaining to visibility and navigation- may be articulated as design constraints to be embedded directly within state of the art parametric design tools (e.g., Grasshopper); and (2). embedded design precedents lead to the (parametric) generation of a number of morphologies that satisfy people-centred design criteria (in this case, pertaining to wayfinding). Our research presents an exemplar for the integration of cognitively motivated design goals with parametric design-space exploration methods. We posit that this opens-up a range of technological challenges for the engineering and development of next-generation computer aided architecture design systems.

파라메트릭 시뮬레이션을 통한 공간 설치물로서의 동적 태피스트리

성우제 ( Sung Woojae ),홍규선 ( Hong Kyuseon ) 한국공간디자인학회 2021 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.16 No.5

(Background and Purpose) Parts to a whole relationship forms so many things around us, including architectural structures, art installations, and so on. Designing the building structures or installations, which have never been realized at the time of designing, apparently involves several assumptions, guesses, and contingencies. Traditionally, engineers have been utilizing computational tools to simulate the “not-yet-realized structures” for the sake of checking safety and feasibility. Although this has been very effective and successful in hedging out potential risks for engineers and contractors in the engineering and construction industry, computational simulations had never been viable options for architects and artists, mainly because of their lack of engineer’s minds, knowledge, or techniques. However, the advent of parametric design tools that work with universal CAAD systems led architects, artists, and designers to the world of advanced computer aided design processes to simulate what they design. Thus, this paper proposes a practical method for architects, artists, and designers to utilize digital tools to simulate and visualize the installation composed of many parts. (Method) First, a physical base material for a module is chosen to build the entire system. Second, physical modifications and external forces are applied to the module to observe the reaction or behavior. The material properties and physical behaviors under certain conditions can translate into parametric model through parametric design tools. Any potential external forces or internal formal modification to the module can be defined as a series of independent variables to the module. The combination of the variables can turn into series of mathematically-defined rules and constraints. The parametric module can then duplicate and grow into the whole digital model by using the parametric tool and its built-in physical simulation engine. The system changes its overall shape depends on the various combinations of design parameters, and the designer can pick and choose the appropriate combination of parameters by visual evaluation. (Results) The digital model through the parametric design tool and physical simulation engine visualized the system’s shape changes in response to various input data in real-time, which helped designers choose the one with the most dramatic form. (Conclusions) As explained above, this paper describes the practical means and methods of visual simulation for a system composed of many parts by utilizing parametric design tools. There are three-fold apparent benefits of the design approach or process. 1) The scientific and engineered approach helps architects, artists, or designers visualize their work even before physical construction. 2) This saves time and money for the creators. 3) The creators can test numerous combinations of design parameters easily with being obsessed by their pre-occupations, past experiences, and knowledge.

