Is there any Difference in the Perception of the Airbnb Brand Gender across C ul tures? A n Exploration o f Gender a nd G ender I dentity

Bongran Lucia Sun People&Global Business Association 2022 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.27 No.2

Purpose: This study explored the different perception of Airbnb s brand gender across cultures on the basis of gender and gender identity. Specifically, the objectives of this study are, first, to examine how users perceive Airbnb s brand gender; second, to explore the effect of gender and gender identity on brand gender; and finally, to observe the differences in perception of Airbnb s brand gender across cultures. Design/methodology/approach: The exploration was conducted by comparing two countries with different cultural backgrounds (American vs. Korean). Data was collected in the US and Korea. Amazon Mechanical Turk (Mturk)was used for the US sample. For the Korean sample, a research company specialized in online surveys was employed. Data were analyzed by SPSS, AMOS to test hypotheses. Findings: Gender identity fully affected brand gender for Americans, but for Koreans masculine gender identity (MGI) had an influence on the perception of masculine brand gender personality (MBP) and feminine gender identity (FGI) on the perception of feminine brand gender personality (FBP) only. Further, this study revealed that gender does not play a significant role in the relationship between gender identity and brand gender for the American group, while gender was found to be an important variable moderating the relationships for Koreans. In addition, the study showed that the impact of gender identity on brand gender is greater in the US than in Korea. Research limitations/implications: This study has several limitations. First, this study considered only two countries. More countries from different continents with diverse social backgrounds should be investigated to generalize the study results. Second, gender-related phenomena are multifactorial and involve several variables, including gender attitudes, gender role behaviors, and sexual orientation, therefore, future research may observe other gender-related variables. Third, there are questionable items in the measurement of brand gender. Future research may focus more on addressing this issue in the cross-cultural study of brand gender. Fourth, more in-depth insights into the role of gender identity will result if future research explores the relationship between Aaker s (1997) five brand personalities and gender identity. Finally, this study examined only one brand, Airbnb. Therefore, the results could be difficult to generalize and apply to other brands and industries. Future studies should focus on investigating the relationship between brand gender, identity, and gender in other brands in the hospitality industry. Originality/value: This study is one of few researches investigating the relationships between gender identity, gender, and brand gender across cultures. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to provide novel insights into brand strategies in marketing, both academically and practically, in terms of gender and gender identity market segmentation.

Gender Differences in Moral Identity

( Ha Jin-bong ) 한국윤리학회(구 한국국민윤리학회) 2018 倫理硏究 Vol.122 No.1

Moral gender differences have discussed for a long time. And the term moral identity has been emphasized by a number of studies in field of moral psychology and moral education. Unfortunately, most studies of gender differences have focused on correlations between biological sex and moral reasoning or judgment. So, the present study instead focuses on moral identity in terms of gender identification and gender stereotypes as well as biological sex. The purpose of this study was to examine the gender differences in moral identity empirically and statistically. This study used Aquino and Reed’s Self-Importance of Moral Identity Scale, and Anorld’s Good-Self Assessment to measure the level of moral identity and also assessed the extent to gender identification and gender stereotypes, and then found some statistically significant differences between male and female. Based on these findings, the present study proposes that there are two significances in terms of gender differences in moral identity. First, women who reflect higher moral identity prefer moral value more consistently than man when it conflicts with non-moral value. Second, gender stereotypes have an impact on only women’s moral identity. Finally, this study argues that further researches are needed.

