A Dynamic Approach to Estimate Change Impact using Type of Change Propagation

Gupta, Chetna,Singh, Yogesh,Chauhan, Durg Singh Korea Information Processing Society 2010 Journal of information processing systems Vol.6 No.4

Software evolution is an ongoing process carried out with the aim of extending base applications either for adding new functionalities or for adapting software to changing environments. This brings about the need for estimating and determining the overall impact of changes to a software system. In the last few decades many such change/impact analysis techniques have been developed to identify consequences of making changes to software systems. In this paper we propose a new approach of estimating change/impact analysis by classifying change based on type of change classification e.g. (a) nature and (b) extent of change propagation. The impact set produced consists of two dimensions of information: (a) statements affected by change propagation and (b) percentage i.e. statements affected in each category and involving the overall system. We also propose an algorithm for classifying the type of change. To establish confidence in effectiveness and efficiency we illustrate this technique with the help of an example. Results of our analysis are promising towards achieving the aim of the proposed endeavor to enhance change classification. The proposed dynamic technique for estimating impact sets and their percentage of impact will help software maintainers in performing selective regression testing by analyzing impact sets regarding the nature of change and change dependency.

대학생의 소통문제 변화 양상— 소통저널을 중심으로

정성미 중앙어문학회 2019 語文論集 Vol.80 No.-

This paper aims to analyze the communication of young people in their 20s in 2010 and 2018, focusing on their communication with themselves in terms of journal writing. The types of communication with oneself are divided into self-cognition, self-observation, self-regulation, self-assessment, and self-change. There are five types that correspond to self-understanding: self-perception, selfobservation, self-regulation, self-assessment, and self-change. Self-awareness pertains to a new understanding of oneself. Selfobservation refers to objectively examining the psychological state, behavior, and attitude that one experiences after communicationrelated activities. Self-regulation refers to the expression of a process of conveying such inconsistencies or rationalizing choices when the existing self-understanding and the new self-understanding do not match. Self-evaluation means making an assessment of your newly perceived self. Finally, self-change pertains to a change in attitude or behavior that attempts to change oneself, renews thinking, or merely expresses a willingness to change. Self-observation, self-regulation, and self-assessment are not significantly different from one another. In self-change, the desire of change is passive, and the expectation or will of change is weakened. The reason seems to be related to the change in This paper aims to analyze the communication of young people in their 20s in 2010 and 2018, focusing on their communication with themselves in terms of journal writing. The types of communication with oneself are divided into self-cognition, self-observation, self-regulation, self-assessment, and self-change. There are five types that correspond to self-understanding: self-perception, selfobservation, self-regulation, self-assessment, and self-change. Self-awareness pertains to a new understanding of oneself. Selfobservation refers to objectively examining the psychological state, behavior, and attitude that one experiences after communicationrelated activities. Self-regulation refers to the expression of a process of conveying such inconsistencies or rationalizing choices when the existing self-understanding and the new self-understanding do not match. Self-evaluation means making an assessment of your newly perceived self. Finally, self-change pertains to a change in attitude or behavior that attempts to change oneself, renews thinking, or merely expresses a willingness to change. Self-observation, self-regulation, and self-assessment are not significantly different from one another. In self-change, the desire of change is passive, and the expectation or will of change is weakened. The reason seems to be related to the change in 본고의 목적은 저널쓰기에 나타난 자신과의 의사소통 양상을 중심으로2010년과 2018년의 20대 청년들의 소통에 대해 분석, 비교하는 것이다. 자신과의 의사소통 양상을 자기인지, 자기관찰, 자기조절, 자기평가, 자기변화로 구분하여 살펴볼 것이다. 5가지 유형은 자신에 대한 이해 내용에 해당하는 자기인지와 자신에 대한 이해과정에 해당하는 자기관찰, 자기조절, 자기평가, 자기변화이다. 자기인지는 자신에 대하여 새로운 이해를 하는 것이다. 자기관찰은자신의 심리, 행동, 태도에 대해 객관적으로 살펴보는 것을 의미한다. 자기조절은 자신에 대한 기존의 이해와 새로운 자기 이해가 일치하지 않을 때 불일치한상태를 표현하거나 선택에 고민하는 과정을 표현한 것을 의미한다. 자기평가는 새롭게 인지된 자신에 대한 이해에 대해 긍정적, 부정적 평가를 내리는 것을 의미한다. 마지막으로 자기변화는 자신을 변화시키는 시도를 하거나, 새로운사고 전환을 하거나, 변화에 대한 의지를 표현하거나 태도, 행동의 변화를 의미한다. 2010년, 2018년 소통저널에 표현된 자신과의 소통 양상의 차이점은 2010년보다 2018년 소통저널에서 자신과의 소통 양상에 있어서 적극성이 결여되고, 자기관찰, 자기조절, 자기평가의 부분이 뚜렷이 나타나지 않았다. 자기변화에있어서도 소극적인 바람 등 전반적으로 변화에 대한 기대, 의지도 약화된 것으로 보인다. 이는 자기검열에 대한 태도 변화나 자기표현에 대한 소극적 태도 등과 연관된 것으로 보인다. 2018년 이후 20대 청년들의 자신과의 소통 양상에대한 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.