자동차 그릴 패턴 디자인을 위한 파라메트릭 알고리즘 기초 연구

서혁준 한국기초조형학회 2016 기초조형학연구 Vol.17 No.6

디지털 환경에서 디자인 프로세스는 지속적으로 변화하고 있다. 그러한 가운데 3D 모델링 도구과 3D 프린팅 기술은 수작업으로만 하던 디자인 행위를 더욱 효과적으로 만들어 나가고 있다. 더 나아가 수학적 알고리즘을 활용한 파라메트릭 디자인의 등장은 조형 방법론의 새로운 방향을 제시해 주었다. 파라메트릭 디자인은 수작업에 의한 디자인 작업으로 표현하기 힘든 비정형의 복잡한 조형 결과물을 비교적 손쉽게 만들어 낼 수 있다는 특징이 있다. 이러한 장점은 다른 디자인 분야에도 큰 영향을 주었으며 자동차 내외장에 사용된 패턴 디자인에서도 찾아볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 자동차 디자인에서 파라메트릭 디자인의 활용을 확장하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 연구 방법은 파라메트릭 디자인의 사례를 알아보고 그 특징을 분석하는 것으로 시작하였다. 한편 자동차 디자인에서 패턴이 가지는 중요성과 기존 프로세스의 문제점을 분석하였다. 그 결과 파라메트릭 디자인은 결과물의 다양성, 시간 효율성, 빠른 의사 결정과 빠른 디자인 수정 그리고 논리적 조형의 전개에 큰 의미가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이 연구는 이러한 효용성을 실증적으로 검토하기 위하여 파라메트릭 알고리즘을 사용한 라디에이터 그릴 디자인을 케이스로 연구를 진행하였다. 라이디에이터 그릴은 단일 유닛이 모여 군집된 형태를 가진 유형을 설정하였다. 단일 유닛 변수는 크기, 비례, 다각형의 형태로 하였으며 군집 규칙 변수로 유닛 사이의 간격, 사이즈의 점진적 변화 및 배열되는 면의 곡률 변화 그래프를 설정하였다. 결론적으로 이 연구는 변수 값의 조정을 통하여 무수히 많은 디자인 결과물을 도출 할 수 있는 알고리즘을 구성하였으며 그 디자인 예시를 제시하여 파라메트릭 디자인의 효용성을 실질적인 디자인 행위로 연결시키고자 하였다. Design process is changing continuedly on the basis of digital environment. 3D modeling tools and 3D printing technology make conventional design works by human hands easier. Furthermore, appearance of parametric design using mathematical algorithm shows the new ways of modeling methodology. Parametric design process easily make atypical and complex modeling result that is difficult by human hands. This advantage is affecting other design fields more and more. We can find out parametric design theme in pattern of car exterior and interior design also. This study aims to extend parametric design application on car design. Method of study starts from examination and clarification of parametric design case. On the other hand, it analyzes importance of patterns in car design and problems of current car design process. It leads us to conclude parametric design has high value of variety, time efficiency, speed in design selection and modification and logicality of modeling draft. As a case study, this paper presents algorithm for radiator grille design using parametric design process. To make algorithm, I select clustered unit of radiator grille design. Values of single unit parameter are size, proportion and shape. Values of clustering parameter are distance between units, gradual size changes and curvature graph of base surface. In conclusion, this study tries to link benefit of parametric design with concrete design work through comprising algorithm to make unlimited design result and present design example.

A study on Creativity based on Parametric Design

왕유지,나건 한국기초조형학회 2021 기초조형학연구 Vol.22 No.6

In the 4th Industrial Revolution, the rapid development of computer technology has become the driving power to change the design process. Meantime, after the spread of personal computers, starting with IBM and Macintosh, programming languages and hardware rapidly developed, algorithms and applications became specialized, and the purpose of using computers became very diverse(Na, S., 2021). For architecture, parametric design has become an increasingly popular approach resulting in the emergence of a global architectural style, known as “Parametricism”. In this context, the purpose of the study aims at revealing that parametric design is an effective tool to generate computational creativity that enhances human creativity to help designers to explore more design possibilities. As methods of this research, previous researches and literature are collected and comparatively analyzed, the general analysis result is as below. Firstly, the basis for discussion was the new trend as “Parametricism” in modern architecture. Prior researches on the parametric design and parametric modeling were analyzed, as were generative design and generative modeling. The differences between them are discussed. Two cases conducted by Gensler and ZHA are introduced to explain the realistic practices of parametric design. Then drive the conclusion that parametric design and “computational creativity” become the mainstream of future design. Secondly, based on the two characters of parametric design, combined with creative thinking put forward insight into “computational creativity”. Finally, the study makes some points for designers: parametric design not only help to solve the problem of massive repetitiveness and rapid change in the design process, but also generates computational creativity which plays an active contributor to design process. Parametric design will become the mainstream in the future.