미디어 속의 여성 : TV광고를 통해 본 수행적 젠더성

김미정(Kim Mi-jeong) 한국비평문학회 2009 批評文學 Vol.- No.32

The modern era is called the “age of media.” The mass media play an important role to build the collective consciousness in the modern society. The contents that appear repetitively through the media can exert considerable influence on the individual perspective and beliefs. If an image in the media is distorted, it may help to generate a negative stereotype. I think researchers should pay special attention to this type of images. The television commercials, which are often called a fifteen-second art, help viewers accept quite naturally both the standardized life styles of social classes and the role models which are based on the division between the two genders. The female role and appearance on the media is directly imprinted on what the public consider as a feminie image and role in reality. On the television commercials a woman is usually depicted as physically and mentally retarded, one who works in the lower rank at work and who is under the constant threat of violence, that is, the weaker sex. This stereotyped female role has been displayed over and again to reinforce inequality and discrimination in the real world, being based on the fixed roles. Recently, however, the traditional stereotype has been changed on the television commercials. Some new types of roles appear to be derived from social independence and sexual pluralism. The fixed image is still used while the alternative is being introduced to reflect the status quo of our society which is quite different from the previous age. I examine the fixed and negative gender shown on the current television commercials in this article, but, at the same time, scrutinize the overturning power of gender that the new television commercials produced. Judith Butler’s performative gender is a useful tool to reveal that the gender is not natural in essence but its identity stems from performance. It is obvious that the post-gender adaptation can be detected on the recent television commercials. They confirm that the gender, which has been believed to be essential, is actually derived from the stereotypes and based on the imitation of repetitive performances. They show counterevidence that the gender identity is fluid, and help us approach to what is “beyond” the gender. Butler said that the gender identity is based on the chronic and patterned repetition of behavior. If we repeat any behavior differently, we can modify its identity. If we deconstruct or overthrow the pattern repetitively, we can change the identity itself. On the recent television commercials, for example, the subjective point of view or status of females, transvestites and transgenders disclose some moments of intrinsically overthrowing the normative gender identity. This may be the critical, post-gender point where the paradox of dichotomy is revealed. If we deny essential femininity and continue to signify female identity in another way, like Butler and other post-structuralists who seriously questioned the gender identity and its cultural values, we can’t be enclosed within the category of gender identity. All kinds of collective identity formed with norm and value can be traced back through the process of forming and implementing. Their border can be blurred and then the limitless possibility of cultural imagination will be open. The television commercials have a power to carry an image of male and female to a wide range of viewers. When they make each gender produce new role models, which are free from the restrictions of sexitivity and respect their individuality as a whole, they can serve as a guide to realize a fluid gender identity.

Analysis of Gender Identity Expressed in the Movie < The Danish Girl > based on Judith Butler’s Gender Theory

( Heeseon Kim ),( Jinyoung Kim ),( Hosup Kan ) 한국패션비즈니스학회 2019 패션 비즈니스 Vol.23 No.6

< The Danish Girl > is based on a true story of the first transgender individual. It portrays psychological changes visually during the protagonist's confusion with self-identity based on gender. This study analyzes gender identity in contemporary fashion intensively based on gender images and costumes appearing in the film < The Danish Girl >. In the society lacking a fixed gender image, this study provides a timely insight into gender identities by analyzing the fashions depicted in the movie. The movie is a true story of the first transgender person working hard to determine his or her own gender identity. As a research method, the theoretical basis of genderless approach was established via literature review. The characteristics of genderless identity were determined by dividing the movie into established and ambiguous gender periods to analyze the comprehensive changes in costumes for comparison. Einer Wagner representing male identity portrays men's fashion whereas Lily Elbe representing female identity depicts women's fashion. While the two different genders find their places in a single body, the confusion creates genderless fashion. By dividing these phases into femininity, masculinity and genderless categories, each costume was analyzed comprehensively, and the images of relatively changing fashion were studied by altering the gender identity. Four characteristics including androgyne, rebellion, pleasure and balance were derived from the gender identity based on Fashion in < The Danish Girl >.

