원심주조기를 이용한 백금 주조의 효율적 활용방안

박성모 ( Park Sung-mo ),안일훈 ( Ahn Il-hoon ) 한국디자인트렌드학회 2021 한국디자인포럼 Vol.26 No.3

연구배경 백금 장신구의 주조는 대량생산을 목적으로 1967년 일본에서 개발되었다. 일반적인 주조 방법으로는 백금 주조가 원활하지 않았기 때문에 원심주조 기계를 활용하였는데 당시에는 백금용 석고 매몰재가 고융점의 특성을 가진 백금합금의 주형재료로서 효율성이나 구현 능력이 좋지 않았고 주형 제작과정의 문제점이나 거친 표면상태 등 주조 후 마감 처리 등 아쉬운 부분이 많았다. 현대에 이르러서는 주형 주조 금속의 특성도 점차 밝혀지고 금속의 상태도 해명되고 있으며 주조 기기의 개발 기술과 주조 시행 기술도 발전하여 백금 등과 같은 고융점의 주조 금속도 주조가 가능해졌다. 그렇다고 해서 완전한 주조 제품이 바로 완성되기는 쉬운 일이 아니다. 우리나라에서는 아직까지 명확한 기술체계에 의한 이론적 시스템 기반이 미흡하고 주조 기술자의 경험적 추론과 그에 따른 구술, 경험에 의존하고 있는 실정이다. 또한 이론적 배경 역시 해외의 데이터를 기반으로 한 서적이 대부분이며 해외 환경과는 다른 국내의 습도, 온도, 기후 등은 정밀한 작업을 요구하는 귀금속 제품에서 항상 원하는 제품 결과를 얻을 수 없다. 따라서 국내 실정에 적합한 백금 주조의 효율적 방안을 모색하고자 한다. 연구방법 금속 주조 기법의 다양한 방법에 대해 현장 실무 작업 분석을 토대로 백금의 원심 주조기법의 공정별 기술을 이론적으로 정립하고자 하였다. 주조 공정에서 생길 수 있는 주조물 결함의 인과관계를 분석하여 주조기법, 주조기계, 보조기구, 석고재료, 금속 주조체 등 다양한 원인을 기록하고 해결방법에 대해 기술하였다. 금속 주조개체는 백금 주조에서 가장 일반적으로 많이 사용되고 있는 Pt900 (Platinum 90% + Palladium 10%)의 합금을 사용하여 실험하였으며 원심주조기의 단계별 주조 기술 공정을 정리하였다. 본 연구에서는 주조기 중에서도 원심주조기를 활용하여 연구하고자 한다. 백금 주조에 일반적으로 사용 중인 고주파 주조기는 값 비싼 고가의 주조기이다. 일반 영세 업체에서는 구입하기가 힘들기 때문에 백금 주조가 전문인 업체에 위탁하여 백금 주조 제품을 생산해야만 된다. 백금의 주문량 자체는 소량이기에 여러 업체의 주문을 혼합하여 주조가 시행된다. 이 경우 백금의 순도를 맞추기 힘들며 시간 일정이 제각각이라 제품 출고에 난항을 겪는다. 이러한 난항을 해결하기 위해 본 연구는 고주파 주조기에서 실행하기 어려운 소량생산이 가능하며, 원활한 작업시간과 원하는 순도(함량)를 얻을 수 있고 영세업체들도 사용 가능한 원심주조기를 활용하여 연구를 진행하였다. 연구결과 백금 주조 공정에 대한 실무적이고 체계적인 지식이나 데이터가 부족하여 주조 기계 제작소의 실무자에게 자문요청 후 실험을 진행하였다. 제조사의 기기 사용의 정확한 방법을 지도받았으며 주조 제품들의 결함이 발생하는 요인들을 조사하고 이를 해결하기 위한 연구 내용을 정리하였다. 백금의 원심주조기 연구 결과 정리한 내용은 다음으로 축약시킬 수 있다. 첫째, 백금 매몰제는 고운 분말, 거친 분말, 경화제 3가지를 섞어 사용해야 하는 복잡함이 있으며 오히려 경화제 변질로 인한 불량률이 높아지므로 고운 분말 1가지만 사용해도 무방하다. 둘째, 백금 주조 전 예열은 매우 중요하다. 예열 시간이 충분 할수록 깨끗한 표면의 결과물을 얻을 수 있고 개체의 두께 차이로 인한 최적의 적정온도의 데이터를 활용 할 수 있다. 셋째, 주조 시 적정 온도를 파악하고 유지하는 숙련도가 필요하다. 용융점 온도차이로 인한 한계점은 산소가스 불대 사용의 숙련된 경험이 필요하며 주조 온도 조절 관리 미숙은 결함 개체로 연결된다. 넷째, 원심 주조기는 활용성은 충분하다. 고가의 고주파 주조기의 단점을 상쇄할 원심주조기만의 장점은 소량 주조 가능, 저렴한 원가, 플라스크 별 백금 순도 품위 조절 가능, 작업 시간 조율 등의 효율성이 있다. 결론 본 연구는 백금 주조와 귀금속 가공에 대한 그동안의 경험과 노하우를 바탕으로 연구한 내용을 분석하고 실험을 통해 연구한 결과로 보다 더 개선된 백금 주조기술 공정을 정립하고자 하였다. 본 연구가 백금 주조를 희망하는 업체와 제품 개발자의 성과 향상과 고부가 가치를 추구하는 계기가 되었으면 한다. Background In the past, even in Korea, statues of Buddha and household items have been made with the casting technique for hundreds of years. Casting of platinum jewelry was developed in Japan in 1967 for mass production. At this time, centrifugal casting machine was used, but at that time, gypsum investment material for platinum was not sufficient as a casting material for platinum alloy with high melting point characteristics, and there were many disadvantages such as finishing treatment after casting, such as problems in the molding process and rough surface condition. In modern times, the characteristics of cast metals have been gradually revealed, the state of the metal has been elucidated, and technology has advanced, making it possible to cast high melting point cast metals such as platinum. However, it is not easy to produce a complete cast product immediately. In Korea, the theoretical system based on a clear technical system is still insufficient, and it is dependent on the empirical work and oral guessing of the casting engineer. Also, the theoretical background is mostly books based on overseas data, and the characteristics of domestic humidity, temperature, climate, etc., which are different from overseas environments, make it impossible to always obtain desired product results from precious metal products that require precise work. Methods This study tried to theoretically establish the technology for each process of the centrifugal