근로자 관점에서의 외국인직접투자와 노동시장 유연성 : 대륙법과 영미법의 비교 분석

Sin, Dong-Yun 가천대학교 법학연구소 2014 가천법학 Vol.7 No.1

본 논문은 노동시장 유연성과 외국직접투자에 대한 관계를 연구한 것이다. 또한, 이것은 어떤 유형의 노동시장이 유연하고, 어느 정도의 유연함이 가능하며, 어떤 종류의 정책들이 유연한 노동시장에 필요한지를 검토한다. 이러한 분석은 크게 대륙법과 영미법으로 구성된 법체계에 근거할 것이다. 특히, 이러한 비교는 고용과 노동시장이 얼마나 강하게 규제되고 있는지를 확인할 수 있다. 많은 나라들은 경제가 어려울 때, 어떠한 노동정책들이 그들의 이익에 기여할 수 있는지에 대해 고려해야 할 선택의 순간이 온다.일반적으로, 대륙법계 나라의 노동시장은 성문화된 고용과 노사관계법 그리고 고용법규정의 강행성으로 인해 매우 경직된 상태이다. 반면, 영미법계의 나라들은 판례나 임의고용원칙으로 인해 좀 더 유연성을 갖는다. 이러한 전제하에, 이 논문은 대륙법계와 영미법계나라들이 노동시장 유연성과 외국직접투자사이의 관계에 관하여 상이한 접근법이 필요하다는 것을 검토하게 된다.사실상, 영미법계나라들의 노동시장은 대륙법계나라들보다 외국직접투자를 더 많이 끌어온다. 그러나 본 논문은 특정한 나라들이 많은 외국직접투자를 가져온다면, 사용자측면의 노동시장 유연성이 지속적으로 제고되어야 하는지에 대한 문제를 제기하는 바이다. 더욱 중요한 것은, 그들의 노동시장이 안정적인가라는 의문을 제기할 수 있다. 결과적으로, 많은 나라들이 근로자측면의 노동시장 유연성을 고려해야 할 필요성이 있다. This paper explores the relationship between labor market flexibility and Foreign Direct Investment (hereinafter ‘FDI'). Also, it will examine what types of labor markets are flexible, what levels of flexibility are available, and what kinds of policies are necessary to support a flexible labor market. These analyses are founded on legal systems, largely composed of civil law and common law. Especially, this comparison can reflect on whether the employment and labor markets are strongly regulated or not. It is important for many countries to choose what types of labor policies serve their interests when the economy is faced with market failures.In civil law countries, the labor market is generally more rigid due to the strong emphasis on codified employment and labor laws and mandatory rules for employment provisions. Common law countries, however, have more flexible labor markets due to the application of precedent in judicial decisions and the contract-at-will doctrine. In these regards, this paper examines the different approaches of civil law countries and common law countries with respect to the relationship between labor market flexibility and FDI. In fact, the labor markets in the common law countries have tended to attract more FDI than those in the civil law countries. This paper, however, raises a question whether or not labor market flexibility on the employer’s perspective is persistently enhanced if certain countries attract a great amount of FDI. More importantly, it is doubtable whether their labor markets are stable in case of the countries attracting a certain amount of FDI. As a result, it is necessary for many countries to consider labor market flexibility on the employee’s perspective.