《周易》 八卦變易思維及其文化蘊涵初探

周郁華(Zhou Yuhwa) 중국어문학연구회 2016 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.98

Change is a constant process in the formation of the universe. ‘The Book of Change’ originates in Chinese cultural thought and is also a basis for the realization of what ancient Chinese people thought about the laws of nature. The eight diagrams of ‘The Book of Change’, contain the methods by which ancient Chinese people reflected ‘observations about astronomy and geography’ and ‘considerations of the relationship between human beings and nature through transition in all creation’ and they analyzed this generally and specifically by changes to all creation. Language is like a living fossil as well as a way for human beings to look at the laws of nature. In ‘The Book of Change’, symbolic signification of change in the eight diagrams still remains in modern Chinese. Especially, it permanently and perfectly preserve among others, the four outstanding Chinese characters idioms. The eight signs consist of heaven, earth, water, fire, wind, thunder, mountain, and marsh and these images are the symbols of changes in all fortunes, while at the same time they represent the symbols of eternal and unchangeable truths. Ancient Chinese people deeply considered not only changes of sky and earth, alternations of day and night, and the four seasons but also in mountains, rivers, and all phenologies. and they reflected their thoughts in the eight diagrams; so regulation of ‘change’ is totally based on the regulation of nature. This dialectic idea that recognizes matter from the viewpoint of change and development causes us to realize China’s overall balance and organic vision of the universe that continues dialectically to the present day. As a result, all creation and human nature originate from changes in natural law, and human nature which remains on in language of posterity is handed down from generation to generation. ‘The Book of Change’ reflects how ancient Chinese people observed the heavens to know what changes were happening or had happened and used these observations to regulate society and people. It is referred to as ‘the thought of heaven and human’. The origination of this thought system resulted in the prediction of the future by observing the laws of nature because the ancient Chinese believed that human affairs could be changed by changes in nature; the essence of the true meaning of life in ‘The Book of Change’ is that it provides a method for people to know what is ‘Changeable and Perpetual”, and let people realize what is changed, how to deal with this change, and how to change one’s self appropriately in accordance with change, so it becomes an example for future generations of how to understand human behavior. This great wisdom is the reflection of the traditional ‘combined virtues of heaven and human’, and is also a long standing symbol of Chinese culture.