casting technique of platinum based on the analysis of field work for various methods of precious metal casting. By analyzing the causal relationship of defects in castings that may occur in the casting process, various causes such as casting techniques, casting machines, auxiliary tools, gypsum materials, and metal castings were recorded and solutions were described. The metal casting body was tested using an alloy of Pt900 (Platinum 90% + Palladium 10%), which is most commonly used in platinum casting, and the step-by-step casting technology process of the centrifugal casting machine is summarized. In this study, among the casting machines, centrifugal casting machines are used for research. A high-frequency casting machine commonly used for platinum casting is an expensive and expensive casting machine. Since it is difficult to purchase at a general small company, it is necessary to entrust a company specializing in platinum casting to produce platinum casting products. Since the order quantity of platinum itself is small, casting is carried out by mixing orders from several companies. In this case, it is difficult to match the purity of platinum, and the time schedule is different, so it is difficult to release the product. In order to solve these difficulties, this study conducted research using a centrifugal casting machine that can produce a small amount that is difficult to implement in a high-frequency casting machine, obtain smooth working time and desired purity (content), and can be used by small companies. Result Due to the lack of practical and systematic knowledge or data on the platinum casting process, the experiment was conducted after requesting advice from a working person at a casting machine shop. The manufacturer was instructed on the correct method of using the equipment, and the factors that cause defects in casting products were investigated and research contents to solve the problems were summarized. The results of the centrifugal casting machine research for platinum can be summarized as follows. First, the platinum investment agent has the complexity of using a mixture of fine powder, coarse powder, and hardener, and it is okay to use only one fine powder because the defect rate due to deterioration of the hardener increases. Second, preheating before casting platinum is very important. The longer the preheating time, the better the result of a clean surface can be obtained, and the optimal temperature data can be utilized due to the difference in the thickness of the object. Third, proficiency in identifying and maintaining an appropriate temperature during casting is required. The limit due to the melting point temperature difference requires skilled experience in using an oxygen gas stove, and inexperience in casting temperature control management leads to defective objects. Fourth, the centrifugal casting machine has sufficient usability. The advantages of centrifugal casting only to offset the disadvantages of expensive high-frequency casting machines include the ability to cast small amounts, low cost, controllability of platinum purity for each flask, and efficiency such as adjustment of working hours. Conclusion This study analyzed the contents of research based on the experience and know-how of platinum casting and precious metal processing, and tried to establish a more improved platinum casting technology process as a result of research through experiments. It is hoped that this study will serve as an opportunity to improve performance and pursue high added value for companies and product developers wishing to cast platinum.