무리지능 기반 파라메트릭 파사드 패턴 디자인 프로세스 및 그래스호퍼 알고리즘 개발

오영은(Oh, Young-Eun),이현수(Lee, Hyunsoo) 한국실내디자인학회 2021 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.30 No.4

As a follow-up research, this research aims to develop a Swarm Intelligence-based parametric facade symmetric pattern design process using Interactive Genetic Algorithm from Genetic Algorithm in order to drawing out Swarm Intelligence-Based Parametric Facade Pattern Design Methods, which are so called ‘Population Position’, Three Behaviors’, and ‘Flow’, developed by Oh, Y. E. and Lee, H. S. (2021). This study’s method is first, to theoretically review Genetic Algorithm as a design process platform, often utilized in Biomimicry, second, to find out basic elements making up a parametric facade pattern design, to be compared with Interactive-Genetic Algorithm process and parametric facade pattern design process for building as a design process platform, and to develop Swarm Intelligence-based parametric facade symmetric pattern design process using Interactive-Genetic Algorithm, third, to step on the developed design process, while showing each step’s element with generated results by the design methods, fourth, to compare and analyze the developed design process with previous researches in several aspects. It means to have built a systematic form as a parametric facade pattern design process for generating Swarm Intelligence-based parametric facade pattern designs. This paper will be expected to help designers and architects get inspired by parametric facade pattern designs generated through the developed design process and come up with creative and various idea in their design process.

산업디자인 활용을 위한 파라메트릭 디자인 케이스스터디 연구

안승식(Ahn, Seungshik),조성환(Jo, Seonghwan) 한국디지털디자인협의회 2014 디지털디자인학연구 Vol.14 No.3

자하 하디드가 디자인한 동대문디자인플라자는 파라메트릭 디자인이라는 혁신적 기술이 적용된 건축이다. 디지털 기술의 발전과 함께 디자이너들로부터 더욱 주목받고 있는 파라메트릭 디자인은 도구의 형태적, 기능적 한계를 넘어 과학적이고 기술적인 방법으로 디자인 문제를 해결한다. 또한, 독립적이며 비선형적인 관점을 지향하는 인터렉티브 기반 서브루틴 모듈제어를 통해 알고리즘의 혁신과 더불어 확률적 개선을 추구한다. 도구적 관점의 파라메트릭 디자인은 융합 적이고 다학제적인 현대 산업 디자인의 트렌드를 지지하는 새로운 개념의 표현방법이다. 이에 본 논문은 건축 디자인 분야에서 발전된 파라메트릭 디자인을 케이스 스터디를 통해 디지털 디자인 표현의 기술성을 분석하고 이를 모델링 시뮬레이션으로 검증하는 과정을 통해 파라메트릭 디자인의 산업 디자인으로의 적용에 대한 가능성을 파악하고자 한다. Dongdaemun design plaza designed by zaha hadid is an innovative architecture to which parametric design has been apply. Representation tools by digital technology not only help solve value conflict, ambiguity, and uncertainty in industrial design, but also affect knowledge management, usage and transference of information, and design collaboration. Parametric design, which draws much attention from designers, goes beyond functional and morphological bounds of tools, solving design problems with scientific and technical methods. In addition, parametric design employs interactive subroutine module control with independent and nonlinear approach, seeking for the betterment of probability along with innovation of algorithm. As a tool, parametric design, which has been developed in the fields of architecture design, is a new representational concept that supports the trend of amalgamative and multidisciplinary modern industrial design. Therefore, this study is to analyze the technicalities of parametric design"s realization and consider its applicability to industrial design by verifying modeling simulations in phases.

