영산강 유역 강배[江船] 고찰

박종오 ( Park Jong-o ) 전남대학교 호남학연구원 2018 호남학 Vol.0 No.63

강은 통해 내륙과 해안을 연결하는 통로로서 시대를 초월하여 다양한 문물의 교류를 담당하는 역할을 수행하였다. 이러한 역할을 수행하는데 있어 필수적인 것은 바로 배(船)이다. 우리나라 강에서는 조수구간을 기준으로 강배[江船]과 바닷배[海船]로 구분한다. 영산강은 뱃길을 통해 문화가 운반되었던 곳이다. 선박이 운항할 수 있는 수심과 폭을 가진 영산강의 수로는 상류인 광주 서창까지로 알려져 있다. 그러나 실제 영산강에서 배가 운항된 종점은 영산포이다. 그리고 서창까지 운항하던 작은배[小舟]는 강과 바다를 직접 잇는 배가 아닌 강과 인접한 두 지역을 이어주던 나룻배로 추정해 볼 수 있다. 영산강에서는 강을 마주하고 있는 두 지역을 연결하는 나룻배가 주로 운용되었다. 영산강 하구에는 다양한 어종을 잡던 어업배들도 있었다. 두덕배와 해초선이 그것들이다. 해초선은 평저선(平底船)이 아니라 밑바닥이 뽀족한 일본식 첨저선(尖底船)으로 우리의 전통 한선과는 차이를 보이고 있다. 지금까지 보고된 조사 자료와 현장 조사들을 통해 영산강에는 다양한 배들이 운항되었다는 것을 확인해 볼 수 있다. 영산강에서 운용된 배를 특별히 강배와 바닷배에 구별한 것으로는 보이지 않지만, 강을 오르내리거나 강을 가로질러 물자와 사람을 싣고 다녔던 영산강의 배들이 있었다. 그러나 1981년 영산강 하구언이 생기면서 그 배들은 운항을 멈췄다. 지금도 사람들은 강을 건너 주고, 사람들의 정(情)을 연결해준 나룻배를 기억한다. 그리고 짐을 옮기거나 물고기를 잡았던 어업배들을 기억한다. 그리고 다시 영산강에서 배가 운항되기를 사람들은 기대한다. The river is a channel connecting the inland with the coast through. The river played a role of exchanging various artifacts over time. What is needed to perform this role is a ship. In Korea, the tide section is divided into GangBae(River Boat) and BadaBae(Sailing ships). The Yeongsan River was a place where culture was transported through a waterway. The area with the depth and width that can be operated by the ship is known as Gwangju Seochang, which is the upper stream of Youngsan River. But, the actual end point where the ship was operated on the Youngsan River is Yeongsanpo. And the small boat that used to travel to Seochang was not a boat connecting river and sea directly. This boat was a ferry that crossed two areas facing the river. In the Youngsan River, a ferry boat connecting the two areas facing the river was mainly operated. Downstream, there were boats carrying various fish. There was a “DudukBae(ship)” in the form of “Han Seon”, a traditional Korean ship. However, There were “GaesuBae(ship)” and “Haechoseon(ship)” that caught eel or carried luggage. This boat is Japanese style V-shaped boats Surveys and field surveys reported so far confirm that various ships were operated on the Youngsan River. There were boats on the Youngsan River that moved up and down the river or carried goods and people across the river. However, in 1981, the “Yeongsangang estuary dam” was established. So the ships stopped the sailing. But still many people remember the ferry that crossed the river and connected people’s affairs. And remember the ships that carried the load or caught the fish. So people expect to be able to operate the ship on the Youngsan River again.