변화-역사개념의 이해와 학습방법

김한종 한국역사교육학회 2010 역사교육연구 Vol.- No.12

This study inquired into the characteristic of ‘change’concept, the key concept of history, and suggested some methods of teaching it. First, I reviewed the meaning of historical change in historiography, and analyzed historical changes written in Korean History textbook and explained by history teacher during Korean history classroom. Finally, I suggested some techniques of teaching the‘ historical change’concept on the basis of researching them. ‘Change”is the main concept focused in historical study and history teaching and presented the specific character of historical facts. The acquisition of ‘change’concept helps us understand historical facts, so it has been to presented as a important objective of history teaching. Historical change does not have the necessity of causing the consequence unlike natural science. It is sufficient for it to show the probability of the fact. Accordingly, historical change is a sort of the tendency in historical development. Even if there are some instances inconsistent with the explanation of historical change, it is valid only if they don’t fundamentally contradict with it. The concept of historical change has not been reasonably presented in Korean History textbook and teachers’explanations in Korean history classrooms. They bring about the impression that the social stability is the historical development and the change is the confusion. It is probable that such a historical perspective makes pupils have the view of thinking the historical process as a circulation and regard the dynamics of social change as national policy or ruling classes’social stance. Time concept is necessary for effectively understanding historical change. In particular, chronological concept has a main part of developing ‘change’concept. To develop pupils’the concept on historical change, the syllabus,which is centered on historical topics and events relating to historical change, is useful. The syllabus is organized with historically meaningful periods and critical moments causing important events. Pupils learn the ‘historical change’concept through specific facts. The change of historical fact is presented as the form of the cause-and-effect relationship. It is a useful method for pupils to develop the function of understanding historical causal relationship to compare two instances which happened in the seemingly similar circumstance. We explore the true cause of historical fact through such a history lesson. It is also useful to investigate the counter-factual power to prevent the historical change for understanding the historical causal relationship. And we think historical facts from the viewpoint of development and in the place of main agents causing them. 이글에서는 역사학의 가장 핵심개념이라고 할 수 있는‘변화’개념의 성격과 학습방안을 검토하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 역사학의 논의를 중심으로 역사변화의 의미를 고찰하였다. 그리고 교과서와 실제 수업에서 역사변화를 어떻게 다루는지 분석하였다. 이를 바탕으로 역사 교육에서‘변화’개념을 가르치는 방안을 제시하였다. ‘변화’는 역사학과 역사연구의 주된 관심이며, 역사적 사실의 성격을 잘 보여준다. 변화 개념을 가지는 것은 역사적 사실을 이해하는 기반으로, 역사교육의 중요한 목표이다. 역사 변화는 과학과는 달리 원인과 일어난 결과 사이에 필연성을 가지지 않는다. 다만 그러한 일이 일어날 수 있는 개연성을 보여주면 된다. 그런 의미에서 역사변화는 경향성을 보여주는 것이라고 할 수 있다. 이 과정에서 경향성에 어긋나는 사례가 있더라도, 그 경향성 자체를 부정할 만한 것이 아닌 한 역사변화는 성립한다. 국사교과서나 실제 수업에서는 학생들에게 역사변화의 개념을 제대로 전달하고 있지 못하다. 사회 안정은 발전이며, 변화는 혼란이라는 인상을 가지게 한다. 이러한 역사인식은 역사의 전개과정을 순환론적이라고 보게 할 가능성이 있다. 그리고 사회변화의 원동력을 국가의 정책이나 지배층의 사회적 태도에서 찾게 한다. 역사변화를 올바로 인식하려면 시간개념이 필요하다. 그 중에서도 연대개념은 역사변화를 인식하는 중심 역할을 한다. 학생들의 변화개념을 높이려면, 변화를 중심으로 교수요목을 조직할 수도 있다. 커다란 변화가 일어난 시기, 중요한 변화를 일으킨 사건으로 교수요목을 조직하는 것이다. 수업에서 학생들은 구체적 사실을 통해 역사변화를 접한다. 여기에서 역사적 사실의 변화는 주로 인과관계로 구성된다. 학생들이 역사적 인과관계를 효과적으로 이해하기 위해서는 외형적으로 비슷해 보이는 사례를 비교하여 역사적 사건을 일으킨 참원인을 찾는 방법이 있다. 역사변화가 일어나는 것을 가로막는 방향으로 작용하는 反事實的힘을 고려하는 것도 인과관계를 이해하는 데 도움이 된다. 발전의 관점과 변화를 일으킨 주체의 처지에서 역사적 사실을 바라보는 것도 필요하다.