<옥주호연>에 나타난 남녀의 정체성 형성 양상과 그 교육적 의미

이유경 ( Lee Yu-kyung ) 한국고전문학교육학회 2016 고전문학과 교육 Vol.31 No.-

<옥주호연>은 같은 사주를 지닌 6인의 남녀가 입신양명한 후 혼인하는 과정을 그린 소설로, 한 작품 안에서 같은 능력, 의지, 목표를 지닌 남녀의 일생을 비교적 동등한 비중으로 전개시킨 독특한 작품이다. 특히 이 작품의 주인공들은 기존의 성 역할 규범에 따른 남녀의 영역 구분에 따르지 않고 6인의 남녀 모두 공적 영역에서 활약한다. 이러한 구성은 같은 목표를 지향하는 남녀의 일생을 병렬적으로 보여줌으로써 전통 사회에서의 남녀 정체성 형성의 양상을 동시에 살피고 비교할 수 있게 한다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 따라서 본고는 이 점에 주목하여 <옥주호연>에 나타난 남녀의 정체성 형성의 양상을 알아보고 그 과정에서 드러나는 작품의 교육적 의미를 살피고자 하였다. <옥주호연>에 등장하는 남녀 주인공들의 일생은 모두 영웅의 일대기 구조를 따르고 있으며, 이러한 영웅의 삶은 분리-시련-통합이라는 세 단계로 나누어 살필 수 있다. 인간의 정체성 형성은 기존 사회에서 분리되어 개별화되는 과정을 거쳐 다시 사회로 통합되는 과정으로 이루어지므로, 이러한 영웅의 여정이 표상하는 인간의 삶의 단계와도 잘 부합된다. 이에 따라 남녀 주인공들의 정체성 형성 과정을 구체적으로 살펴본 결과, 남성 주인공들은 사회의 장려를 받아 기존의 이념을 그대로 수용하여 전통적 남성 정체성을 답습하는 모습을 보이는 데 반해, 여성 주인공들은 사회의 억압 속에서도 기존 이념을 거부하고 새로운 여성 정체성을 탐색하는 모습을 보이고 있었다. <옥주호연>은 이러한 내용 전개를 통해 남녀의 정체성 형성 과정에서의 개인과 사회의 관계, 그리고 개인의 대응에 따른 성정체성의 변화 가능성을 드러내고 있다는 점에서 교육적 의미를 지닌다. 즉 정체성 형성 과정에서 나타나는 사회의 성차별적 인식의 문제와 그에 대한 개인적 대응으로서의 정체성 선택의 문제를 제기하고 있는 것이다. <옥주호연>에 등장하는 남녀 주인공들은 동등한 조건으로 같은 목표를 향해 나아가지만 그 일생에서는 차이를 보인다. 그런데 이러한 차이는 개인적 요인 때문이 아니라 사회의 성차별적 인식 때문에 나타나게 된다. <옥주호연>은 사회가 남녀를 어떤 식으로 다르게 다루는지 보여주고, 성차별적 인식의 영향으로 인한 남녀의 삶의 차이와 그로 인한 문제점을 지적하고 있는 것이다. 또한 이 작품에서 남성 주인공들은 사회의 장려를 받으며 정해진 길을 따라 사회가 요구하는 남성 정체성을 형성하지만, 여성주인공들은 사회의 억압을 받으면서도 정해진 길을 거부하고 새로운 길을 탐색하여 자신들이 원하는 새로운 여성 정체성을 형성해가는 모습을 보임으로써 성 정체성의 변화 가능성과 다양성을 제시하고 있다. 이처럼 <옥주호연>은 같은 조건의 남녀가 단지 성차 때문에 다른 삶을 강요받는 것을 보여줌으로써 남녀에 대한 성차별적 인식의 부정적인 영향과 그로 인한 문제점을 드러내고 있다. 그리고 이에서 더 나아가 사회의 성차별적 인식을 극복하고 새로운 길을 개척하는 유자주 세 자매의 모습을 통해 정체성은 고정된 것이 아니라 변화 가능한 것이며 남녀 모두에게 다양한 정체성이 있을 수 있다는 가능성을 보여주고 있다. 그러므로 <옥주호연>은 남녀 주인공들의 정체성 형성 과정을 통해 사회의 고정된 성 정체성에 대한 인식 전환의 필요성을 제기하고 있다는 점에서 교육적 의미가 큰 작품이라 하겠다. Okjuhoyeon is a novel about marriages of six men and women with the same destiny after they achieved their fame and prestige. It is a peculiar work that lives of the men and women with the same ability, intention, and goal are displayed in comparatively equal portions. Especially, all the six characters of the work do not follow the division of areas in men and women’s roles according to the existing gender role norm, and they play active parts in the public realm. The composition is meaningful in that the aspects of forming identity of men and women in traditional society can be examined and simultaneously compared by showing the lives of the male and female characters aiming at the same goal. Therefore, in this paper, the aspects of identity formation of the characters in Okjuhoyeon were found out and the educational meaning of the work which is exposed during the course was intended to be examined. The lives of the male and female characters appearing in Okjuhoyeon follow the structure of a life story of a hero. Usually, the life of the hero can be examined divided into three stages called Separation, ordeal, and integration. Because the identity formation of a human is realized with a course to be integrated into society again, passing through an individualized course after being separated from existing society, it well coincides with stages of human life that the journey of the hero represents. So, at the result of looking into the course of identity formation of the male and female characters, it could be known that male characters show an image to follow traditional male identity by accepting existing ideology intactly from receiving social encouragement on the other hand, female characters oppose existing philosophy and explore new female identity. Okjuhoyeon has educational meaning in that it represents relation between an individual and a society and change possibility of gender identity in the course of forming identity of men and women through the contents’ development. Namely, it brings up a problem of recognizing social gender discrimination which is shown during the course of identity formation and another problem of selecting identity as personal response to the recognition problem. Although the male and female characters appearing in this novel head for the same goal in equal conditions, it shows difference of their lives. By the way, the difference comes from not personal factors but social recognition of sexual discrimination. The work shows how the society deals with men and women and also points out difference of the lives of the men and women due to the influence of recognition of gender discrimination and problems originated from the difference. Additionally, in this work, male characters receive social encouragement and form male identity according to a way which is decided by society. However, female characters reject the way and explore a new way although they receive social suppression. Therefore, by showing an image to form new female identity that they want, they suggest change possibility and diversity of gender identity. Like these, the novel exposes negative influence of recognition of gender discrimination and problems caused from it by showing other life like the men and women were demanded to live differently just because of gender difference. Furthermore, through Yu Ja-ju and her two sisters who recovered social gender discrimination and pioneered a new way, the possibility that identity is not fixed but changeable and plus diverse identities can exist in all men and women is shown. Hence, Okjuhoyeon can be a great literary work in educational meaning in that the necessity of recognition conversion of social fixed gender identity is raised through the course of identity formation.

