An Efficient Task Priority Measurement for List-Scheduling in Multiprocessor Environments

H. R. Boveiri 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Software Engineering and Vol.9 No.5

Optimized task scheduling is one the most important factors to achieve high-performance in multiprocessor environments such as parallel and distributed systems. A large number of proposed approaches to solve this problem use list-scheduling technique in which a list of tasks is created based on the some priority measurements, and then in each step, the most priority task in the list is selected to schedule on the processor that allows the earliest start time. Therefore, the achieved schedule length is highly coherent with how order the tasks are selected to execute. Whereas selected task priority measurement determines which task order would be extracted, in this paper, we survey five traditional task priority measurements named height-level (HL), top-level (TL), bottom-level (BL), static-level (SL) and as- late-as-possible (ALAP) which have been extensively used in the different list-scheduling approaches. In addition, a new efficient task priority measurement based on the number-of-offspring (NOO) of tasks in task-graph is introduced and evaluated beside the others. The evaluation is made by doing various experiments on random task-graphs with different shape parameters and task-graphs of real-world programs using measures such as normalized schedule length (NSL), pair-wise and global comparison and best solution. Based on the results, it can generally be seen that the proposed NOO is the best, HL, BL, SL and ALAP are temperate (their ranks are slightly changed based on the selected comparison measure), and TL has the worst performance.

Task Assigning Techniques for List-Scheduling in Homogeneous Multiprocessor Environments : A Survey

Hamid Reza Boveiri 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Software Engineering and Vol.9 No.12

One of the most important challenges to achieve high-performance in multiprocessor environments such as parallel and distributed systems is task scheduling. In such architectures, each program is decomposed into the smaller and dependent segments so-called tasks. To formulate the problem, execution times of the tasks, precedence constrains and communication costs among them are modeled using a directed acyclic graph (DAG) named task graph. The goal is to minimize the program completion-time (makespan) by means of mapping the tasks to a predefined number of identical processors in such a way that precedence constrains are preserved. This problem is shown to be NP-hard in general form, and hence, a number of heuristic approaches to solve it have been introduced. A large number of proposed approaches in the literature use list-scheduling technique in which a list of tasks is created based on some priority measurements, and then in each step, the most priority task in the list is selected to schedule on the processor that allows the earliest start time (EST) until all tasks are scheduled. Assigning tasks to the processors using the EST is based on the two different techniques: insertion-based assigning (IBA) and non-insertion based (non-IBA). In this paper, we survey these two different approaches in details, and analyze the strategies and philosophies behind them. In addition, a comprehensive set of experiments and evaluations from different points of view has been done, and various results and conclusions have been presented.

A Priority-driven ACO Algorithm for DAG Task Scheduling in Cloud Environment

Haitao Xie,Hongwei Chen,Chunzhi Wang 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.8 No.6

Task scheduling in cloud environment is a key technical problem on how to allocate available cloud resources to cloud users. Usually, a task in cloud environment can be cut into a serials of subtasks, which have precedence and dependency relationships among themselves. We describe the problem by means of a DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) model. Then, we propose a priority algorithm for DAG task scheduling, and a priority-driven ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) algorithm for DAG task scheduling on the basis of the DAG model. Finally, we compare these two algorithms with the greedy algorithm through simulation in the CloudSim platform. The simulation results show that the priority-driven ACO algorithm is effective to solve DAG task scheduling problem in cloud environment.

Dynamic Priority Assignment for Aperiodic Tasks in Limited Preemptive Scheduling

Jae-woo Choi,Seong-Won Lee 대한전자공학회 2020 IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing & Computing Vol.9 No.5

Internet of Things (IoT) systems and other real-time systems are required to handle both periodic and aperiodic incoming tasks. In a situation in which periodic and aperiodic tasks are mixed into task scheduling using a fixed priority system, the schedulability of periodic tasks could be reduced due to interruptions by aperiodic tasks. This study analyzes the effects of aperiodic tasks on non-preemptive scheduling and limited preemptive scheduling methods, such as fixed preemption points, preemption threshold scheduling, and deferred preemptive scheduling, which have recently been proposed by complementarily combining fully preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling. This study then proposes an algorithm for assigning an appropriate priority to an aperiodic task by analyzing the worst-case response time of all tasks to enhance schedulability of both periodic and aperiodic tasks.