勞動市場 環境變化와 勞動市場의 構造變動

李孝秀 한국경제학회 2002 經濟學硏究 Vol.50 No.1

이 논문은 이효수(1984)의 노동시장구조분석론에 입각하여 1997년 외환위기 이후의 환경변화가 노동시장 구조변동에 미친 영향을 분석하고 있다. 분석결과, 첫째, 외환위기 이후 비정규직 노동시장이 급속도록 확대되고 있고, 이것은 노동수요나 노동공급 구조변동효과보다는 고용관리변화 효과에 기인하다. 둘째, 비정규직에서 정규직으로의 탈출성공률이 1%에도 미치지 못하는 등 비정규직 노동시장이 정규직 노동시장과 분단되어 있다. 셋째, 비정규직으로 유입될 가능성이 높은 노동력은 여성, 저학력자, 청소년 및 노년층, 비정규직 경험자, 건설업 및 기타서비스업 종사자, 단순노무, 기능은, 서비스직 종사자이다. 현재 비정규직의 확대는 노동시장의 유연화보다는 단층화를 심화시키고 있어 인재형성을 어렵게 하고 불평등을 심화시키고 있다. 그러므로 내부노동시장의 이중화전략에 대한 고용주의 유혹을 줄이기 위하여 고용계약기간을 제외하고는 비정규직노동력에 대하여 어떠한 차별적 대우도 불가능하게 하는 제도적 장치가 필요하다. This paper analyzes, using the analytical framework of labor market structure in Hyo S. Lee(1984), the impact of changes in environment following the financial crisis of 1997 on structural changes in the labor market. Firstly, the findings show that the market of irregular jobs has been expanding rapidly, which is due more to the increase in numerical flexibility of labor management practices rather than the effect of structural changes in either labor demand or labor supply. Secondly, with the rate of success for escape into regular job market away from irregular job market as low as less than 1%, the labor market shows segmentation into the two markets. Thirdly, groups of workers that have a higher chance of entering irregular job markets include women, low-educated, youth, old-aged and workers with irregular work experience. By industry, they include construction workers and miscellaneous service workers while, by occupation, they include simple manual laborers, technical staff and service workers. The ongoing expansion of irregular job markets has been intensifying segmentation of the labor market rather than contributing to its flexibility, which is likely to make manpower cultivation more difficult and worsen inequality. An adequate institutional framework is, therefore, necessary that will discourage all forms of discriminatory practices against irregular workers except for the length of labor contract so that incentives can be reduced for employers to adopt dualization strategy for internal labor market. The best strategies for flexibility that can realize mutual gains in a knowledge-based information society are strategies directed at functional flexibility, wage flexibility and labor-hour control.

분절된 노동시장 극복을 위한 새로운 법규범의 모색

이승욱 법과사회이론학회 2017 법과 사회 Vol.0 No.56

Nowadays the fragmentation of labor market raises structural problems in the labor market, which can be hardly dealt by the traditional labor law regime. The traditional labor law regime intends to rectify the imbalance of bargaining power between employers and workers. However, current labor law regime has been established under the assumption of so-called standard employment relationship on the premise of full-time and indefinite employment by male breadwinner, which no longer exists nor can be expected in the future. Various internal as well as external factors including the consistent decline of the trade union density, individualization of workers, vertical