대학생의 성역할 정체감, 성역할 태도가 진로자기효능감, 진로태도성숙에 미치는 영향

이상희,이은진 한국상담학회 2009 상담학연구 Vol.10 No.4

Traditionally men and women had pursuit different careers. Recently women have entered male-dominated careers and vice-versa. The studies regarding non-traditional careers have been focused on gender related variables. This study investigated how gender role identity and gender role attitude variables relate to career decision self-efficacy and career maturity variables. The sample of the present study consisted of 519 college students (235 males and 284 females). The participants completed questionnaires of gender role identity, gender role attitude, career decision self-efficacy, and career maturity variables. The results showed as follow. First, there were significant differences between male and female students on gender role attitudes. Specifically, male college students reported higher scores on masculinity than female college students whereas female students reported higher scores on gender-role attitude than male students. second, male students' masculinity variable was significantly related to femininity variable whereas there was no significant relationship between gender role identity and gender role attitude variables. ln addition, male students reported higher scores on traditionalism than female students. Third, four gender role identity groups have different scores on career decision self-efficacy and career maturity variables. Fourth, gender role identity and gender role attitude variables significantly contributed to career decision self-efficacy and career attitude variables. In addition, there were significant differences between male and female students on career decision self-efficacy and career attitude variables. Fifth, the results of the present study indicated decision self-efficacy and career maturity variables were varied by scores on gender role attitude variable. Finally, the results did not support the hypothesis that gender role attitude variable would moderate the relationship between gender role identity and career decision self-efficacy variables as well as the relationship between gender role identity and career maturity variables. The limitations of this study and suggestions for future studies were discussed. 본 연구에서는 개인의 직업선택에 영향을 미치는 변인으로 성역할 정체감과 성역할 태도의 중요성을 제시하고, 진로자기효능감과 진로태도성숙에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 연구는 대학생 519명(남학생 235명, 여학생 284명)을 대상으로 하여 성역할 정체감 척도, 성역할 태도 척도, 진로결정 자기효능감 척도, 진로태도성숙 척도를 사용하여 실시되었다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 남성성과 성역할 태도에서 성차가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 남성성은 남학생이 여학생보다 높은 것으로 나타났고, 성역할 태도는 여학생이 남학생보다 유의미하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 남학생의 경우 남성성이 높은 것은 여성성이 높은 것과 정적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 성역할 정체감과 성역할 태도는 관련성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 남학생들의 성역할 태도는 여학생에 비해 유의미하게 전통, 보수적임이 확인되었다. 셋째, 남학생과 여학생 집단 모두에서 성역할 정체감에 따라 진로자기효능감과 진로태도성숙 수준에 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 넷째, 성역할 정체감과 성역할 태도는 진로자기효능감과 진로태도성숙에 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있었으며, 성차가 나타나고 있었다. 다섯 째, 성역할 태도에 따라 성역할 정체성 집단의 진로자기효능감과 진로태도성숙이 달라지는 것이 확인되었다. 여섯 째, 성역할 정체감과 진로자기효능감, 진로태도성숙의 관계에 대한 성역할 태도의 조절효과를 확인한 결과, 남학생 집단과 여학생 집단 모두에서 조절효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 제한점과 후속연구에 대해 논의하였다