프로토타입을 활용한 설계프로세스개념에 관한 고찰

임진택,김남응 대한건축학회 2006 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.22 No.4

The purpose of this study is to make suggestions for a design process using a parametric modeling method. As for architectural design, approaches can be made in different ways from the existing design processes thanks to the development of digital technology and application software. The prototype of each building is produced in the form of the three-dimensional parametric model in advance, then, amended to complete the design. This is just like establishing the design-knowledge database accumulated by the architect's education or experience in his head in a visible form of the three-dimensional parametric model data. With use of the parametric modeling technique, the blueprints can be produced more rapidly and exactly. Errors which follow amending and supplementing design drawings can also be reduced. If the demands of the client and circumstances of the site are added to the already designed prototype, it can be done with a simple manipulation to draw an alternative which is different from the existing prototype. This means that because a different design alternative can be drawn on each term although design is drawn in a basic form, it is possible to make a mass-customized production, not a simply repeated mass-production of simple designs. In addition, the designs established in this way can be used as the design database for the next.

The Parametric Fashion Design Using Grasshopper -Focused on Skirt Silhouette-

이정수,김정민 한국패션비즈니스학회 2022 패션 비즈니스 Vol.26 No.6

The purpose of this study is to explore a three-dimensional (3D) simulation of skirt shape concepts by manipulating circumferences and lengths via parametric design in the fashion design concept stage. This study also intends to propose a modeling method that can judge and transform the shape through immediate parameter adjustment. We looked at cases that utilized parametric design in other fields of fashion design, reviewed and analyzed the variables used in each study, and constructed parameters suitable to implement skirt fashion design. The traditional design elements required for skirt design, namely waist and hip circumferences, were set as variables in this study. The parametric design was developed to generate ideas of two skirt silhouettes (tight and flared) and three lengths (mini, knee-length, and maxi). To apply the skirt design implemented through variables to the actual 3D human shape, the shape data of women in their 20s and 30s were randomly selected from the 5th human data of Size Korea. Skirt design silhouette modeling was performed by adjusting the variable values according to body type. Parametric design has the potential to help develop design ideas in the field of fashion design, considering the method and characteristics of parameters of the variety of variables and rapid modification. Furthermore, if systematic research on variables and options among fashion design elements is conducted, the possibility of converging them into customization or co-design fashion design processes could be confirmed.

주얼리 디자인에서의 Parametric Design 활용방안

남상원(Nam, Sang-won),정용진(Chung, Yong-jin) 한국조형디자인학회 2012 조형디자인연구 Vol.15 No.2

이 연구는 Parametric Design 이론을 활용해 주얼리디자인을 생성하는데 있어 그 효율성을 입증하고자 수행되었다. 특히,현재 주얼리 디자인 분야가 다른 산업디자인 분야(특히 건축디자인 및 설계분야)와 달리 디자인을 생성하는 방법에 제한적이라는 문제의식을 바탕으로 다른 디자인 분야에서 사용되는 디자인 생성이론과 방법의 적용가능성을 모색하였다. 세부적으로 이 연구는 Parametric Design이론에 초점을 맞추며, 다른 분야에서 이 이론이 사용되는 현황을 분석하고, 작가, 작품 분석, 생성디자인시스템에 대한 개념 및 필요성과 함께 생성디자인시스템 기반 프로그램을 적용하여 주얼리디자인 시제품을 완성하는 사례를 보여주었다. 그 과정을 소개하며, 이 이론이 주얼리디자인 분야에 있어 지금껏 이루지 못했던 또 다른 효율성의 극대화를 가져올 수 있음을 제안하고자 하였다. The purpose of this case study was to generate jewelry design by adopting a Parametric Design Theory (PDT) , and to prove how this methodology is effective and efficient. Specifically, recognizing the problem that the field of jewelry design has had limited methods to generate various forms of design , this study tried to seek the applicability of design generative theories and methods which have been well used in other fields of industry design, into a jewelry design field Among some methodologies , the study mainly focused on a PDT and analyzed how other fields have used this theory to produce related design. With this work , the study completed one jewelry design product as a case, app lying the program based on a Generative Design System. Introducing to the making process , this study suggested that t he PDT has t he abi lity to maximize efficiency of designing jewelry which has not been achieved in our field thus far.