disintegration of undertakings, and subcontracting continue to accelerate the fragmentation of labor market. In these contexts, the purpose and procedures of labor law to promote balance of power between employers and workers through collective bargaining, and to fulfill the fair distribution of income cannot be achieved nor functioned as it had originally been designed. With the fragmentation of labor market it is almost impossible to achieve fair vertical income distribution between employer and workers, nor equitable horizontal income distribution between workers by labor law. It is necessary to establish inclusive labor market focused on 'relations' not on 'contracts' in order to eradicate social exclusion and to solve the problems caused by the fragmentation of labor market. Armartya Sen's Capability Approach gives us insights to address these issues. If capabilities are a consequence of the access individuals have to the processes of socialization, eduction and training, as Deakin and Wilkinson observed, then by providing the conditions under which access to these processes is made available, mechanisms of redistribution may be not only compatible with, but also become a precondition to, the efficient operation of the labor market. In this perspective, the purpose of labor law can be prescribed as the process of 'institutionalising capabilities', that is to say, as providing mechanisms for extending the range of choice of alternative functionings on the part of individuals so that the scope of the labor law be widened beyond employment contract in the enterprise to the labor market more generally. In this regard, it is important to allow all individuals including socially excluded groups such as precarious youth, domestic workers, and undocumented foreigners to realize their capabilities for voice. The deliberative social choice procedures can be used to determine the substance of capabilities. Given these considerations, it is time to admit that collective bargaining is no longer an effective mechanism to fix the inequality of power between employer and workers in the fragmentation of labor market. As an alternative, this paper proposes the 'economic democracy' clause in the Korean Constitution might be a useful basis to establish deliberative social choice procedures in the face of the fragmentation of labor market, which can ultimately lead to broadening the scope of labor law and the regulation of labor market. 최근 우리나라에서 급속하게 진행되고 있는 노동시장의 이중화 또는 분절 현상은 기존의 노동법체계에 의해서 해소되기 어려운 성격을 가지고 있다. 현행 노동법체계는 기간의 정함이 없는 풀타임 남성 고용을 대상으로 한 이른바 표준적 노동관계를 전제로 하고 있으나, 노동시장의 분절은 이러한 전제를 붕괴시키고 있기 때문이다. 따라서 노동조합을 중심으로 한 단체교섭체제나 계약관계를 중심으로 한 기존의 노동법체제로 노동시장의 분절을 해결할 수 없다. 청년, 고령자, 여성 등 노동시장에서 배제된 집단을 포섭하는 이념적 지향을 가진 새로운 노동법체계가 모색되어야 한다. 이 논문은 아마티아 센(Amartya Sen)의 잠재역량 접근방식에 기대어 노동시장의 분절을 극복하기 위해서는 단체교섭과 근로계약관계를 넘어선 포용적 노동시장 체계를 형성하여야 한다고 주장한다. 구체적으로는 노동법의 규범적 근거를 헌법 제32조, 제33조 외에도 경제 민주화를 정한 제119조 제2항으로 확대함으로써 사회적으로 배제되고 있는 자가 공정한 분배를 보장받고 사회에 재통합되기 위해 자신의 목소리를 낼 수 있는 사회적 숙의과정에 참여할 수 있도록 하여야 한다고 제안하고 있다.