외교정책 변화(Foreign policy change)에 대한 연구 -유형과 영향 요인을 중심으로-

유동원 대한정치학회 2020 大韓政治學會報 Vol.28 No.2

Change is a neglected aspect of the study of foreign policy. When a state changes its foreign policy it can affect both the state and the international political system. The causes of foreign policy change are therefore important to understand. This study try to the understand the levels and causes of foreign policy change. In general, foreign policy change comprises two main types of change: tactical and strategic. Tactical change in state foreign policy is what Hermann describes as adjustment and programme change. Strategic change involves more fundamental shifts in foreign policy based on a re-examination of foreign policy goals and the state’s position in the international system. Change in foreign policy can be analysed at the levels of the individual, of the domestic factors and of the international system. Among three sources of foreign policy change, foreign policy change may be leader driven, in which case it ‘results from the determined efforts of an authoritative policy-maker. Welch reasserts the roles of the individual and of psychological factors in the decision-making process that is at the centre of an analysis of the sources and impacts of change on foreign policy. Individual leaders play in facilitating the foreign policy choices that embrace change by engaging in learning. Learning is a substantive departure from a previous position, or adaptation, or a tactical shift in foreign policy conduct: much of the debate in this literature focuses on these distinctions. 외교정책 변화(Foreign policy change)는 국제정치에서 지속적으로 반복되는 일상적인 현상이지만, 그럼에도 불구하고 1980년대 초까지 국제관계 분야에서 거의 논의가 되지 않았다. 하지만, 냉전이 붕괴되면서 외교정책 변화는 보다 일상화되었고, 따라서 이에 대한 학술적 관심이 점차 고조되었다. 따라서 본 논문의 목적은 외교정책 변화(FPC)의 개념, 양상과 요인을 분석하고, 이를 통해 외교정책 변화를 설명하는데 필요한 이론적 논의를 하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 외교정책 변화의 개념과 변화의 유형과 정도를 고찰하고, 이를 기초로 외교정책 변화의 요인들을 분석할 것이다. 학자들은 외교정책 변화를 조정 변화, 프로그램 변화, 문제/목표 변화 및 국제 오리엔테이션 변화라는 4가지 단계로 나누어 설명하기도 하고, 적응과 학습이라는 방식으로 이를 분석하기도 한다. 그리고 외교정책 변화를 촉진하는 요인은 국제적 요소, 국내적 요소로 구분되며, 또한 '개인 수준의 정책결정자'도 중요한 역할을 한다. 학자들은 국제적 요인, 국내 요인 그리고 개인적 요인 중에서 대부분의 경우에서 변화에 대한 강력한 설명으로 간주된 요소는 “정책결정자의 개성과 인식”임을 발견하였다.

언론보도 분석을 통해 본 북한의 기후변화 담론 변화

윤순진,안새롬,홍종호,이찬희 경희대학교(국제캠퍼스) 국제지역연구원 2019 아태연구 Vol.26 No.3

In order to cope with consequences of rapid climate change on the Korean peninsula, active environmental cooperation between North and South is critical. To do this, we need to look at how North Korea understands climate change. This study traces North Korea’s discourse on climate change from 2009 to 2017 through an analysis of North Korean media reports. 968 articles related to climate change were collected from “Rodong Sinmun” and “Minju Joseon,” which are representative media of North Korea. In addition, only nouns were extracted from the headlines of articles containing ‘climate’ or ‘warming’ in the text, and the contents and characteristics of the discussion on climate change over time were reviewed by comparing the yearly word cloud and the keywords network. Analysis of discourses on climate change over time were carried out through news reports, and the contents and characteristics were reviewed by yearly word cloud and key word network analysis. As a result, the biggest change in North Korea’s discourse on climate change was the regime change. Both Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un regimes, in general, stress that climate change is a serious problem that can bring about a global food crisis, and that international joint efforts and alternative energy developments are needed. However, unlike the Kim Jong-il regime’s self-rehabilitation and Arctic development discourse, science farming and forest response discourse were formed in the Kim Jong-un regime. In particular, the Kim Jong-un regime is distributing more concrete discourses on the meaning, consequences, and countermeasures of climate change compared to the previous regime, and actively discourses on climate change adaptation. This study can contribute to the search for directions and measures for future North-South climate cooperation by identifying North Korea’s understanding of climate change, its willingness to respond, and its needs. 한반도에서 빠르게 진행되고 있는 기후변화에 대응하기 위해서는 남과 북의 적극적인 환경협력이 긴요하다. 이를 위해서는 북한이 기후변화 문제를 어떻게 이해하고 있는지 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 이 연구에서는 북한 언론보도 분석을 통해 2009년부터 2017년까지의 북한 기후변화 담론을 추적하였다. 북한의 대표적인 언론 매체인 『로동신문』과 『민주조선』을 통해 기후변화 관련 기사 총 968개를 수집하고 보도 추이를 분석하고, 북한 기후변화 담론 변동의 계기를 확인하기 위하여 특정 사건들 전후의 담론 변화를 검토하였다. 또, 표제나 본문에 ‘기후’ 또는 ‘온난화’가 포함된 기사의 표제에서 명사만 추출한 뒤, 연도별 워드 클라우드, 핵심어 연결망 비교 분석 등을 실시하여 시간 흐름에 따른 기후변화 담론의 내용과 특성을 고찰하였다. 연구 결과, 북한의 기후변화 담론 변화의 가장 큰 계기는 정권 변화로 나타났다. 두 정권 모두 공통적으로 기후변화가 세계적 식량위기를 가져올 수 있는 심각한 문제이며 국제적인 공동 노력과 대체 에너지 개발이 필요함을 강조하였지만 김정일 정권의 자력갱생, 북극 개발 담론과는 다르게, 김정은 정권에서는 과학 농사, 산림 대응 담론이 형성되었다. 특히 김정은 정권에서는 이전 정권에 비해 기후변화의 의미와 결과, 대응 방안 등에 대한 보다 구체적인 담론들이 유통되고 기후변화 적응 담론이 활발하게 구성되고 있다. 이 연구는 북한의 기후변화 이해와 대응 의지 및 요구들을 확인함으로써 향후 남북 기후협력의 방향과 방안을 모색하는 데 기여할 수 있다.