시·도 평생교육진흥원 업무의 상대적 중요도 분석

한상훈,박명신 한국열린교육학회 2014 열린교육연구 Vol.22 No.2

본 연구는 시·도 평생교육진흥원 업무의 상대적 중요도 분석을 위해 실제로 평생교육 실천현장에서 활동하고 있는 평생교육전문가와 평생교육기관장, 평생교육담당자(평생교육사)를 대상으로 AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process)방법을 활용하여 업무 영역의 상대적 중요도와 우선순위를 조사하고 민감도 분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 시·도 평생교육진흥원 업무 영역별 상대적 중요도는 1)'교육기회·정보제공', 2)'상담', 3)'연계체제 구축', 4)'진흥을 위한 사업', 5)'프로그램 운영'순으로 나타났고, 업무 요소별 상대적 중요도는 1)인식확산 및 홍보, 2)저소득층 및 성인문해교육 지원, 3)전문교육서비스 제공, 4)기관간 네트워크체제 구축, 5)정책연구 및 조사 등의 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 앞으로 시·도 평생교육진흥원의 업무에 있어서 좀 더 비중 있는 업무가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 아울러, 시·도 평생교육진흥원은 각 시·도에서 컨트롤 타워 역할을 수행함에 있어 연구결과에서 나타난 업무 영역 및 업무 요소들을 좀 더 비중 있게 다루고 또 이 업무 영역과 업무 요소의 전문성 향상을 위해 노력해야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 시·도 평생교육진흥원 업무의 상대적 중요도 분석은 시·도 평생교육진흥원의 업무설계에 활용될 수 있고 시·도 평생교육진흥원의 업무 중요도 및 우선순위를 참고하여 시·도 평생교육진흥원에서 수행하고 있는 업무에 좀 더 현실감 있게 집중할 수 있는 가능성을 제공하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. The purposes of this study are to examine the relative importance and priority of municipal and provincial Lifelong Education Institutes' Task, and to analyze sensitivity. The survey subjects were lifelong education experts, the chief of Lifelong Education Institutes, lifelong educators, and the method was AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) analysis. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The following is arranged in the order of the relative importance of municipal and provincial Lifelong Education Institutes' Task area: 1) providing an opportunity for education and information, 2) consultation, 3) establishing a network system, 4) project for promotion, 5) implementing programs. The following is arranged in the order of the relative importance of their Task element: 1) expanding awareness and promotion, 2) supporting the low-income groups and adult literacy education, 3) providing professional training services, 4) establishing an inter-organization network system, 5) policy research and investigation. Although these results mean that all the Task area and Task element are still important in municipal and provincial Lifelong Learning Institutes, they need to give weight to 'providing an opportunity for education and information' in Task area. Also, 'expanding awareness and promotion', 'supporting the low-income groups and adult literacy education', 'providing professional training services', 'establishing an inter-organization network system', 'policy research and investigation', 'providing comprehensive services', 'providing customized support and consulting' in Task element should be given more weight. According to the study, municipal and provincial Lifelong Learning Institutes should give weight to these Task area and element and try to enhance their professionalism of these Task area and element. The results of this study can be used to design a process of municipal and provincial Lifelong Learning Institutes' Task, and the study gives a chance to concentrate on more realistic tasks depending on the relative importance and priority of their Task.