한국의 이주노동시장에 관한 연구 - 독일모델을 중심으로 -

이주은 ( Jueun Lee ) 아시아.유럽미래학회 2013 유라시아연구 Vol.10 No.3

The global flow in the 21st century came to greet numerous changes with being progressed the direct & indirect coexistence and psycho-social cohabitation among people who have diverse cultures and histories based on country. In addition, the global flow in modern times is being actively progressed even the transfer of labor power along with the internationally active transfer of capital and finance. Accordingly, the population of 213 million people(about 3.1%) among about 6.9 billion people as the whole world population in 2010 became the international floating population. This is a change in migrant labor market for solving imbalance in labor power and capital among countries owing to the phenomenon of being lacking in simple labor power of the advanced countries and to the balanced dispersion of excessive phenomenon in labor of the underdeveloped countries. Diverse problems were caused in this process. The movement of population is originated from the characteristic of being drifted by which ‘a person’ becomes the center unlike capital. Hence, each country is devoting itself to efficiency of migrant labor market by solving a temporal problem of being lacking in labor of own country and minimizing a conflict in order to be reasonable for a special situation of own country. Even Korean society is flowed in diverse global changes with entering the rank of the advanced country. The industrial field within South Korea, which achieved economic revival in the 1990s, came to be driven even to a situation of threatening existence of company as well as a drop in productivity while being decreased domestic people who are employed by small and medium companies into which the low-wage jobs are driven owing to polarization of labor market. Hence, the exhaustion of laborers with low wage and low expert came to be appealed. The government did spread policy of allowing simple migrant workers to flow in on a large scale as an alternative plan for this. It supported the demand and supply for insufficient manpower of small and medium companies while carrying out the employment permit system, abolishing the industrial trainee system, and enforcing the working visit system, with beginning from the industrial trainee system in 1993 for allowing these people to be settled in society. As a result of spreading this policy, the national statistical office in 2010 announced that migrant workers within South Korea outnumbered 910,000 people. This was said to be numerical figure that was increased by just about 69% compared to the year in 2005. These changes allowed South Korean labor market, which had cried out for single race and pure blood, to have diverse confusions and shocks, and numerous problems. A rapid increase in migrant workers of Korean society brought about the effect of creating profit in some parts in labor market of small and medium companies that are placed in labor famine while causing social benefits and costs at the same time. However, the occurrence of social costs at the same time led to a problem about which the burden is completely shifted to people. In other words, South Korea’s labor market was biased the economic profit according to a rise in scale of migrant workers to enterprisers while losing balance as a whole. On the other hand, the wage and job of the domestic manpower, especially, manpower in vulnerable class who are placed in low-wage market, were driven to very unfavorable situation. Thus, problems were caused such as making inroads into domestically youth job, mass-producing a number of the unemployed, barrier of entering labor market in the disadvantaged groups, a drop in wage, promoting social polarization caused by this, and mass-producing poor people. Also, a rise in influx of simple migrant workers for small and medium companies led to the phenomenon of hindering the highly industrial restructuring owing to the maintenance in a type of depending on low expert. Another evil influence was derived problems such as being concerned about migrant workers’ settlement and mass-production of illegal immigrants. Especially, it is a situation of being concerned even about a rise in social costs caused by illegal immigrants, potential uprising, Even worse, South Korea’s migrant labor market is being wasted inadequately the huge budget owing to the inter-departmentally overlapped project and non-systematic operation. Migrant workers’ wages are being remitted about 14 trillion won every year to the home country. Thus, even the diversion of foreign currency surpassed the level that cannot be neglected in light of economic situation within South Korea. Hence, the current migrant labor market in South Korea came to have obvious limitation. Hence, to seek a fundamental solution on the above problems, this study was performed in order to search for an alternative plan that will be helpful for the direction of the balanced migrant labor market in line with the reality of South Korea. The following alternative plans are suggested. First, there is a need of policy that inhibits the demand for simple migrant labor force by seeking a plan that can utilize 9,450,000 people of the domestically unemployed according to the principle of preferentially applying fellow countrymen and the principle of supplementary nature in migrant labor market, and by forcing it with the law so that the migrant workers’ wages and working conditions can be same as domestic people while companies cannot be necessary for employing foreigners for a reason of low age like Germany. Second, there is a need of solving anxiety through paying wages stably and of preventing mass-production of social polarization and poor people as well as promoting the employment of domestically disadvantaged groups and unemployed people by establishing reasonably substantial wage system for the environment of 20,000 dollars in GNP with escaping from the wage restraint policy through activating labor market of small and medium companies. Third, there is a need of minimizing the influx of simple migrant workers for highly industrial growth of small and medium companies and of seeking a plan available for increasing quality of labor market. In addition, it is demanded the firm intention of policy and management by the government so that the profit diversification can be realized fairly and equally by allowing the unfair trade prevention law to be strictly observed between large companies and small & medium companies for revitalizing small & medium companies. In addition, a plan for utilizing them needs to be arranged imminently by training domestically unemployed youth as the specialized manpower. Also, even a plan for utilizing them as global human resources needs to be sought promptly through supporting the specialized education and skill for the overseas Koreans as the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generations, the 2nd generations of the domestically marital immigrants, and 84,000 foreign students who are staying in the country. Fifth, there is a need of preventing inappropriate extravagance of budget by newly installing the integrated specially exclusive agency of having the systematic delivery system in the migrant labor market. Fourth, to supplement insufficient labor power in South Korean labor market, there is a need of positively utilizing overseas Koreans of reaching 7,200,000 people, and Marital Immigrant Families of 280,000 people as well as fully applying 9,450,000 people of the domestically unemployed. For this, there is a need of being expanded the specialized education, training and technical support for these people and of supporting for making it available for stable settlement. Sixthly, there is a need of preventing the diversion of foreign currency in hugh wages by minimizing the influx of simple migrant workers in migrant labor market. Seventh, there is a need of utilizing international organization(IOMMigrant Research &Training Center) like Germany for the stable return of illegal immigrants and migrant workers and of supporting so that these people can stably dwell after returning to home country through network with NGO groups at home and abroad. For this, as the practice of the alternative plans for the above suggested migrant labor market, it is desired to be further conducive to the direction of efficiently utilizing migrant labor market as well as promoting the balanced development in Korea’s labor market and cultivating stable national emotion.

