초등학교 교사가 인식한 교육과정 재구성의 제약요인 탐색

이진현(Lee, Jin hyun),고재천(Koh, Jaecheon) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2017 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.17 No.20

이 연구는 교육과정 재구성이 필요한 시대적 흐름 속에서 초등학교 교사들이 인식한 교육과정 재구성의 제약요인이 무엇인지를 알고자 하였다. 이를 위해 Kane과 Trochim(2007)의 개념도 연구 절차를 활용하여 6개월 동안 개념도 준비 단계, 아이디어 산출 단계, 진술문 구조화 단계, 개념도 분석 단계, 개념도 해석 단계, 개념도 활용 단계로 진행하였으며 연구방법으로는 진술문을 통한 질적 연구와 다차원척도 법와 군집분석법을 통한 양적 연구를 접목한 개념도 연구방법으로 개념도 구조와 중요도를 밝혔다. 이 연구의 결과는 첫째, 초등학교 교사들은 교육과정 재구성의 제약요인은 ‘교사 내적-교사 외적’ 차원과 ‘업무 간접-업무 직접’ 차원으로 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 초등학교 교사들이 인식하는 교육과정 재구성의 제약요인은 5개의 군집으로 분석되었으며, 군집별 중요도는 ‘재구성 업무 곤란’, ‘재구성 의지 및 노력 부족’, ‘재구성에 대한 행정지원 부족’, ‘재구성에 대한 이해 부족’, ‘재구성에 대한 협력체제 부족’ 순이었다. 연구 참여자들이 교육과정 재구성의 제약요인으로 가장 크게 공감하는 것은 ‘학기 중에 처리해야 할 다른 업무도 많다.’, ‘잦은 교육과정 개편으로 재구성 할 내용이 계속 변한다.’, ‘국가, 지역, 학교에서 가르치기를 요구하는 교육내용이 많다.’, ‘기준 교육과정을 모두 이수해야 하는 것으로 여긴다.’ 등으로 나타났다. The goal of this research is to find out restriction causes of curriculum reconstitution that elementary school teachers aware and finally, to find out conceptual structures and importance of curriculum reconstitution that elementary school teachers realize. 15 elementary school teachers in Gwangju and Jeonnam are questioned and analyzed by concept mapping methods. The results of this study are as follows: First, elementary school teachers recognized ‘internal teacher dimension-external teacher’ dimension and ‘indirect operating-direct operating’ dimension as restriction causes of curriculum reconstitution. Second, restriction causes of curriculum reconstitution that elementary school teachers realize are classified by four clusters and the importance of clusters are follows: ‘difficulty of reconstitution work’, ‘short of efforts and will’, ‘lack of administrative support’, ‘lack of reconstitution understanding’ and ‘lack of cooperation system’. The most serious restriction causes of curriculum reconstitution that elementary school teachers aware are ‘there are lots of other works to do in the same semester’, ‘there are frequent reorganization changes to reconstitute’, ‘there are a lot of educational contents required by nation, region and school’, ‘regarding every standard curriculum to be completed’. The conclusions of the study were as follows: First, restriction causes of curriculum reconstitution that elementary school teachers realize are there are relationships between ‘internal teacher dimension-external teacher dimension’ and ‘indirect operating-direct operating’. Second, ‘difficulty of reconstitution work’, ‘short of efforts and will’ are gained high sympathy. Third, to find out restriction causes of curriculum reconstitution that elementary school teachers aware, conceptual structures were made by combination of qualitative research methods and quantitative research methods through surveys and interviews.

Potency and persistence of reconstituted botulinum neurotoxin type A: mouse IP LD50 assay

( Su Jung Park ),( Guk Jin Jeong ),( Kui Young Park ),( Kapsok Li ),( Seong Jun Seo ) 대한피부과학회 2020 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.72 No.1