재발성 상피성 난소암 및 원발성 복막 암종증 환자에서의 Topotecan/Platinum 복합요법의 효용성과 독성

유항조 ( Hang Jo You ),김용만 ( Yong Man Kim ),이신화 ( Shin Wha Lee ),이정남 ( Jung Nam Lee ),김대연 ( Dae Yeon Kim ),서대식 ( Dae Shik Suh ),김종혁 ( Jong Hyeok Kim ),김영탁 ( Young Tak Kim ),남주현 ( Joo Hyun Nam ),목정은 ( Jun 대한산부인과학회 2008 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.51 No.1

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of topotecan, camptothecin analogue topoisomerase I inhibitor, as the combination therapy with platinum in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian carcinoma and primary peritoneal carcinomatosis. Method: In this study, patients who were treated with topotecan between January 2000 and June 2007 at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea were reviewed. Fifty-one patients with recurrent ovarian carcinoma and peritoneal carcinomatosis were included. These patients` data were analyzed by review of medical records and pathologic and laboratory reports retrospectively. Response was assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria for patients with measurable disease and CA-125 response criteria for patients with non-measurable disease. The toxicities were evaluated according to NCI CTC (Common Toxicity Criteria) version 3.0. Results: The mean age of patients was 53.4 years (ranged between 37 and 69). Forty-four patients had been evaluated by RECIST criteria. The overall response rate was 22.8% (10/44). Platinum-sensitive patients showed more favorable response rate (26.9%) than platinum-resistant patients (16.7%), however, it was not significant statistically (p=0.425). Platinum-sensitive group had significantly longer response duration (12.14 vs. 3.33 months, p=0.022) and time-to-progression (11.34 vs. 7.33 months, p=0.042) than platinum-resistant group. Heavily pretreated group, three or more prior regimens were used, had no significant differences from another group. The most common adverse effect of topotecan in combination with platinum was hematologic toxicity; grade 3/4 neutropenia was 30.6%, anemia was 42.7%, and thrombocytopenia was 8.37% in total 265 cycles of chemotherapy, however, it was tolerable. Conclusion: Topotecan in combination with platinum is considered as effective regimen with acceptable toxicity in treating recurrent epithelial ovarian carcinoma and primary peritoneal carcinomatosis who have failed previous treatment with platinum-containing chemotherapy.

Potential predictors for chemotherapeutic response and prognosis in epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy

( Dhammapoj Jeerakornpassawat ),( Prapaporn Suprasert ) 대한산부인과학회 2020 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.63 No.1