직장이동행태의 시계열적 추이: 이중노동시장 검토를 중심으로

임찬영 한국자료분석학회 2017 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.19 No.6

This study divides labor market into primary labor market and secondary labor market based on skill of job using work history data of Korean labor & income panel study. We examined the dualism of the Korean labor market by analyzing the constraints on the labor market transition after dividing the market into four types by adding the firm size. The main analysis method is the duration analysis model which estimates the hazard rate. First, Korea has a tendency to place the first job by education level, showing symmetry according to educational background. Second, in the analysis of the simple transition rate between the labor markets, the shift of jobs is most likely to be transferred to the secondary and small business market, and it is not easy to move to the upward labor market. Third, the hazard model estimates that controlled the heterogeneity of individual and job showed that gamma had a positive value in all models and that it is unlikely to escape the current labor market. The Korea labor market is very strict due to the level of skill and firm size, and there is a restriction on the movement of jobs, and it seems that the shift to upward labor market through job transfer is not easy. 본 연구는 한국노동패널 직업력(work history)자료를 이용하여 직무의 숙련(skill)을 기준으로 노동시장을 1차(primary labor market)와 2차(secondary labor market)로 구분하고, 기업규모를 추가하여 4가지 시장유형으로 구분한 후 각 노동시장간 전환에 따르는 제약요인을 분석함으로써 우리나라 노동시장의 이중구조(dualism)를 살펴보았다. 분석방법으로는 해자드확률(hazard rate)을 추정하는 기간분석모형을 사용하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 우리나라는 첫 일자리 배치가 학력수준에 따라 할당되는 경향이 강하였다. 하지만 노동시장 진입이후 학력요인은 일자리 이동에 더 이상 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 둘째, 노동시장간 단순 전환율 분석결과에서는 노동이동 결과 2차·중소기업군 시장으로 내몰릴 가능성이 가장 높았고, 상향 노동시장으로 이동이 쉽지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 개인과 직업특성이라는 이질성을 통제한 해자드모형 추정결과에서는 모든 모형에서 gamma가 양의 값을 보임에 따라 현재 노동시장을 벗어날 가능성이 희박한 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 우리나라 노동시장은 숙련수준과 기업규모별로 상당히 경직적이어서 일자리 이동에 제약이 따르고 일자리 이동을 통해 상향 노동시장으로의 전환이 쉽지 않은 것으로 보인다.