성별과 Holland 유형의 관계: 공감하기-체계화하기 유형과 성역할정체성의 역할

정미선,양병한 한국진로교육학회 2017 진로교육연구 Vol.30 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between gender and types of Holland(Realistic(R), Investigative(I), Artistic(A), Social(S), Enterprising(E), and Conventional(C)) via the role of empathizing-systemizing types and sex-role identity. To achieve these, the following research issues have been set up: ① What is the difference between Holland types according to gender ? ② Is the relationship described by Holland types according to gender E-S types? ③ Is the relationship described by Holland types according to gender sex role identity? ④ What is the relationship between Holland types and gender, E-S Type, sex role identity. To perform research issues above, the survey was conducted with the object of totally 650 students(Male 288, Female 362) in B city and C city in Gyeongnam. Results can be summarized as followings; At first, there was a gender difference in frequencies of Holland types, and in particular, there was a sex difference in the frequency of R type, A type, S type, and C type. There was a higher incidence of female students in A type, S type, and C type in male students. There was a gender difference in each type of scales, and gender differences were found in all types of scales except E scale. Boys were higher in the R and I scales, and female students were higher in the A, Sl, and C scales. Second, even though there was a part described by the E(Emphathizing)-S(Systemizing) type in the relationship between gender and Holland type (existence of path via ES type), even if controlling the effect of ES type, Type explanatory variable. For each Scale score of the Holland type, the E-S type was completely mediated between the gender and the inquiry scale score, and was partially mediated between sex, real, social, and conventional scale scores. In the case of the conventional type, it was the suppression variable in the relation of E-S type and gender. Third, even though there was a part of the relationship between gender and Holland type that was explained by gender identity (gender identity exists), gender was still the explanatory variable of Holland type. For each Scale score of the Holland type, gender role identity was completely mediated between gender and inquiry scale scores and partially mediated between gender and realistic, artistic, and social scale scores. Fourth, even though controlling E-S type effect and sex role identity effect, Holland type showed difference according to gender. Gender in the Scale Scale was a significant predictor of realistic, artistic, social, and conventional scoring scores even when controlling for E-S type and gender role identity effects. There was no gender explanatory factor in the inquiry scale score, even if the effects of E-S type and gender role identity were controlled, but gender difference existed. 본 연구는 성별에 따른 Holland 유형의 차이와 성별에 따른 Holland 유형의 관계에서 E-S 유형, 성역할정체성의 역할을 밝히기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 다음과 같은 연구문제를 설정하였다. 성별에 따른 Holland 유형의 차이는 있는가? 성별에 따른 Holland 유형의 관계는 E-S 유형으로 설명되는가? 성별에 따른 Holland 유형의 관계는 성역할정체성에 의해 설명되는가? 성별, E-S 유형, 성역할정체성, Holland 유형간의 관계는 어떠한가? 연구대상은 고등학생과 대학생 650명(남학생 288명, 여학생 362명)이었다. 연구도구는 Holland 적성탐색검사, 공감하기-체계화하기 척도, 성역할정체성 척도를 사용하였다. 본 연구의 결과와 논의를 통해 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, Holland 유형은 성차가 존재했으며, 특히 실재형, 예술형, 사회형, 관습형의 빈도는 성차가 있었다. 실재형은 남학생이 예술형, 사회형, 관습형은 여학생의 빈도가 더 높았다. 각 유형별 척도점수에서도 성차가 있었으며 기업형 척도점수를 제외한 모든 유형의 척도점수에서 성차가 나타났다. 실재형과 탐구형의 척도점수에서 남학생이 높았고, 예술형, 사회형과 관습형의 척도점수에서는 여학생이 더 높았다. 두 번째, 성별과 Holland 유형의 관계에서 E(Emphathizing)-S(Systemizing)유형에 의해 설명되어지는 부분이 있었지만(E-S유형을 경유하는 경로 존재), E-S 유형의 효과를 통제하여도 성별은 여전히 Holland 유형의 설명변인이었다. Holland 유형의 각 척도점수의 경우, E-S 유형은 성별과 탐구형 척도점수사이를 완전매개 하였으며, 성별과 실재형, 사회형, 관습형 척도점수사이를 부분매개하였다. 관습형의 경우는 E-S 유형과 성별과의 관계에서 억압변인이었다. 세 번째, 성별과 Holland 유형의 관계에서 성역할정체성에 의해 설명되어지는 부분이 있었지만(성역할정체성을 경유하는 경로 존재), 성역할정체성의 효과를 통제하여도 성별은 여전히 Holland 유형의 설명변인이었다. Holland 유형의 각 척도점수의 경우, 성역할정체성은 성별과 탐구형 척도점수사이를 완전매개 하였으며 성별과 실재형, 예술형, 사회형 척도점수사이를 부분매개 하였다. 네 번째, E-S 유형의 효과와 성역할정체성의 효과를 모두 통제하여도 Holland 유형의 성별에 따른 차이가 나타났다. 척도점수에 있어서 성별은 E-S 유형 및 성역할정체성 효과를 통제하여도 실재형, 예술형, 사회형, 관습형 척도점수를 유의미하게 예측해줄 수 있는 변인이었다. 탐구형 척도점수는 E-S 유형 및 성역할정체성 효과를 통제하여도 성별에 의해 설명되는 부분은 없으나 성차는 존재하는 것으로 나타났다.