朝鮮後期~韓末 榮山江 水運과 市場

고동환 국립목포대학교 도서문화연구원 2011 島嶼文化 Vol.0 No.38

The sea ship transport was not available in the upper region of Youngsanpo but only river ship could. The sail boat sailing the ocean only enabled to reach Nohangpo, 2.4 km upward from Youngsanpo. Youngsanpo and Mokpo are mid and bottom areas of Youngsan River. As there are many rapids the ships had to wait for rising tide. The sailing duration from Mokpo to Youngsanpo was subject to types of ships. For steam boat, it took 4 and half hours in ascent and 3 hours in descent. And for sail boats, it took 18 hours in ascent and 12 hours in descent. Railway was far faster than water way and 2 hours were enough. However, the water transport of Youngsan River survived by filling traffic needs of isolated areas from railway transport after the opening of Honam railway. The number of ports and docks in Youngsan Rivers increased in the later period, which reflected the development of Youngsan River water transport in later Joseon. Periodic market systems of Youngsan river area had double structure with one linked to small agricultural market based on town market like normal markets in other places, and large scaled periodic market system based on Youngsan River water transport. While the former is called in-local network, the latter is inter-local network beyond Youngsan River area. The agricultural products from Youngsan River area were collected in periodic market in the town center and released to outside through Youngsan River water transport network.

영산강 유역에 서식하는 수달의 서식지 이용 특성분석

하정욱 ( Ha¸ Jeong-wook ),안경환 ( Ahn¸ Kyung-hwan ),배양섭 ( Bae¸ Yang-sup ),김형후 ( Kim¸ Hyung-hoo ),신화용 ( Shin¸ Hwa-yong ),송세규 ( Song¸ Se-kyu ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2020 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.32 No.4