내부노동시장과 기업별 노동조합의 발전사

박용철(Yong-Cheol Park),임상훈(Sang-Hoon Lim) 韓國經營史學會 2013 經營史學 Vol.66 No.-

This paper is explain throughout Chosun Brewery Company that firm internal labor market and enterprise union in Korea have been historically developed and interacted. Previous studies had been brought about difficulty in analyzing the formation and scientific causality about internal labor market, owing to the application of the internal labor market in Korea too strictly and narrowly. And, enterprise union in Korea had been limited the practical approach to it, because they had asserted the influence of political and legal aspects on its formation. Unlike previous studies, this paper argues that enterprise union is formed by the influence of the internal labor market in the process of strategic choice of labor-management, and the two sides had developed by the interaction. In order to support this study, this paper pursued the process of development of internal labor market at Chosun Brewery Company from the period of the Liberation to the early 2000s. As a result of the research, even though the internal labor market of Chosun Brewery Company was not so elaborate as it is today, it was considerably taking the same characteristics as an internal labor market. And it has confirmed that these characteristics of internal labor market had influenced the formation of enterprise union, and enterprise union had strengthened internal labor market by the interaction. And the important findings of this study are as follows: the industrial union systems were legally enforced in the 1960s, and although X and Y have weakened society as a whole, the new personnel system and the new industrial union movement have been spread since the 1997 economic crisis. This study discovered that the enhanced internal labor market of Chosun Brewery Company has adhered to the operations of enterprise union, and these operations have been strengthened and systematized internal labor market by the interaction. These results of the research have presented that previous studies is required to be complemented. This study has provided the relationship of the internal labor market and enterprise union with the clues of a new interpretation and explanation. But, nevertheless, this study can not rule out the problem of generalization. In the future, We need continuous complementary studies on the process of the formation of the internal labor market and enterprise union from the historical perspective, in order to reveal and theorize the unique characteristics of personnel management and industrial relations in Korea. 이 논문은 조선맥주의 사례를 통해 한국 기업의 내부노동시장과 기업별 노동조합이 상호작용을 하며 역사적으로 발전하였음을 설명하고 있다. 기존 연구들은 한국의 내부노동시장을 지나치게 엄격하고 협소하게 적용함으로써 내부노동시장의 형성과 과학적 인과관계 분석을 어렵게 만들었으며, 한국의 기업별 노동조합은 정치적·법제도적 영향에 기인하였음을 주장함으로써 실체적 접근을 제약해 왔다. 본 논문은 기존 연구와 달리 노사의 전략적 선택 과정에서 내부노동시장의 영향에 의해 기업별 노조가 형성되고, 이후 양자는 상호작용하면서 발전해 나갔음을 주장한다. 이를 뒷받침하기 위해 본 논문은 해방 전후부터 2000년대 초반까지 조선맥주의 내부노동시장 발전과정 을 추적하였다. 연구결과 해방 전후 조선맥주의 내부노동시장은 현재와 같이 정교하지는 않았지만, 상당수준의 내부노동시장적 특성을 보유하고 있었다는 사실과, 그러한 특성들이 기업별 노조 형성에 영향을 미쳤으며, 기업별 노조는 다시 내부노동시장을 강화하며 상호작용하였음을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 중요한 발견은 법제도적으로 산별 노조체제를 강제했던 1960년대는 물론이고, 1997년 경제위기 이후 신인사제도의 확산과 산별노조 운동으로 인해 사회 전반적으로 내부노동시장과 기업별 노조가 약화되었던 시기에도, 조선맥주의 강화된 내부노동시장은 기업별 노조 운영방식을 견지하였고, 이러한 기업별 노조 운영방식은 다시 내부노동시장을 강화하고 체계화하면서 상호작용해 왔다는 사실이다. 이러한 일련의 연구결과는 기존 연구에 일정 부분 보완이 필요함을 제기하고 있다. 본 연구는 내부노동시장과 기업별 노동조합과의 관계에 있어 새로운 해석과 설명의 실마리를 제공하고 있다. 하지만, 그럼에도 불구하고 일반화의 문제를 배제할 수는 없다. 향후 한국의 인사 관리와 노사관계의 고유한 특성을 밝히고 이론화하기 위해 역사적 관점에서 내부노동시장과 기업별 노조의 형성과정에 대한 지속적인 추가연구가 필요하다.