법경제학적 관점에서 본 판례의 변경

고학수,최준규 민사판례연구회 2014 民事判例硏究 Vol.- No.36

이 글에서는 판례의 변경이라는 법적 문제를 사회적 또는 개인적 비용과 편익이라는 관점에서 분석하고, 대법원에서 실제 이루어졌던 판례변경의 추이를 살펴보았다. 법경제학적 관점에서 판례변경은, 판례변경에 따른 사회적 편익이 그에 따른 사회적 비용보다 클 때 바람직하다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 명제를 통해 다음과 같은 가설을 설정할 수 있다. 첫째, 모순·저촉되는 판례를 통일하는 경우(광의의 판례변경)에는 판례변경을 통해 그동안 불필요하게 발생하였던 거래비용을 줄일 수 있으므로, 법이론적으로 우월한 대안을 선택하는 것만으로 충분히 바람직한 결론에 이를 가능성이 있다. 둘째, 종래의 일관된 판례를 변경하는 경우(협의의 판례변경)에도 판례변경을 통해 사회적 비용이 발생할 여지가 많지 않은 사안에서는, 법원이 큰 부담없이 판례를 변경할 수 있고 그것이 사회적으로 바람직할 수 있다. 셋째, 위와 같은 유형에 해당하지 않는 판례변경은 사회적 비용을 고려해 신중하게 이루어질 필요가 있다. 실제 대법원에서 판례변경이 이루어진 사안 중 84%가 대법관들 중 70% 이상의 동의를 얻어 변경되었다. 이는 변경된 판례의 상당수가 당시 대법관들 중 절대다수가 문제가 있다고 여긴 것, 즉 적어도 당시 대법관들 기준에서는 정당성을 인정받기 현저히 어려웠던 것임을 보여준다. 넷째, 법이론상 명백히 우월한 결론을 선택하기 어려운 상황에서 정책적 고려에 의해 판례가 형성되었다면, 이 판례는 선례로 유지될 가능성이 높다. 판례변경에 따른 사회적 편익은 크지 않은 반면, 기존 판례를 믿고 이해관계를 형성해 온 사람들로 인해 판례변경에 따른 사회적 비용은 클 수 있기 때문이다. 판례의 변경여부는 판례변경에 직면한 법관 개인의 비용과 편익이라는 관점에서 살펴볼 수도 있다. 대체로 하급심 법관은 판례변경을 적극적으로 시도할 유인이 크지 않은 반면, 대법관은 판례변경과 관련한 비용문제에서 상대적으로 자유롭다. 다만, 실제 대법원이 판례를 변경한 사안에서 하급심의 태도를 보면 하급심 법관이 반드시 판례변경에 소극적이라고 할 수는 없다. 이는 법관 개인의 양심이나 주위의 평판으로부터 얻을 수 있는 주관적 만족감이 작용한 결과라고 볼 수도 있고, 기존 판례에 대하여 학계나 실무계에서 이미 많은 비판이 있었기 때문에 판례변경을 시도하는 법관 개인이 부담하는 비용이 크지 않았기 때문일 수도 있다. 1957년부터 2012년까지 판례변경이 문제된 총 301건의 대법원 판례 및 해당 판례에서 하급심 법관의 태도를 분석한 결과 대체로 다음과 같은 경향이 관찰된다. 첫째, 1993년 윤관 대법원장 시기 이후부터 협의의 판례변경이 이루어지는 횟수가 눈에 띄게 증가하였고, 2000년대 이후 형사사건에서 판례변경이 급격히 늘어났다. 2000년대 이후 변경된 형사판례 중 절반 가까이는 피고인에게 유리하게 판례가 변경된 것이다. 둘째, 1999년 최종영 대법원장 시기 이후부터 하급심에서 모두 기존 선례를 따랐음에도 불구하고 대법원이 앞장서 판례를 변경한 횟수가 눈에 띄게 늘어났다. 이러한 두 가지 흐름의 배경으로는 사회전반의 민주화, 헌법재판소의 등장에 따른 대법원의 암묵적 경쟁의식, 사법적극주의의 대두 등을 생각해 볼 수 있다. 또한 하급심이 기존 선례를 변경하는 태도를 취하는지 여부와 대법관들이 판례변경에 찬성하는 비율 사이에 상관관계가 있는 ... This paper's main purpose is, first, to analyze changes in judicial case precedents at the level of Korea’s Supreme Court from a cost-benefit perspective and, second, to survey the actual trend of changes using statistic materials. From a theoretical law and economics perspective, changes in judicial precedents are desirable if the social benefit of the change is larger than the social cost incurred from the change. Based on this view, we can propose four hypotheses as follows. First, in a relatively small category of cases, unification of conflicting precedents (i.e., changes in precedents in a broad sense) may reduce unnecessary dispute resolution costs. Second, in another category of cases, changes of precedents (change in precedents in a narrow sense) may