List-Scheduling Techniques in Homogeneous Multiprocessor Environments : A Survey

Hamid Reza Boveiri 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Software Engineering and Vol.9 No.4

Optimized task scheduling is one the most important factors to achieve high-performance in multiprocessor environments such as parallel and distributed systems. In such architectures, each program is decomposed into the smaller dependent segments so-called tasks. To formulate the problem, execution times of tasks, precedence constrains and communication costs among them are modeled using a directed acyclic graph (DAG) named task graph. The goal is to minimize the program completion-time (makespan) by means of mapping the tasks to the identical processors in such a way that precedence constrains are preserved. This problem is shown to be NP-hard in general form, and hence, a number of heuristic approaches to solve it have been introduced. A large number of proposed approaches in the literature use list-scheduling technique in which a list of tasks is created based on some priority measurements, and then in each step, the most priority task in the list is selected to schedule on the processor that allows the earliest start time (EST) until all tasks are scheduled. In this paper, we survey five different list-scheduling approaches namely HLFET, ISH, MCP, ETF and DLS from the different points of view, and describe the strategies and philosophies behind them. In addition, a comprehensive set of experiments and evaluations has been done, and different results and conclusions have been presented.

문재인 정부의 재정분권 정책 관련 논점 검토와 세부 실행과제의 우선순위 분석: AHP 기법의 적용

임동완(Lim, Dongwan),윤성일(Yoon, Sungil),문광민(Moon, Kwangmin) 서울행정학회 2020 한국사회와 행정연구 Vol.30 No.4

본 연구는 현재 추진 중인 문재인 정부의 재정분권 추진 기조 및 관련 논점들에 대한 검토를 바탕으로 세부실행 과제간 우선순위를 도출하여 향후 재정분권의 방향성을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 재정분권 과제간 우선순위 검토를 위해 재정분권 전문가들을 대상으로 한 계층화분석법(AHP)을 적용하였으며, 중요성과 실행용이성이라는 두 가지 판단기준을 가지고 재정분권에 대한 주요 논점들을 핵심과제, 중장기과제, 단기해결과제, 선택과제 등으로 분류하고자 하였다. 분석결과 핵심과제로 지방세입 확충 기반 강화와 지방재정관리제도 개편과 관련된 세부실행과제들이 많이 포함되었다. 중장기 과제로 국세와 지방세 구조개선과 관련하여 지방소비세, 지방소득세 규모를 확대하고, 국고보조사업과 관련하여 보조율 체계정비 및 포괄보조로의 개편이 제시되었으며, 지방교부세와 관련하여 지방교부세율 상향 및 개편의 필요성을 제시하였다. 단기해결과제로는 지역상생발전기금의 확대 및 합리적 개편과 고향사랑 기부제와 관련된 세부과제들이 제시되었다. 마지막으로 선택과제로는 국가보조사업과 관련하여 국가책임강화 추진, 지방사업화추진, 국고보조금 준칙제도 도입등이 제시되었다. 결국 문재인 정부의 개혁은 자체재원주의를 추진하면서 자율과 책임을 강조하는 방향으로 재정제도가 연계되도록 지방분권을 추진하는 것이 바람직하다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다. The purpose of this study is to suggest the direction of future fiscal decentralization by deriving the priority among detailed execution tasks based on the review of the current government of Moon Jae-in and related issues. To review the priority among the tasks of fiscal decentralization, AHP was applied to the experts of fiscal decentralization, and with two criteria of importance and ease of execution, major issues on fiscal decentralization were classified into core tasks, mid- to long-term tasks, short-term solutions, and selection tasks. As a result of the analysis, the core tasks included the detailed implementation tasks related to strengthening the base of local revenue expansion and reorganization of local financial management system. As a mid- to long-term task, the scale of local consumption tax and local income tax was expanded in relation to the improvement of national tax and local tax structure, the system of subsidy system and reorganization of comprehensive subsidy were suggested in relation to the national subsidy project, and the necessity of raising and reorganizing local allocation tax rate in relation to local allocation tax was suggested. Short-term solution system was suggested to expand the regional win-win development fund, to reorganize rationally, and to provide detailed tasks related to home-loving donation system. Lastly, the selection tasks were to strengthen national responsibility, promote local commercialization, and introduce the government subsidy system. In the end, it was confirmed that the reform of the Moon Jae-in government is desirable to promote decentralization so that the financial system is linked in the direction of emphasizing autonomy and responsibility while promoting self-finance.