청년 노동시장의 분절구조에 관한 연구:노동시장 이행궤적의 유형화를 중심으로

이병훈,김은경,김한나 한국사회정책학회 2023 한국사회정책 Vol.30 No.3

이번 연구에서는 한국노동패널조사의 2011년∼2020년 자료를 활용하여 청년의 노동시장 이행궤적과 영향요인을 분석하였다. 전체 분석표본인 청년들에 대해 실업 및 비경제활동과 더불어 취업자의 경우 일자리의 안정-불안정을 구분하기 위해 헤도닉 가중치를 적용한 불안정노동지수(PLI)를 산출하여 안정 취업, 불안정 취업으로 구분 후 4개의 노동시장 지위를 측정한 다음, 집단중심추세분석을 통해 이행궤적을 유형화하였다. 집단중심추세분석에 따르면, 청년의 노동시장 이행궤적은 ‘안정-취업형’, ‘불안정-취업형’, ‘불안정-시장진입형’, ‘시장이탈-지속형’ 이상 4개의 상이한 유형으로 확인되어 청년 내부의 이질성을 발견하였다. 특히, ‘불안정-시장진입형’을 제외한 3개 집단유형이 분석기간인 10년 동안 대체로 동일한 지위를 유지한다는 점에서 청년 노동시장의 구조적 분절성을 확인하였다. 또한 청년들의 노동시장 이행궤적유형에 대해 다항로지스틱회귀분석을 적용하여 청년들의 노동시장 이행경로에 유의하게 영향 미치는 요인들을 검출코자 하였다. 그 결과, 성별・연령・학력・혼인여부・거주지역 등 개인화 요인들이 청년의 노동시장 지위에 유의하게 작용하는 것으로 드러났으며, 특히 성별과 학력이 노동시장의 구조적 분절성을 재생산하는 주요 요인임이 밝혀졌다. 한편, 가구 계층적 요인들의 효과는 전반적으로 제한적인 것으로 확인되었다. 이번 연구는 청년 일자리의 불안정성에 대한 학술적인 논구와 정책적 대응을 하고자 하는 경우 청년 노동시장의 구조적 분절성을 이해하고 감안하여 접근할 필요가 있다는 시사점을 제시한다. This study examines transitional trajectories and affecting factors in youth labor markets, by drawing upon the 2011∼2020 year of the Korea Labor & Income Panel Survey. The Precarity Labor Index (PLI), measured with Hedonic weights, is calculated for estimating job quality of the employed youth, and transitional trajectories are identified by applying the group-based trajectory analysis to the youth sample, comprised of decent job holders, precarious job holders, the unemployed, and the inactive. The group-based trajectory analysis classifies four trajectories, such as the decent job holding, the precarious job holding, the market entry to precarious jobs, and the market exit, which evidence the heterogeneity of transitional courses in youth labor markets. It is noteworthy that three trajectories, including the decent job, the precarious job, and the market exit, witness the segmented structure of the Korean youth labor markets, in that they are commonly characterized as the sustained pattern in the examined period. Multi-logistic panel regression analysis is applied for identifying major factors to affect the trajectories of the youth in labor market. The regression analysis shows that the industrialization factors, such as the gender, age cohort, education, marriage and living location, have a significant effect on the the youth’s labor market status, and in particular the gender and education are the very factors to reproduce the structural segmentation of youth labor markets. The household stratification factors, including the education and job status of parents as well as the economic conditions of the household, have a weak or insignificant impact over the youth’s labor market status. Our study implies that it would be necessary and important to comprehend the segmented structure of youth labor markets in attempting to tackle with the precarity of youth labor market transitions.