Objective This study aimed to investigate the potential predictive factors for platinum resistance and poor prognosis in epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods Medical records of 306 patients with the above mentioned cancers treated with platinum-based chemotherapy between 2007 and 2017 were retrospective reviewed. Clinical data, preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platinum-free interval, and survival time were recorded. NLR, PLR, and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) levels were calculated for an optimal cutoff point using receiver operating characteristic curves. The clinicopathological variables were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses to identify independent predictive factors for platinum resistance and poor survival outcomes. Results The optimal cutoff points for NLR, PLR, and CA125 were 3.38, 210, and 365 IU/L, respectively. Univariate analysis indicated that NLR >3.38, PLR >210, CA125 >365, advanced stage, suboptimal disease, serous type, and ascites were significant predictive factors for platinum resistance. However, only NLR >3.38 and advanced stage were independent predictive factors with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.880 and 3.333, respectively. Regarding factors associated with poor survival outcomes, only PLR >210 and advanced stage were independent factors, with a hazard ratio of 1.578 and 3.994, respectively. Conclusion High NLR and advanced stage were potential independent predictive factors for platinum resistance, whereas high PLR and advanced stage were potential independent predictive factors for poor survival outcomes.

Pemetrexed Singlet Versus Nonpemetrexed-Based Platinum Doublet as Second-Line Chemotherapy after First-Line Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Failure in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with EGFR Mutations

박세훈,김범석,김세현,김기환,김유정,김진수,김태민,이세훈,김동완,이종석,허대석 대한암학회 2015 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.47 No.4

Purpose Platinum-based doublet chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for patients withnon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, the role of a platinum-based doublet assecond-line therapy after failure of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosinekinase inhibitor (TKI) for NSCLC patients has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of thisstudy was to compare the clinical efficacy of pemetrexed versus a platinum-based doubletas second-line therapy after failure of EGFR TKI used as first-line therapy for NSCLC patientswith EGFR mutations. Materials and MethodsWe designed a multicenter retrospective cohort study of 314 NSCLC patients with EGFRmutations who received an EGFR TKI as first-line palliative chemotherapy. Our analysisincluded 83 patients who failed EGFR TKI therapy and received second-line cytotoxicchemotherapy. ResultsForty-six patients were treated using a platinum-based doublet and 37 patients were treatedusing singlet pemetrexed. The overall response rates of patients receiving a platinum-baseddoublet and patients receiving pemetrexed were17.4% and 32.4%, respectively (p=0.111). The median progression-free survival (PFS) of patients receiving pemetrexed was significantlylonger than that of patients receiving a platinum-based doublet (4.2 months vs. 2.7months, respectively; p=0.008). The hazard ratio was 0.54 (95% confidence interval, 0.34to 0.86; p=0.009). ConclusionOur retrospective analysis found that second-line pemetrexed singlet therapy providedsignificantly prolonged PFS compared to second-line platinum-based doublet chemotherapyfor NSCLC patients with EGFRmutations who failed first-line EGFR TKI. Conduct of prospectivestudies for confirmation of our results is warranted.

Pemetrexed Continuation Maintenance versus Conventional Platinum-Based Doublet Chemotherapy in EGFR-Negative Lung Adenocarcinoma: Retrospective Analysis

( Seung Sook Paik ),( In Kyoung Hwang ),( Myung Jae Park ),( Seung Hyeun Lee ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2018 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.81 No.2

Background: Although targeted therapy and immuno-oncology have shifted the treatment paradigm for lung cancer, platinum-based combination is still the standard of care for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Pemetrexed continuation maintenance therapy has been approved and increasingly used for patients with nonsquamous NSCLC. However, the efficacy of this strategy has not been proven in patients without driving mutations. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical benefit of pemetrexed continuation maintenance to conventional platinum-based doublet in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-negative lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: A total of 114 patients with EGFR-negative lung adenocarcinoma who were treated with platinum doublet were retrospectively enrolled. We compared the survival rates between patients received pemetrexed maintenance after four-cycled pemetrexed/cisplatin and those received at least four-cycled platinum doublet without maintenance chemotherapy as a first-line treatment. Results: Forty-one patients received pemetrexed maintenance and 73 received conventional platinum doublet. Median progression-free survival (PFS), which was defined as the time from the day of response evaluation after four cycles of chemotherapy to disease progression or death, was significantly higher in the pemetrexed maintenance group compared to conventional group (5.8 months vs. 2.2 months, p<0.001). Median overall survival showed an increasing trend in the pemetrexed maintenance group (22.3 months vs. 16.1 months, p=0.098). Multivariate analyses showed that pemetrexed maintenance chemotherapy was associated with better PFS (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.87). Conclusion: Compared to conventional platinum-based chemotherapy, premetrexed continuation maintenance treatment is associated with better clinical outcome for the patients with EGFR wild-type lung adenocarcinoma.