역사교육에서 젠더사의 의의

具珉廷(Ku Min-Jeong) 歷史敎育硏究會 2009 역사교육 Vol.112 No.-

One of the characteristics of post-modern society is to compose the by-self selection and mixture among the various element of identity rather than doing it by authority or repression. In order to comply with these social changes and for the education of history which might lead the changes, I suggest gender history. The gender identity, which is a very important element that affects the formation of self-identity, has almost never been considered in history education so far. With the influence of feminism, we began to recognize that the awareness of gender influences on all aspects of human life which comes with various metamorphosis process on time and space up to now. The results of that awareness are verified in the history of woman and the history of gender. Although the research of the women’s history for the confirmation of women's subjective identity enabled the expansion of history perception via the research of women’s own experience and socioeconomic status, it did not answer the question of why women’s experience and discrimination went that long. In the mean time, under the influence of postmodernism, we became to reach the recognition that human identity is being composed by influence of structured gender awareness. In other words, the problem of gender is not merely women's own but participates in all the aspects of human life as discoursed structure. Joan W. Scott, the pioneer of the gender history, showed that the subject is being composed by both structure and subjective will. For history education, if we sort out the contents on her research, there are the gender as the subject category and the gender as the analysis method. The former which refers to gender, includes genders’ experience, system, ideology, power structure, etc. The latter regards the gender as an analysis category when it comes to the interpretation of history. It includes the significance of the change and progression as well as the gender analysis of revolutions and wars. In history education which includes gender history as a curriculum contents, for the construction of gender identity, there is a structural characteristic in which gender's experience and consciousness are historically changed with its diversity. Students would recognize his/her-self as an object of change by discourses and as a positive subject agent. History education with the gender history is educational in that it issues not only the gender’s experience but questions about the elements which produce discrepancy between genders’ experiences. As a result, students shall have chance of self-reflection. In this work, I suggested the necessity of history education for the consciousness of gender identity. From now on, the researches which verifies the relationship between historical perception and growth to an affirmative self-identity of student must be continued in line with development of teaching materials and practice in the class.