also incur little social costs at times. Third, in a broad category of cases where a change of court precedents could incur extra social costs, courts should be careful to change precedents. Examination of relevant statistics indicates that Korean courts indeed exert self-control in changing precedents. Fourth, when there is no overwhelmingly right answer that can be justified on the legal theory at the given issue, social policy can play the decisive role in the precedents-making by courts. Then these precedents are hard to change, because the benefit of change may be small, but the costs that concerned people must bear to adjust their interests when precedents are changed, can be large. We can also analyze changes in judicial precedents from the judge's individual cost and benefit. Generally, judges of District Courts and High Courts would have little personal incentives to change precedents. It may cost additional time and efforts for judges of lower instances to try to change precedents. On the other hand, whether or not their attempts to change are accepted by Supreme Court is irrelevant to their performance review. But, in actuality, judges of lower instances in Korea were not so reluctant in making an attempt to change. We then conducted an empirical analysis. Investigating 301 Supreme Court cases between 1957 and 2012 that dealt with change of judicial precedents and corresponding District Court and High Court cases, we could observe following trends. First, from 1993 there is a notable increase in cases that changed precedents in a narrow meaning. And from 2000 there is a sharp increase in criminal cases that changed precedents in a narrow meaning. Second, from 1999 Supreme Court has taken a initiating role to change precedents increasingly. These trends may reflect many contributing factors, including democratization of the Korean society, rivalry between Korean Supreme Court and its Constitutional Court, and instances of judicial activism. Third, we examined if there is any correlation between the attitude (affirmative or passive about change in precedents) of judges of lower instance and the ratio of judges of Supreme Court who agreed to the change. About the attitude of judges of first instance, the results were not statistically significant. About the attitude of judges of second instance, the results were statistically significant but the correlation was very weak. This statistical difference may be due to the structure of Korean court system.