Background: Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BTX-A) is widely used for various indications, and commonly refrigerated or frozen after reconstitution. Whether BTX-A can be stored after reconstitution is still a subject of debate and there is insufficient evidence to indicate the potency of previously reconstituted BTX-A quantitatively. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the potency, persistency, and safety of reconstituted botulinum neurotoxin type A using the mouse model. Methods: Four different types of BTX-A (Toxin 1,2,3,4) were reconstituted with 2.5mL of sterile saline and stored at room temperature (20 ± 5°C) for 12 weeks. Then, the toxin activities of each BTX-A were measured every 2 weeks using the mouse IP LD50 method, using a seven serial dose and 10 ICR/CD-1 mice per dose. The qualities of toxins were assessed with evaluation criteria including appearance, pH, and visible particles. Results: All four different toxins showed more than 90% potency at 12 weeks except Toxin 1 which showed slight potency falling below the required potency of 80%. Through regression analysis of estimated potency over 12 weeks, toxin 4 was the most stable toxin. Quality of the toxins was maintained for all products at each assessment point. Conclusion: The results of our study provide quantifiable evidence that BTX-A does not lose significant potency in animal models when it is reconstituted and then stored at room temperature for 12 weeks.

선택적으로 분리된 CD34 양성 자가 조혈모세포이식 후 면역기능의 회복

이은희,김도현,정재학,박준성,김현수,홍대식,박성규,김형준,홍영선,김춘추,김효철,김원석,박찬형 대한조혈모세포이식학회 2002 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.7 No.2

연구배경: 자가말초혈액 조혈모세포이식에 있어 CD34 양성세포의 선택적 분리로 인해 1~4 logs 정도의 종양세포의 감소를 가져오며, 또한 CD34 양성세포 이식 후의 면역기능의 회복은 선택적으로 분리되지 않은 자가 조혈모세포이식 시와 거의 비슷하다는 것이 보고되어 왔다. 이에 저자들은 선택적으로 분리된 자가 CD34 양성 조혈모세포이식 후의 면역기능의 회복 양상을 알아보기 위해 다기관 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 15명의 악성 림프종, 유방암, 다발성 골수종 환자들을 대상으로 고용량 항암요법 후 선택적으로 분리된 CD34 양성 자가말초혈액 조혈모세포이식을 시행하였다. 이식 후 1, 2, 4, 6개월에 림프구 표현형 측정과 PHA mitogen induced T세포 증식정도를 측정하였다. 결과: 이식 후 6개월 추적 관찰 시 CD3 양성, CD4 양성 림프구의 수는 정상보다 낮았고, CD8 양성세포는 정상 수준을 보였다. 초기 CD4/CD8 비는 감소되었지만 6개월 후 정상으로 회복되는 경향을 보였으며, CD19 양성, CD56 양성세포수는 정상 수준을 나타냈다. PHA mitogen response는 12개월 추적 관찰 시까지 지속적으로 증가 추세를 보였다. 결론: 선택적으로 분리된 CD34 양성 자가말초혈액 조혈모세포이식은 빠르고 지속적인 혈액학적 생착을 유도하는 것을 알 수 있으며, 이는 기존의 연구에서 선택되지 않은 자가 조혈모세포이식 시와 비교하여 면역기능의 회복에는 유의한 차이가 없다는 보고와 일치하는 결과이다. 그러므로 선택적으로 분리된 CD34 양성 자가말초혈액 조혈모세포이식을 통해 상당한 T 세포의 감소에도 불구하고 면역기능의 회복에 지연 없이 종양세포의 오염을 줄이는 것이 가능함을 확인하였다. Background: Positive selection of autologous peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) for CD34-expressing cells permits 1 to 4 logs of tumor cell depletion. Hematologic recovery after CD34+ cell transplatation has been reported to be rapid and similar to results achieved in unselected autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (APBSCT). We performed a multi-center study to evaluate the immune reconstitution after CD34+ immunoselected APBSCT. Methods: Fifteen patients with lymphoma, breast cancer, or multiple myeloma received high dose myeloablative chemotherapy followed by an infusion of CD34+ immunoselected PBSC. On 1, 2, 4, and 6 months after transplantation, lymphocyte phenotype was evaluated by flow cytometry and mitogen-induced T cell proliferation were measured. Results: At 6 months after transplantation, CD3+ lymphocyte subset remained below the normal range. CD4+ lymphocytes were depressed while CD8+ lymphocyte subset was in normal range. As a result, inversion of CD4/CD8 ratio was documented for first 4 months, but after 6 months follow up CD4/CD8 ratio was recovered. CD19+ B lymphocyte subset and CD56+ lymphocytes after CD34+ APBSCT were within the normal range. The PHA mitogen induced response was increased during 12 months' follow-up consistently. Phenotypic and functional reconstitution of immune cells after CD34+ cell transplantation were rapid and similar to previous studies. Conclusion: Transplantation of CD34+ immunoselected PBSC allows rapid and sustained hematologic engraftment, and there was no marked delay of immune reconstitution. The selection of CD34+ cells, although causes an extensive depletion of T lymphocytes in the graft does not represent a delayed immune recovery after transplantation.