수달은 하천을 주 서식지로 이용하기 때문에 하천 주변 서식지의 훼손은 개체군 변화에 큰 영향을 준다. 본 연구에서는 2012년 5월부터 2014년 4월까지 영산강 하구와 제1 지류하천이 속한 행정권역을 중심으로 5개 권역으로 구분하여 영산강 유역에 서식하는 수달의 서식지 이용을 알아보았다. 조사지역은 하천별로 4㎞ 간격을 두었고, 총 238지점에 대하여 계절별로 최소 1회씩 총 8회 조사를 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 총 238개 수달 조사 지점의 수달 서식흔적 분석에서는 권역별로 유의미한 차이를 확인할 수 없었다. 154개 지점에서 발견된 수달의 흔적수는 권역별로 유의한 차이가 있었다(F=3.329, p<0.05, d.f.=4). Ⅰ권역과 Ⅱ권역이 다른 권역들에 비해 발견된 흔적 수가 많았고, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ권역이 상대적으로 발견된 흔적 수가 적었다. 이는 Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ권역이 다른 권역에 비해 시가화 지역이 넓거나 승촌보, 죽산보와 같이 주변이 노출되어 있고 하천 흐름이 정체된 지역(Ⅲ권역) 하천공사 등의 인위적 교란이 높은 지역(Ⅳ권 역)은 다른 지역에 비해 활동이 소극적으로 나타나 권역에 따라서 흔적 발견개수는 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 반면, 인위적 교란과 훼손 강도가 상대적으로 낮고 수질이 양호한 중·상류 지역은 수달 서식흔적 확인 빈도 높게 나타났다. 수달의 흔적이 발견되는 장소는 권역별로 부분적인 차이는 있었으나 대부분 교량하부와 바윗돌이 가장 많았다. 수달에게 교량하부나 바윗돌과 같은 지역은 체온유지를 위해 털을 말리거나 영역 표시, 먹이 자원을 관망하는 장소로 매우 중요한 역할을 하기 때문으로 판단된다. 계절별 수달 서식흔적 차이에 관한 분석에서 봄과 가을에 서식 흔적 확인 빈도가 높았으나 여름과 겨울은 비교적 서식 확인 빈도가 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 수달의 경우 여름과 가을은 출산 및 수유기로 새끼가 태어난 후 2개월 동안은 어미가 하루 종일 새끼와 함께 서식 굴에 있으면서 하루에 한 번만 먹이활동을 하기 때문이다. 또한 여름철 장마로 인한 하천 수위 상승으로 바위지역 등과 같이 수달이 배설지로 이용하는 지역이 감소하거나 고수위에 노출된 바위 지역이라도 장마에 따른 빗물로 인해 흔적이 씻겨 내려간 것이 원인이다. 겨울철은 하천의 결빙으로 인해 먹이활동이 용이하지 않기 때문에 서식흔적의 확인율이 낮은 것으로 판단된다. 영산강 유역에 서식하는 수달의 서식지 이용에 관한 정확한 자료 확보를 위한 보완의 방법으로 무인카메라나 무선추적 등을 활용한 조사 방법이 병행되어야 할 것이다. 수달의 서식지 취약성을 개선하기 위한 노력이 필요하며 하천환경의 건강성(수량, 수질 등)과 수달의 서식지와의 상관관계를 살펴보는 상세한 연구가 보완되어야 할 것이다. Since otters use the river as their main habitat, damage to the habitat around the river has a great impact on their population changes. In this study, from May 2012 to April 2014, the use of habitats of otters living in the Yeongsan River was surveyed by dividing them into five areas, centering on the administrative area in which the Youngsan River estuary and the first tributary river belong. The survey area was separated by 4km for each river and a total of 8 surveys were conducted at least once per season for a total of 238 points. In this study, in the analysis of otter signs at a total of 238 otter survey sites, no significant differences were found for each region. The number of otter signs found at 154 spots was statistically significantly different by region (F=3.329, p<0.05, d.f.=4). Areas Ⅰ and Ⅱ had more traces than the other areas, and areas Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ had relatively few traces. Areas Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ have wider urbanization than other areas or are exposed in surroundings such as Seungchon-bo and Juksan-bo. Areas where the river flow is stagnant (area Ⅲ) and areas with high artificial disturbances (area Ⅳ) showed that their activities were more passive than other areas. Therefore there was a significant difference in the number of signs. On the other hand, in the middle and upper stream areas where the intensity of artificial disturbance * 한국수달보호협회 and damage was relatively low and the water quality was good, the frequency of otter habitat traces was high. The places where the traces of otters were found were partially different by region, but most of them were at the base of the bridges and nearby rocks. For otters, areas such as the lower part of bridges and rocks are considered to play a very important role as a place to dry their hair, mark their territories, and observe food resources to maintain body temperature. In the analysis of the difference in signs of otters by season, the frequency of habitat traces was high in spring and autumn, but the frequency of habitat traces was relatively low in summer and winter(6.42, p<0.1, df=3). This result is because otters are born and the lactation period is in the summer and autumn, and for two months after the pup is born, the mother stays in the habitat with the pup all day and feeds only once a day (Kruuk, 2006). In addition, due to the rise in river water levels caused by the rainy season in the summer, the areas used for excretion by otters such as rocky areas decrease, or even in rocky areas exposed to high water levels, and also are washed down by rainwater. In winter, it is considered that the rate of finding habitat traces is low because feeding activities are not easy due to freezing of the river. As a complementary method to secure accurate data on the use of habitats of otters living in the Youngsan River watershed area, a survey method using sensor cameras or Radio-Telemetry Systems should be used in parallel. Efforts are needed to improve the habitat vulnerability of otters, and detailed studies on the relationship between the health (quantity, water quality, etc.) of the river environment and the habitat of otters should be supplemented.

영산강 시에 나타난 공간의 의미 연구

백애송 인문사회 21 2019 인문사회 21 Vol.10 No.3

이 연구의 목적은 ‘영산강’이라는 공간이 시 작품 속에서 어떻게 형상화되고 있는지를 살펴보고자 하는 것이다. 특히 남도의 중심에 위치하고 있는 영산강은 사람들의 생활공간이자 터전이다. 영산강은 유년의 추억이 담겨있는 과거를 회상하는 공간이기도 하고, 사람들의 삶의 애환이 담겨있는 공간이기도 하다. 이와 같이 영산강은 전라남도 사람들에게 많은 의미를 내포하고 있음에도 불구하고 그동안 다양한 연구가 시도되지 못한 안타까운 공간으로 남아 있다. 이에 이 연구에서는 시 텍스트를 분석한 후, 영산강이 사회·문화적으로 만들어내는 총체적인 의미를 창출해내고자 한다. 더불어 영산강이 가지고 있는 과거 회상과 삶의 애환이라는 상징적 의미를 살펴보았다. 이 연구는 그동안 주목받지 못했던 영산강을 배경으로 한 작품을 대상으로 삼았다는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study is to examine how the space called ‘Youngsan River’ is embodied in poetry works. Especially, the Youngsan River, located in the center of Namdo, is a living space and a place for people. The Youngsan River is a space that reminds of the past with memories of childhood, and is a space filled with people's life. Although the Youngsan River has a lot of meaning for Jeollanam-do people, it remains a sad place where various researches have not been attempted in the meantime. In this study, after analyzing the poetry texts, we intend to create the overall meaning that the Youngsan River makes socially and culturally. In addition, I looked at the symbolic meaning of the past recollection and the joy of life that the Youngsan River possesses. The research may be meaningful in that it targeted works set in the Yeongsangang River, which has not been noticed until now.