취소소송에서의 소 변경

이윤정 행정법이론실무학회 2022 행정법연구 Vol.- No.68

Looking at revocation suit, it is difficult to determine whether it is eligible for disposition, there is a limit to the filing period, and in some cases, it must go through a pre-trial procedure. Therefore, the requirements for litigation that the Plaintiff must consider when filing a lawsuit are difficult. Meanwhile, the administrative agency can cancel, withdraw, add, or change the disposition, and the same is true even after a revocation suit has been filed. For this reason, the Plaintiff's litigation status filing a revocation suit is unstable. The change of action is a system that can correct a lawsuit that has been wrongly filed in the first place or due to a change in circumstances while maintaining the existing procedure. The Plaintiff may correct mistakes in litigation proceedings or overcome unfavorable situations by utilizing the change of lawsuit system.In addition, since the litigation procedure initiated by the original lawsuit is maintained and existing litigation data can be used, the Plaintiff can save time and economic costs. However, there has not been much discussion on the change of action under the Administrative Litigation Act, so there is some controversy over the requirements and scope of the change of action, and such uncertainty of the change of action system hinders the use of this system. In this article, it was reviewed mainly on controversial issues in the change of action system, and also attempted to associate the change of action with the concept of Object of litigation. In Article 21 of the Administrative Litigation Act, the type and scope of litigation that can be changed and the meaning of the requirements for change of action were reviewed. In Article 22 of the Administrative Litigation Act, the meaning of the change of disposition and the validity of the period (60 days) were reviewed. In Article 262 of the Civil Procedure Act, relief measures were reviewed in cases where it was needed to remedy the Plaintiff because the retroactive effect was not recognized when the lawsuit was changed.

Implicit change leadership schemas, perceived effective change management, and teachers’ commitment to change in secondary schools in the Philippines

Guerrero Joyce M.,Teng-Calleja Mendiola,Hechanova Ma. Regina M. 서울대학교 교육연구소 2018 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.19 No.3

Implicit change leadership theory (ICLT) highlights the importance of determining congruence between the ideal and actual change leadership schemas of employees in successful change management. This paper utilized ICLT in exploring effective change leadership and management in secondary schools and examined how these influence teachers’ commitment to change. Data were gathered from 707 secondary school teachers from both private and public high schools in the Philippines. Findings indicated that (1) teachers seem to have a more holistic and integrative view of change leadership schemas than employees of business organizations, (2) teachers’ change leadership schemas significantly predicts perceived effectiveness of change management, and teachers’ affective commitment to change, and (3) perceived effectiveness of change management significantly mediates the effect of change leadership schemas on teachers’ affective commitment to change. This study expanded the applicability of ICLT in basic education settings and contributes to the understanding of effective change leadership and change management in schools. Implications on practice and further recommendations for school leaders are also discussed.