쥐 뇌의 ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-Hydroxy Steroid Acyl 전이효소의 용해 및 Liposome에서의 재구성

고규정,박인호,한범구,조도현,Ko, Kyu-Jung,Park, In-Ho,Han, Beom-Ku,Jo, Do-Hyun 한국응용생명화학회 1995 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.38 No.4

쥐 뇌의 microsome으로 부터 ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-hydroxy steroid acyl 전이효소(${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH-SAT)를 detergent를 이용하여 용해한 뒤에 인산지방질 liposome에서 재구성하여 처리하지 않은 microsome의 ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH-SAT의 활성도와 비교하였다. 용해에 사용한 detergent중에는 deoxycholic acid가 Tween 80이나 Triton X-100 보다 우수한 ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH-SAT 활성도를 나타냈으며, liposome 생성에 사용한 인산지방질중에서는 난황 및 대두 phosphatidyl-choline이 가장 높은 활성도를 보였으며 그 다음이 phosphatidylethanolamine이었고 phosphatidylserine과 phosphatidic acid는 재구성하지 않은 용해된 효소보다 ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH-SAT 활성도가 낮았다. 따라서 인산지방질의 head group의 4차 암모늄기나 amine기는 ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH-SAT의 재구성활성을 촉진시키고 COOH기가 amine기와 함께 존재하거나 amine기가 없으면 이 효소의 활성이 저해됨을 알 수 있었다. Solubilization of microsomal ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-hydroxy steroid acyl transfearse(${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH-SAT) of rat brain and its reconstitution into liposomes were investigated. Among the detergents utilized for the solubilization, deoxycholic acid was superior to Tween 80 or Triton X-100 for the reconstituted activity of ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH-SAT. The enzyme activity was shown to be affected by the nature of phospholipids used for the preparation of the liposome. Phosphatidylcholines from egg yolk and soybean showed the highest activity of ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH-SAT and phosphatidylethanolamine came next. However phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid showed a lower activity than those obtained before the reconstitution. This study suggests that the presence of quaternary ammonium salt or amine group in the phospholipids stimulates the activity of ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH-SAT. However the presence of a carboxylic group or the absence of the amine group may have an inhibitory effect on the ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH SAT.

Development of a docetaxel micellar formulation using poly(ethylene glycol)–polylactide–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG–PLA–PEG) with successful reconstitution for tumor targeted drug delivery

Sim, Taehoon,Kim, Jae Eun,Hoang, Ngoc Ha,Kang, Jin Kook,Lim, Chaemin,Kim, Dong Shik,Lee, Eun Seong,Youn, Yu Seok,Choi, Han-Gon,Han, Hyo-Kyung,Weon, Kwon-Yeon,Oh, Kyung Taek TaylorFrancis 2018 DRUG DELIVERY Vol.25 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Docetaxel (DTX)-loaded polymeric micelles (DTBM) were formulated using the triblock copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol)–polylactide–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG–PLA–PEG), to comprehensively study their pharmaceutical application as anticancer nanomedicine. DTBM showed a stable formulation of anticancer nanomedicine that could be reconstituted after lyophilization (DTBM-R) in the presence of PEG 2000 and D-mannitol (Man) as surfactant and protectant, respectively. DTBM-R showed a particle size less than 150 nm and greater than 90% of DTX recovery after reconstitution. The robustly formed micelles might minimize systemic toxicity due to their sustained drug release and also maximize antitumor efficacy through increased accumulation and release of DTX from the micelles. From the pharmaceutical development point of view, DTBM-R showing successful reconstitution could be considered as a potent nanomedicine for tumor treatment.</P>

Characterization and Evaluation of Freeze-dried Liposomes Loaded with Ascorbyl Palmitate Enabling Anti-aging Therapy of the Skin

Lee, Sang-Kil,Lee, Jae-Hwi,Choi, Young-Wook Korean Chemical Society 2007 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.28 No.1