여성의 범주와 젠더정체성의 법적 수행

김선희 이화여자대학교 젠더법학연구소 2012 이화젠더법학 Vol.4 No.2

이 논문은 가부장제가 규정하는 여성의 개념에 대한 비판에서 출발한다. 자연적 본성을 가장한 여성 범주가 일종의 가부장제 신화라면, 그리고 그것이 여성들에게 부당한 억압과 불평등을 초래했다면, 여성들은 스스로 자신의 성정체성을 형성하는 동시에 여성 억압을 초래한 가부장제 여성범주를 넘어설 필요가 있다. 나는 여기서 젠더정체성은 자연적으로 혹은 본질적으로 주어진 것이라는 생각을 비판하고, 젠더정체성은 실천을 통하여 형성된다는 젠더수행성을 주장한다. 버틀러의 젠더수행성을 수용하고 발전시킨 후, 그것을 토대로 젠더정체성에 대한 새로운 물음을 물을 것을 제안한다. 나의 논의에 의하면 젠더는 자연적 범주나 형이상학적 범주가 아니라, 규범적인 동시에 정치적 범주이다. 즉 여성이나 젠더정체성은 타고난 것도 아니고 자연적으로 주어진 것이 아니므로, 여성이란 무엇이며 젠더정체성은 무엇인지 하는 물음은 잘못된 물음이다. 여성 및 젠더정체성에 대한 올바른 물음은 어떤 여성이 바람직한 것인지(혹은 어떤 여성성을 추구해야 하는지), 어떤 젠더정체성을 추구해야 마땅한지 묻는 것이다. 그리고 젠더의 수행은 모든 영역에서 이루어질 필요가 있으며, 법적 영역(법의제정과 개정 및 해석과 적용 등)에서도 젠더 수행이 필요하다. 그렇다면 젠더의 법적수행은 어떻게 가능한지 세 가지 역할을 제안하고 그 방향에 대해 논의한다. In this paper, I reexamine critically the patriarchal concept of woman. If the woman concept of traditional patriarchal societies is a kind of myth, and is causing unjust oppression and inequality for women, we have to transgress the patriarchal concept of woman. I argue that the gender identity based on the nature of women is a myth of patriarchy, and I suggest the performativity of gender. The term“performativity” is taken from Judith Butler’s idea, namely, gender identity is formed through the practice and performative effects of gender. Gender identity is naturally not given, rather it is constituted as a result of practice. According to my discussion, gender is not a natural or metaphysical category, but normative and political categories. The concept of woman, or gender identity is not innate nor natural given. So, ‘What is the nature of women?’, ‘What is gender identity?’ are wrong questions. The correct question for the women’s and gender identity are these: What is the desirable gender identity?, What gender identity will you pursue? This question is also valid in the area of the legal system. The performativity of gender needs to be done in all areas, including legal area (such as the enactment and amendment of the law and its interpretation). How is it possible to perform gender in the legal area? Here, I propose three kinds of roles of the legal performativity of gender and discuss about the direction.

Gender Differences in Moral Identity

하진봉 한국윤리학회 2018 倫理硏究 Vol.122 No.1

Moral gender differences have discussed for a long time. And the term moral identity has been emphasized by a number of studies in field of moral psychology and moral education. Unfortunately, most studies of gender differences have focused on correlations between biological sex and moral reasoning or judgment. So, the present study instead focuses on moral identity in terms of gender identification and gender stereotypes as well as biological sex. The purpose of this study was to examine the gender differencesin moral identity empirically and statistically. This study used Aquino and Reed’s Self-Importance of Moral Identity Scale, and Anorld’s Good-Self Assessment to measure the level of moral identity and also assessed the extent to gender identification and gender stereotypes, and then found some statistically significant differences between male and female. Based on these findings, the present study proposes that there are two significances in terms of gender differences in moral identity. First, women who reflect higher moral identity prefer moral value more consistently than man when it conflicts with non-moral value. Second, gender stereotypes have an impact on only women’s moral identity. Finally, this study argues that further researches are needed.