백금 확산 실리콘의 깊은 에너지 준위의 농도분포에 대한 열처리효과

권영규,Kwon, Young-Kyu 한국전기전자재료학회 2007 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.20 No.3

The concentration profiles of deep energy levels($E_c$ -0.23e V, $E_v$+0.36e V and $E_c$ -0.23e V) in platinum-diffused silicon have generally a sharp gradient in the vicinity of the surface of the silicon wafer. In this work two efficient methods are proposed to obtain the uniform concentration profiles throughout the silicon wafer. One is that the platinum diffusion is carried out at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 1h in oxygen atmosphere. In this case the values of obtained uniform concentration, $1{\times}10^{15}cm^{-3}$ for the $E_c$ -0.23e V level, and 1{\times}10^{14}cm^{-3}$ for the $E_c$ -0.52e V level, are very restricted, respectively. The other is two-step annealing process. The platinum diffusion is carried out at $850{\sim}1100^{\circ}C$ in a nitrogen ambient for 1h and then the annealing is performed at $1000^{\circ}C$ in oxygen ambient after removing platinum-source from the platinum diffused samples. The advantage of this method is that the uniform concentration of these levels required power devices can be controlled by setting the desired temperatures when the platinum diffusion is carried out in nitrogen ambient.

Active Methanol Oxidation Reaction by Enhanced CO Tolerance on Bimetallic Pt/Ir Electrocatalysts Using Electronic and Bifunctional Effects

Kwon, Soonchul,Ham, Dong Jin,Kim, Taeyoon,Kwon, Yongju,Lee, Seung Geol,Cho, Min American Chemical Society 2018 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.10 No.46

<P>Platinum-based metal alloys have been generally developed to provide high carbon monoxide resistance in the anodes of direct methanol fuel cells. We report the potential of bimetallic platinum/iridium electrocatalysts in preserving the outstanding carbon monoxide tolerance obtained from both experimental and theoretical studies, which represents the enhanced electrochemical performance of methanol oxidation and the in-depth and stepwise investigations for reaction mechanisms, respectively. In this study, the findings highlight the dual-enhancement characteristics of low carbon monoxide adsorption energy (electronic effect) and carbon monoxide oxidative removal (bifunctional effect) compared with various electrocatalysts such as platinum, iridium, and platinum/ruthenium alloys. In addition, the reaction affinity of platinum/iridium alloys for methanol dehydrogenation is also studied in accordance with atomistic properties, such as adsorption energy and electronic band gap, to understand the electrochemical performance compared to Pt. The results obtained indicate that the platinum/iridium alloy surface played diverse roles in terms of its multifunctional behaviors for carbon monoxide tolerance, including the favorable mechanism of methanol dehydrogenation. It turns out that throughout the theoretical in-depth studies, platinum/iridium alloys are promising candidates in terms of the extension for electrocatalytic material designs that differ from Ru in direct methanol fuel cells.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

Platinum 제제가 포함된 항암화학요법을 받은 부인암 환자에서의 당뇨병 발생 위험

손가현 ( Ga Hyun Son ),남은지 ( Eun Ji Nam ),김상운 ( Sang Wun Kim ),김재훈 ( Jae Hoon Kim ),김영태 ( Young Tae Kim ),김성훈 ( Sung Hoon Kim ) 대한산부인과학회 2008 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.51 No.2