변화지향 리더십 행동이 창의성에 미치는 영향 -구성원 정치적 기술의 조절효과를 중심으로-

조덕현(Cho Duck Hyun),손승연(Son Seung Yeon) 한국인적자원관리학회 2015 인적자원관리연구 Vol.22 No.3

무한경쟁 및 기술의 혁신적 진보, 그리고 세계적인 경기부진은 창조경제ㆍ창조경영을 시대적 화두로 만들었다. 그에 따라 많은 조직들이 생존과 번영을 위해 변화와 혁신에 주력하고 있는데, 성공적인 변화와 혁신이 무엇보다도 구성원의 창의성에 뿌리를 둔다는 점에서 경영진들은 구성원의 창의성 증진을 위해 그 어느 때보다도 고군분투하고 있다. 그런데 다수의 연구들에 의하면 리더십은 가장 효과적인 창의성의 결정요인 중 하나이며, 그 중에서도 변화와 혁신에 초점을 둔 변화지향 리더십 행동은 효과적인 리더십 행동 구성요소 중 하나이자 창의성에 보다 직접적인 것으로 제시되어 왔다. 그럼에도 불구하고 변화지향 리더십 행동에 대한 선행연구는 제한적이며, 특히 변화지향 리더십 행동과 창의성 간의 관계를 조절하는 변수에 대한 관심은 더욱 미흡하다. 본 연구는 이런 한계를 보완하고자 다음의 두 가지 연구목적을 가지고 수행되었다. 첫째, 사회학습이론과 심리적 분위기 이론을 기반으로 변화지향 리더십 행동이 구성원의 창의성에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 통해 변화지향 리더십 행동과 창의성 간의 관계에 대한 기존연구 결과를 공고히 하고, 경영진으로 하여금 구성원의 창의성 증진을 위해 무엇보다도 현장의 리더십에 관심을 두어야 한다는 시사점을 제공하고자 한다. 둘째, 리더십 대체이론의 관점에서 변화지향 리더십 행동과 창의성 간의 관계에 있어서 구성원의 정치적 기술의 조절효과를 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 통해 변화지향 리더십 행동과 창의성 간의 역학관계에 대한 이해를 넓히고, 인재선발 및 교육훈련에 있어 구성원의 어떤 역량에 집중해야 하는지에 대한 실무적인 시사점을 제공하고자 한다. 군 간부 리더-부하 199쌍에서 수집된 자료를 토대로 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 변화지향 리더십 행동은 구성원의 창의성과 정(+)적 관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 변화지향 리더십 행동과 정치적 기술의 상호작용을 확인한 결과, 구성원의 정치적 기술이 높은 경우에는 변화지향 리더십 행동과 창의성 간의 정적관계가 유의한 반면, 정치적 기술이 낮은 집단에서는 유의성이 확인되지 않았다. 이는 변화지향 리더십 행동이 창의성에 정(+)적 영향을 미친다는 선행연구를 지지하는 것이며, 나아가 구성원의 정치적 기술에 따라 창의성에 미치는 변화지향 리더십 행동의 영향력이 달라질 수 있다는 것을 의미하는 것이다. 연구의 말미에 시사점,한계 및 향후 연구방향에 대해 논하였다. Unlimited competition, technological innovation, and world wide economic stagnation have made creative economy and creative management a central topic of this decade. Therefore, many groups have been putting their efforts into change and innovation in the pursuit of their survival and prosperity. Boards of directors are undertaking a greater effort to develop their employees' creativity because successful change and innovation have been regarded as results of the creativity of employees. According to many studies, leadership is one of the most effective antecedents for employees' performance including creativity. In particular, most theories and research on effective leadership behavior involve three broadly defined behaviors (task-, relations-, and change-oriented leadership behavior). Each of the three-meta-categories has a different primary purpose. For instance, task-oriented behavior is primarily concerned with accomplishing the task in an efficient and reliable way. Relations-oriented behavior is primarily concerned with increasing mutual trust, cooperation, and identification with the organization. Finally, change-oriented behavior is primarily concerned with understanding the environment, finding innovative ways to adapt to it, and implementing major changes in strategies, products, or processes. In particular, verification that change-oriented behavior is a distinct and meaningful meta-category extended the earlier research and provided important insights about effective leadership. Also, change-oriented leadership behavior, focusing on change and innovation, has been cited as an effective leadership behavioral factor and a direct factor in creativity development. However, previous studies about change-oriented leadership behavior have not been deeply conducted, and particularly studies on variables between change-oriented leadership behavior and creativity have left sometimes to be desired. This study was conducted to cover this limitation, and it has two following purposes. First, it finds answers as to how change-oriented leadership behavior can influence an employees' creativity, based on social learning theory and psychological climate theory. It will enhance previous studies of the relationship between change-oriented leadership behavior and creativity, and it will also provide the boards of directors a catalyst as to why they have to focus on field leadership in order to develop their employees' creativity. Second, based on leadership replacement theory, it will examine the moderating effect of employees' political skill with respect to the relationship between change-oriented leadership behavior and creativity. This will help to further illuminate the relationship between change-oriented leadership behavior and creativity, and it will also provide practical implications for what factors the board of directors need to focus on in terms of talent selection, education, and training systems. From the sample of 199 leader-subordinates dyads in the Republic of Korea Army, the results show that leader's change-oriented behavior has a positive effect on employees' creativity. In addition, employees' political skill moderates the positive relationship between change-oriented leadership behavior and creativity, such that the positive relationship is stronger when the level of political skill is high than when the level of political skill is low. These results indicate that leader's change-oriented behavior is an important antecedent to have an impact on employees' creativity and employees' political skill influences that impact. Based on these results, implications, limitations, and future directions of study were discussed.