To prepare freeze-dried ascorbyl palmitate (AsP)-containing liposome which can protect the drug from moisture attack and be used instantly by mixing with water for anti-aging and skin whitening therapy, AsP was encapsulated into liposomes and freeze-dried with trehalose. The freeze-dried liposome formulations were characterized by measuring water contents, particle size, time required for complete reconstitution. With the freeze-dried liposomes, we performed the stability test under accelerated conditions, skin permeation and localization test. The measurement of the time to perfect reconstitution showed that the freeze-dried liposomes can be changed to their initial state rapidly and short term stability test of AsP in reconstituted liposomes under accelerated conditions confirmed that the stability of AsP was considerably enhanced as compared to freshly prepared liposomes. The skin permeation and localization properties of AsP in reconstituted liposomes were not significantly different, indicating that the liposomal structures were maintained before and after freezedrying. In conclusion, the freeze-drying method provided a possible way to overcome the instability issue of AsP induced by the moisture and reproduced similar skin permeation and localization properties as shown by freshly prepared liposomes.

Characterization and Evaluation of Freeze-dried Liposomes Loaded with Ascorbyl Palmitate Enabling Anti-aging Therapy of the Skin

Sangkil Lee,이재휘,최영욱 대한화학회 2007 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.28 No.1

To prepare freeze-dried ascorbyl palmitate (AsP)-containing liposome which can protect the drug from moisture attack and be used instantly by mixing with water for anti-aging and skin whitening therapy, AsP was encapsulated into liposomes and freeze-dried with trehalose. The freeze-dried liposome formulations were characterized by measuring water contents, particle size, time required for complete reconstitution. With the freeze-dried liposomes, we performed the stability test under accelerated conditions, skin permeation and localization test. The measurement of the time to perfect reconstitution showed that the freeze-dried liposomes can be changed to their initial state rapidly and short term stability test of AsP in reconstituted liposomes under accelerated conditions confirmed that the stability of AsP was considerably enhanced as compared to freshly prepared liposomes. The skin permeation and localization properties of AsP in reconstituted liposomes were not significantly different, indicating that the liposomal structures were maintained before and after freeze-drying. In conclusion, the freeze-drying method provided a possible way to overcome the instability issue of AsP induced by the moisture and reproduced similar skin permeation and localization properties as shown by freshly prepared liposomes.

CSI Index Reconstitutions: A Quasi-Natural Experiment in China

Hongda Li,Srinivasan Selvam 한국증권학회 2021 Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies Vol.50 No.2

We investigate whether the China Securities Index (CSI) reconstitutions are suitable as a quasi-natural experiment to investigate the influence of institutional ownership. Using both actual and predicted CSI 300 and 500 index constituents, we document a sharp discontinuity in institutional ownership, especially of domestic mutual funds around index thresholds, overcoming a key concern of the Russell reconstitution approach. Using inclusion in the CSI 500 index as an instrument, we find that higher institutional ownership increases dividend payouts, improves firm performance, and improves the firms’ information environment. These findings inform us of the salience of domestic institutions in emerging markets.

중국근현대문학사 최근 담론에 대한 비판적 검토

임춘성(Yim, Choon-sung) 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2011 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.41