Objective: To assess the association between platinum-based chemotherapy for gynecologic malignancy and the risk of diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: We analyzed retrospectively the association between platinum-based chemotherapy and diabetes mellitus. Out of the 449 patients who received the chemotherapy in Severance Hospital from January 2002 to December 2005, 169 patients with serial measurements of fasting blood glucose throughout the chemotherapy period were enrolled in this study. The parameters that were analyzed included age, past history, family history, body mass index (BMI), serum glucose, type of cancer, chemotherapy regimen, dose cycle, time after cycle. We performed binomial test to compare the incidence in our patients with that of general population. Results: In 8 patients (4.8%) diabetes mellitus developed during the treatment period. The median age of patients was 57 years, and the mean BMI was 27.0 kg/m2. All patients received platinum-based chemotherapy and seven of them received cisplatin based regimen and two patient was given carboplatin based regimen. Median cisplatin cumulative dose up until the diabetes mellitus occurred was 252 mg/m2 and that of carboplatin was 812 mg/m2. Median time until the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus after administration of the first chemotherapy cycle was 7 months. The overall incidence of hyperglycemia (4.8%) in patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy is higher than the incidence of diabetes mellitus in the general population (2.1%). Conclusion: We suggest that regular monitoring of serum glucose levels which is not generally included in the pre-chemo lab values in patients receiving chemotherapy with platinum based regimen should be considered.

Platinum sensitivity and non-cross-resistance of cisplatin analogue with cisplatin in recurrent cervical cancer

Munetaka Takekuma,Shiho Kuji,Aki Tanaka,Nobutaka Takahashi,Masakazu Abe,Yasuyuki Hirashima 대한부인종양학회 2015 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.26 No.3

Objective: The concept of platinum sensitivity and cross-resistance among platinum agents are widely known in the management of recurrent ovarian cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate two hypotheses regarding the validity of the concept of platinum sensitivity and non-cross-resistance of cisplatin analogue with cisplatin in recurrent cervical cancer. Methods: In this retrospective study, the clinical data of patients with recurrent cervical cancer, who had a history of receiving cisplatin based chemotherapy (including concurrent chemoradiotherapy [CCRT] with cisplatin) and who received second-line chemotherapy at the time of recurrence between April 2004 and July 2012 were reviewed. Results: In total, 49 patients―34 squamous cell carcinomas (69.4%) and 15 non-squamous cell carcinomas (30.6%)―were enrolled. The median age was 53 years (range, 26 to 79 years). Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that a platinum free interval (PFI) of 12 months has a strong relationship with the response rate to second-line chemotherapy. Upon multivariate analysis of survival after second-line platinum-based chemotherapy, a PFI of 12 months significantly influenced both progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.349; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.140 to 0.871; p=0.024) and overall survival (HR, 0.322; 95% CI, 0.123 to 0.842; p=0.021). In patients with a PFI of less than 6 months, the difference of progression-free survival between patients with re-administration of cisplatin (3.0 months) and administration of cisplatin analogue (7.2 months) as second-line chemotherapy was statistically significant (p=0.049, log-rank test). Conclusion: The concept of platinum sensitivity could be applied to recurrent cervical cancer and there is a possibility of noncross- resistance of cisplatin analogue with cisplatin.

Electrospray-assisted fabrication of porous platinum-carbon composite thin layers for enhancing the electrochemical performance of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells

Nian Shan,정훈,안지영,김지훈,김수형 한국물리학회 2018 Current Applied Physics Vol.18 No.6

Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been fabricated using electrospray-assisted deposition of platinum-carbon composites on carbon-fiber-based paper substrate, because the technique is versatile, operated in atmospheric pressure, and easy to scale up for commercialization. In this study, we investigate the effects of electrospray-assisted platinum loadings from 0.1 to 0.5 mg cm−2 on the electrochemical performance of PEMFCs. The PEMFCs with platinum loading of 0.3 mg cm−2 generate the highest power density, which is ∼35% higher than that of PEMFCs fabricated by traditional brush-deposited catalyst layers. Relatively high platinum loading (>0.3 mg cm−2) enhances the pressure drop in MEA; therefore, the resulting power density is decreased due to low-reacting gas permeability. We also examine the effect of porous structures on the electrochemical performance of PEMFCs. Brij 58-based surfactant templates create micro- and nano-porous structures in the platinum-carbon composite thin layers via thermal removal. These porous structures in the platinum-carbon composite thin layers increase the reacting gas permeability and simultaneously lower the cell resistance, significantly enhancing the electrochemical performance of PEMFCs with porous structures.