영산강에서 상류 유역 개발에 따른 하류 유역 홍수 효과 분석

한정석,고재헌,정재욱 부천대학 2004 論文集 Vol.25 No.-

본 연구에서는 영산강유역을 중심으로 상류유역 개발이 하류부 수해에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 확률강우량을 사용하여 영산강 유역의 도시화에 따른 하류부 홍수량의 변화 추이를 검토하였으며, 영산강 유역에서 최근에 발생했던 호우 중 세 개를 선정하여 강우에 대한 유출 특성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 영산강 상류지역에서 도시화가 현재의 속도대로 진행된다면 영산강 중·하류 지역의 첨두홍수량이 증대되고, 첨두유량 도달시간이 단축되어 침수 등의 피해가 가중될 여지가 있다고 판단된다. 영산강 유역 하류부 침수피해 최소화를 위한 수해자료 확보 및 방안을 제시하였다. This study is a preliminary study to analyze flood effects of the lower basin due to upper stream development in Youngsan River. Floods case study due to land development was investigated. It used a probable rainfall and it investigated the change of flood discharge of the Youngsan River. Three heavy rain which occur recently from the Youngsan River basin is selected and the runoff characteristics against the rainfall is analyzed. If the urbanization speed of present time is advanced quickly from the upper stream development in Youngsan River, peak flow of the Youngsan River middle downstream are augmented, peak time are shortened and the damage of the inundation will be added an extra weight. In addition, floods materials were collected to analyze floods characteristics, and an establishment of countermeasures for flood prevention was suggested for Youngsan River

‘화순탄광사건’의 문학적 형상화 연구

박순원 우리어문학회 2023 우리어문연구 Vol.77 No.-

The purpose of this article is to reveal the aspect and significance of the literary works that embody the 'Hwasun Coal Mine Incident'. The 'Hwasun Coal Mine Incident' is a very important incident that the US military defined as "the first direct attack on the US military", but it is not receiving public attention. Literary works that directly or indirectly reveal the ‘Hwasun Coal Mine Incident’ include Yeo Sang-hyeon’s short epic “Youngsan River”, Oh Bong-ok’s long epic Red Mountain Black Blood, and Jo Jung-rae’s epic novel Taebaek Mountains. “Youngsan River” stays at alluding to the ‘Hwasun Coal Mine Incident’ through the phrase ‘Hwasun Coal Miner’. “Youngsan River” specifies the ‘Hwasun Coal Mine Incident’ through “Hwasun Coal Miner.” This poem understands the ‘Hwasun Coal Mine Incident’ as a continuation of the suffering and resistance that the people have experienced since the feudal era. “Youngsan River” puts this incident on the horizon of national history and comforts those who were sacrificed through this incident with the flow of ‘Yeongsan River.’ Red Mountain Black Blood shares the same context as “Youngsan River”, which attempted to place the ‘Hwasun Coal Mine Incident’ on the horizon of national history, and reproduces the passages presented as universal context in “Youngsan River” as specific scenes. Red Mountain Black Blood actively embodies ‘revelation’ and ‘resolution’ through the stylistic characteristics of a full-length epic that can freely contain a variety of stories and a narrator who can move in and out of the story. The ‘Hwasun Coal Mine Incident’ section of Taebaek Mountains was added after the publication of Red Mountain Black Blood and Oh Yeon-ho’s report on “US Army’s Massacre of Hwasun Coal Mine Workers.” It is described through the reminiscences of the main character, Yeom Sang-jin. The comprehensive meaning of the incident is presented from Yeom Sang-seop's perspective, and the truth of the incident is conveyed clearly and in detail. “Youngsan River”, Red Mountain Black Blood, and Taebaek Mountains are works that share the wish that the ‘Hwasun Coal Mine Incident’ become more known to the world. Through discussion on this, I hope that the interest in and discussion about the ‘Hwasun Coal Mine Incident’ will be a small help in revealing the truth of the ‘Hwasun Coal Mine Incident’ and in expanding research at various levels in the future.