지금 중국근현대문학사는 새롭게 구성되고 있다. 이전의 관행이었던 5ㆍ4기점이 부정된 지 오래고 범위도 지속적으로 확장되고 있다. 기점 면에서 첸리췬 등의 ‘20세기중국문학사’가 1898년을 기점으로 제시했고 판보췬은 1892년으로 앞당겼으며 옌자옌은 1890년으로 설정하고 있다. 왕더웨이에 따르면 1851년 태평천국 시기로 앞당겨진다. 『해상화열전』을 기준으로 본다면 5ㆍ4에 비해 약 30년 가까이 거슬러 올라가는 것이다. 문학사 범위도 지속적으로 팽창하고 있다. 삼분법 시기의 셴다이문학사는 좌익문학사였지만, 20세기중국문학사에서 우파문학을 복권시켰고 ‘두 날개 문학사’에서 통속문학을 복원시켰다. 여기까지는 이른바 ‘국가’ 범위라 할 수 있다. 21세기 들어 중국근현대문학사는 자기 변신을 통해 초국적으로 팽창하고 있다. ‘중국문학’으로부터 ‘중어문학(漢語文學)’으로 그리고 ‘중국인문학(華人文學)’으로 자기 변신하고 팽창하면서 재구성 단계에 들어섰다. 이들 담론은 중국근현대문학사를 고정된 실체로 보기보다는 유동적인 개념으로 이해함으로써 포스트주의와 궤를 같이 하고 있다. 그러나 가능한 모든 범주를 아우르는 통합의 움직임은 자연스레 범위 밖에 있는 것을 배제하는 움직임과 동시에 진행된다. 이런 움직임이 이 글에서 최근 중국의 논의를 흥미롭게 고찰하면서도 우려를 금치 못하는 이유이기도 하다. 중요한 것은 어느 기점과 어떤 범위가 타당한가라는 질문보다, 그 기준이 무엇이고 기점과 범위에 대한 논의를 통해 중국근현대문학사를 바라보는 시야 perspective를 어떻게 확보할 수 있는가라는 문제설정일 것이다. 이제 중국근현대문학사는 기존의 고정된 관행에서 벗어나 다양한 담론들이 각축할 수 있는 담론 공동체를 형성해 재구성의 단계로 접어들었다. Recently the history of modern Chinese literature is being reconstituted. It has been a long time to deny May forth 1919 as a starting point which was the custom and its limit has been continually expanded. In the aspect of the starting point, Qian Li-qun(錢理群)'s ‘20th century's Chinese literature’ suggested 1898 as a starting point, Fan Bo-qun(范伯群) antedate it to 1892, and Yan Jia-yan(嚴家炎) set it up to 1890. According to David Wang(王德威), it was antedated to 1851(太平天國). If we take a Haishanghualiezhuan(海上花列傳) as a standard, the starting point was about 30 years earlier than May forth. In fact, Xiandai literature history in the trichotomy era was a left-wing literature history, and a right-wing literature was rehabilitated in the 20century's Chinese literature history, and a popular literature was reconstructed in the ‘two-wings literature history’. These discourses are still in the boundary of the nation-state. Entering the 21st centry, the history of modern Chinese literature is expanding transnationally through the self-transformation, from Chinese literature to Hanyuwenxue(漢語文學) and Huarenwenxue(華人文學). These discourses take the history of modern Chinese literature not as a concrete substance but as a fluid concept. But the movement of integration which embrace all categories is used to be simultaneously proceeded with the movement of exclusion. I suggest, more important thing is, not a question that which is proper starting point and limit, but a problematic what is the standard and how can we secure the perspective which help us observe the history of modern Chinese literature. Nowaday the history of modern Chinese literature is free from the existing custom and build the discourse community in which various discourses may compete each other and enter into the reconstitution stage.

Factors influencing lymphocyte reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children

Keun Wook Bae,Bo Eun Kim,고경남,임호준,서종진 대한혈액학회 2012 Blood Research Vol.47 No.1

Background Immune reconstitution (IR) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) reduces transplantation-related complications such as infection and improves HSCT outcomes. Methods We retrospectively analyzed IR of lymphocyte subpopulations in 38 pediatric patients for hematologic malignant diseases after allogeneic HSCT from April 2006 to July 2008. T-cell-, B-cell-, and natural killer (NK) cell- associated antigens were assayed in peripheral blood by flow cytometry analysis of 5 lymphocyte subsets, CD3+, CD3+/CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, CD16+/CD56+, and CD19+, before and 3 and 12 months after transplantation. Results Reconstitutions of CD16+/CD56+ and CD3+/CD8+ lymphocytes were achieved rapidly, whereas that of CD3+/CD19+ lymphocytes occurred later. Age was not related to reconstitution of any lymphocyte subset. Total body irradiation (TBI) and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) administration were related to delayed reconstitution of total lymphocytes and CD3+ lymphocytes, respectively. Reconstitutions of CD3+/CD4+ lymphocytes and CD3+/CD8+ lymphocytes were significantly delayed in patients who received umbilical cord blood stem cells. In patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), recovery of the total lymphocyte count and CD19+ lymphocytes at 3 months post-transplant were significantly delayed. However, acute GVHD (aGVHD) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation did not influence the IR of any lymphocyte subset. Further, delayed reconstitution of lymphocyte subsets did not correspond to inferior survival outcomes in this study. Conclusion We observed that some lymphocyte reconstitutions after HSCT were influenced by the stem cell source and preparative regimens. However, delayed CD19+ lymphocyte reconstitution may be associated with cGVHD.