Kano모델을 활용한 지방공기업 혁신과제 속성분류 및 중요도 분석

현승현 ( Seunghyun Hyun ),원구환 ( Gu-Hwan Won ) 한국정책학회 2015 韓國政策學會報 Vol.24 No.4

본 연구는 행정자치부가 추진 중인 지방공기업 혁신과제 속성과 중요도를 분석하여 정책적 시사점을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 이해집단인 지방공기업을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, Kano모델을 활용하여 혁신과제 속성과 중요도 분석을 실시하였다. 분석한 결과, 지방공기업 혁신과제 총 14개 과제 중에서 8개 과제는 매력적 품질요소, 4개 과제는 일원적 품질요소, 2개 과제는 역품질에 해당하는 것으로 나타났다. 현재 행정자치부에서 추진 중인 대부분의 혁신과제는 지방공기업에서 수용할 수 있는 정책으로 분류된 반면에, 매년 부채비율 10% 감축과 임금피크제는 오히려 불만을 일으키는 역품질 과제로 분류되었다. 특히, 부채비율 감축은 중앙정부의 주도의 정책추진에 입장 차이가 있음을 보여주고 있으며, 임금피크제는 기존 인력의 정년연장이 이루어지기 때문에 청년일자리 창출이 부정적인 입장이 있음을 볼 수 있다. 또한, 가중치를 고려한 혁신과제 우선순위에서도 지방공기업의 내적 성장을 도모할 수 있는 혁신과제에 대해서는 매우 중요하다고 인식하고 있으나, 지방공기업 구조개혁과 설립타당성 강화 등은 우선순위에서 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 중앙정부와 지방공기업 간의 명확한 사전 기준을 설정하고 추진할 수 있도록 정책협의과정이 필요한 시점이다. As the ultimate goal of the local public enterprises changes from profit maximization to the value maximization, managers come to have an interest in the management innovation of local public enterprises. Innovation is useful tool that can help the local public enterprises achieve greater conduction to the society in the current dynamic and competitive environment. The purpose of this study is to suggest policy implications of local public enterprises innovation tasks by analyzing the innovation task properties and importance. 14 innovation tasks are extracted, which are to determine the efficient management of local public enterprises. Moreover, survey focused on incumbents of local public enterprises was included. Kano Model was methodologically used. As a result, 8 tasks attributes were classified as 'attractive', 4 tasks as 'one-dimensional', and 2 tasks as 'reverse'. Innovation tasks of the central government have been classified as the most acceptable to local public enterprises policy. On the other hand, '10% debt reduction' and 'wage-peak system' are appeared as policy tasks that can lead to complaints to the interest groups. In addition, the WPCSI index has higher priority to recognize an organizational internal growth tasks. However, local public enterprise reform tasks have lower priority. There is a difference perception of innovation between the central government and local public enterprises. Therefore, the innovation policy requires a sufficient consultation between the central government and local public enterprises.

Task Management System According to Changes in the Situation Based on IoT

Cao Kerang,이현주,정회경 한국정보처리학회 2017 Journal of information processing systems Vol.13 No.6

Recently, the development of the smart home field provides a range of services to install and keep the smarthome appliance in a user's residential environment pleasantly. However, the conventional system method isnot convenient enough to use properly because users have to select a device and manually operate the deviceon their own. In this paper, we propose a system to set the priority of the devices selected by the user andproceed with the task. When a user selects a device, the system recommends an optimal device associated withthe device. The system compares and sets the priority of each device, carrying out the task one by oneaccording to the set priority. Therefore, the proposed system is expected to provide users with increasedconvenience and more efficient task management.

Task Management System According to Changes in the Situation Based on IoT

Kerang, Cao,Lee, Hyunju,Jung, Hoekyung Korea Information Processing Society 2017 Journal of information processing systems Vol.13 No.6

Recently, the development of the smart home field provides a range of services to install and keep the smart home appliance in a user's residential environment pleasantly. However, the conventional system method is not convenient enough to use properly because users have to select a device and manually operate the device on their own. In this paper, we propose a system to set the priority of the devices selected by the user and proceed with the task. When a user selects a device, the system recommends an optimal device associated with the device. The system compares and sets the priority of each device, carrying out the task one by one according to the set priority. Therefore, the proposed system is expected to provide users with increased convenience and more efficient task management.