삼국시대 영산강유역권 금동 위세품의 역사적 성격

임영진 ( Yim Young-jin ) 백제학회 2020 백제학보 Vol.0 No.31

2000년대에 들어 영산강유역권을 중심으로 한 마지막 마한 제소국과 백제의 관계에 대해 많은 논의가 이루어지고 있다. 근초고왕 24년(369)에 병합된 이후 간접지배 상태에서 토착적인 옹관묘가 발전하다가 5세기 후엽부터 직접지배로 바뀌면서 백제 석실묘가 보급되었다는 것이 기존 견해인데 이와 다른 시각에서 새로운 견해들이 나오고 있다. 하지만 새로운 견해라 하더라도 직접지배·간접지배·거점지배·공납지배·세력권·영향권·지배적동맹관계 등 다양한 용어로 표현되면서 분명한 관계를 알기 어려운 경우들이 적지 않다. 이 글에서는 백제와의 관계를 영역 내부와 외부로 대별하여, 내부는 직접지배와 간접지배 2가지로, 외부는 세력권과 영향권 2가지로 구분하였다. 또한 흔히 금동대관·금동모관·금동식리로 불리던 금동 위세품을 금동관·금동상투관·금동신발로 칭하고 이들이 백제와의 관계에 있어 어떠한 의미를 가지고 있는지 살펴보았다. 금동관은 독립된 세력이 자체제작이나 주문제작한 것이고, 금동상투관은 직접지배·간접지배·세력권·영향권을 불문하고 백제에서 그 주인공의 생전에 제공한 것이 대부분이며, 금동신발은 직접지배·간접지배·세력권·영향권을 불문하고 백제에서 그 주인공의 사후에 장송례품으로 제공한 것으로 보았다. 이를 바탕으로 영산강유역권은 6세기초까지 독자성을 유지하면서 백제의 영향권에 속하였음을 논하였고 6세기초 止迷·麻連·下枕羅 등의 마한 소국들이 기재되어 있는 중국 『양직공도』가 이를 입증하는 문헌자료임을 확인하였다. Recently, the relationship between Mahan at Youngsan-river region and Baekje is debated seriously. The traditional interpretation of the incorporation of Mahan as the reign of King Geunchogo is in the middle years of the fourth century. But many archaeological evidences excavated at the Yeongsan-river region from the latter years of the fifth century to the early years of the sixth century mean that Mahan of not only Yeongsan-river region but also the almost Jeonnam province was not belong to Baekje until the early years of the sixth century. But the relationship between Mahan at Youngsan-river region and Baekje during that period was defined very diversely. For example, direct-reign, indirect-reign, base-reign, tribute-reign, sphere of influence and so on. In this paper, the author divide the relationship into inside and outside of the territory of Baekje at first, and divide the relationship into direct-reign and indirect-reign of the inside territory of Baekje vs. tribute-reign and sphere of influence of the outside territory of Baekje later. After that, discuss about the archaeo-historical significance of gilt-bronze prestige-goods like crowns, topnots, footwears excavated from the Jeonnam province including Youngsan-river region. The gilt-bronze prestige-goods like crowns, topnots, footwears excavated at this area reveal that the Jeonnam area including Youngsan-river region was the last territory of Mahan to maintain its independent power from Baekje until the early years of the sixth century. Baekje did not absorb Mahan into its territory at one time but by three stages. Part of the Mahan people in the absorbed area sought refuge in southern Mahan or in Japan.

‘물 문화유산’의 특징과 의미-영산강의 사례를 중심으로-

홍석준 국립목포대학교 도서문화연구원 2023 島嶼文化 Vol.- No.61

The importance of the ‘water’ environment, such as the UN Sustainable Development Conference (2012) and the 17th IWRA International Water Resources Association (2021), is shared in these international organizations. This article examines the cultural characteristics and meanings of water as a cultural heritage and a cultural resource in a socio-cultural context, from the perspective of water as a cultural heritage and water as a cultural resource, in relation to the history and culture of river, with special reference to the Youngsangang(Youngsan River), one of Korea’s representative rivers. The topic of this article is ‘Water as a Cultural Heritage and Youngsangang (Youngsan River)’. In this article, I would like to focus on the interrelationships between water as a cultural heritage in general and Youngsan river (Youngsangang) as a cultural heritage in particular. For this purpose, I would like to gather opinions on ways to review the historical and cultural status of the Youngsangang, to establish values and policy tasks of the cultural and natural heritage of the Youngsangang and its river basin, and to gather opinions on how to utilize the contents of the cultural heritage of Youngsangang and its river basin. For the purpose of this article, I propose that the expected effect and utilization plan can be summarized as preparing a plan to review the historical and cultural characteristics and meanings of the Youngsangang and its river basin through seminars on policy tasks for the sustainable development of waster as a cultural heritage and Youngsangang.

국내 영산강과 섬진강 수계에서 인과 질소의 시공간적 분포

Jahidul Mohammad Islam,Bomchul Kim,Jihye Kim,Yunkyoung Lee,Juhyun Park 한국자연보호학회 2009 한국자연보호학회지 Vol.3 No.1

The spatial and temporal distributions of phosphorus and nitrogen and a number of physical, chemical and biological parameters were analyzed to in the Youngsan and the Sumjin River systems, Korea. Substantial amount of P and N was observed in both the rivers all the year round. Mean N/P ratios showed large variations among the sampling sites; highest ratio was observed in most sampling sites during summer. Relative proportions of DOP: TP were fairly constant (0.08~0.09) in both the rivers. In the composition of nitrogen almost all sampling sites of both the rivers were dominated with NO3-N followed by NH3-N and NO2-N. Variations in dissolved nutrients tended to co-vary with particulate forms (PON and POP), implying that dissolved nutrients are primarily released from the decomposition of particulate forms or dissolved forms are in equilibrium with particulate forms. Chlorophyll a levels in the Sumjin River appear to be negatively correlated with the ammonia, implying ammonia is absorbed by algae with preference. While chlorophyll a was positively correlated with TP and DIP in the Sumjin River, negative correlations of these parameters was observed in the Youngsan River. The pattern of nutrients level was found to be related with land use and domestic sewage in the study area. Inter-parameter relationships may be strongly influenced by geographical factors relative to temporal factors.

영산강유역권 왜계고분의 피장자와 ‘임나일본부’

임영진 부경역사연구소 2014 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.35

Mahan was the main historical body of the ancient Youngsan-river area before it was incorporated into Baekje. The matter of the time when the last power of Mahan in the area drained by the Yeongsan-river was absorbed into Baekje is the major key to the understanding of the ancient culture of Yeongsan-river area. The traditional interpretation of the incorporation of Mahan as the reign of King Geunchogo is in the middle years of the fourth century. But the Key-hole shaped tombs of Japanese style were constructed in the Yeongsan-river region from the latter years of the fifth century to the early years of the sixth century. It raised a question in various arguments about who the person in it was. The Baekje Kingdom did not absorb Mahan into its territory at one time but by three stages. Part of the Mahan people in the absorbed area sought refuge in southern Mahan or in Japan. The Yeongsan-river area was the last territory of Mahan to maintain its independent power from Baekje until the early years of the sixth century. The person of Japanese style tombs at Yeongsan-river area are Japanese who are refugee from Japan, and they have no connection with ‘Imnailbonbu’.