한국 면방직업 내부노동시장의 변천에 관한 연구

조현민,임상훈 한국경영사학회 2019 經營史學 Vol.90 No.-

The purpose of this study is to clarify the process of internal labor market in Korea through historical review. Most of the studies on the existing internal labor market in Korea have been started in earnest since the 1980s. However, these studies have narrowly grasped the internal labor market and overlooked the historical perspective of the formation process of the internal labor market. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, this study selected the Korean textile industry case which formed a large - scale factory system in the birth process of Korean capitalism and formed internal labor market. As a result of the study, it was found that the internal labor market was transplanted and operated by Japanese employees under the large - scale factory system during the Japanese colonial rule. However, after the liberation and the Korean War, the internal labor market was dismantled and collapsed. Instead, through the 1950s and 1960s, an internal labor market centered on male workers was formed in the Korean textile industry. These internal labor markets are combined with gender segregation and women workers are left in the external labor market. This study is very meaningful in terms of the historical characteristics of the internal labor market formed in the early stage of Korean capitalism after the emancipation based on the internal labor market in the Japanese colonial period. 본 연구는 역사적 고찰을 통해 우리나라 내부노동시장의 변천과정을 밝히는 것을 목적으로한다. 기존 한국 내부노동시장의 형성은 본격적으로 1980년대 이후 나타났다는 연구들이 대부분이다. 그러나 이러한 연구들은 내부노동시장의 협소하게 파악하였으며, 내부노동시장의 형성과정에 대한 역사적 관점을 간과하였다. 이러한 내부노동시장에 관한 역사적 연구의 부족은현재 한국 내부노동시장의 해체 또는 축소 논의가 발전적으로 이루어지는데 어려움이 되고 있다. 본 연구는 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 한국 자본주의 탄생 과정에서 대규모 공장체제를 갖추어 내부노동시장을 형성해 온 면방직업 사례를 선택하였으며 해방 이전부터 1960년대 시기중심으로 분석하였다. 특히, 1900년대 초반 이미 대규모 공장을 운영하며 내부노동시장의 모습을 갖춘 일본 면방직 기업이 식민지 조선에 진출하며 나타난 면방 대기업의 내부노동시장모습을 살펴보고, 해방과 한국전쟁을 거치며 기업에서 한국 산업화 초기 형성된 내부노동시장을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 연구 결과, 한국 면방직업은 일제강점기 대규모 공장체제하에서 일본인 종업원을 중심으로내부노동시장이 이식되어 운영 되었으나 해방 이후 미군정시기와 한국전쟁을 거치면서 적산기업에서 내부노동시장은 해체 및 붕괴된 것으로 밝혀졌다. 대신 1950년~1960년대를 거치면서한국 면방직업에서는 남성노동자들을 중심으로 한 내부노동시장이 형성되었다. 이러한 내부노동시장은 성별 직무분리와 결합된 형태로 나타났으며 여성노동자들은 외부노동시장에 남겨지게 되었다. 본 연구는 일제강점기 나타난 내부노동시장을 바탕으로 해방 이후 한국 자본주의 초기에 형성된 내부노동시장의 특징과 양상을 역사적 관점에서 밝혔다는데 큰 의의가 있다. 특히, 기존연구들이 보여주지 못했던 성별 직무 분리를 기반으로 남성중심의 내부노동시장의 형성과정은현재의 성별격차가 지속되고 있는 한국 노동시장에 시사점을 제시할 수 있다.

한국 노동시장의 유형적 특징 재론

정이환(Jung Ee-Hwan) 고려대학교 노동문제연구소 2020 노동연구 Vol.41 No.-

이 논문은 OECD 회원국 노동시장체제를 유형별로 나누고 한국 노동시장은 어느 유형에 속하는가를 살펴보았다. 분석결과 한국 노동시장은 제도 측면에서는 앵글로색슨 유형도 대륙유럽 유형도 아닌 중진국 유형에 속하며, 성과 측면에서는 미국과 더불어 극단적 유형에 속한다. 이런 사실을 통해 한국의 노동시장체제는 ‘후진적이면서도 매우 신자유주의적 유형이다’라고 볼 수도 있겠으나, 이런 평가는 적절하지 않다. 노동시장 제도에서 중진국 유형은 앵글로색슨 유형에 비해 후진적이기보다는 고용규제가 강한 유형이며, 한국이 여기에 속한다는 것은 앵글로색슨 국가들에 견주어 한국 노동시장 제도의 신자유주의적 성격이 약하다는 것을 의미한다. 노동시장 성과 측면에서 한국이 미국과 더불어 극단적 유형에 속하는 것은 고용안정성이 약하고 임금불평등이 크기 때문인데, 이런 점에서 한국 노동시장의 신자유주의적 성격이 강하다는 것은 분명하다. 그렇지만 한국이 중남미 중진국과 같은 유형으로 분류되지는 않았고 그 이유는 한국이나 미국의 고용률이 중남미 국가들보다 높기 때문인데, 이 점도 한국 노동시장을 후진적 유형이라고 규정할 수 없는 이유이다. OECD 회원국들과 비교한 한국노동시장체제의 성격을 요약한다면, 전체적으로 (신)자유주의적 성격이 강하되 노동시장 규제는 약하지 않은 유형이라고 말할 수 있다. Based on cluster analyses using OECD labor statistics, this paper classified the labor markets of advanced countries and examined to which cluster Korea’s labor market belongs. Analyses show that, on the institutional side, Korea’s labor market belongs neither to Anglo-Saxon nor to Continental Europe, but to developing countries cluster. And on the performance side, it is classified as an extreme type with the U.S. labor market. These do not necessarily show that Korea’s labor market is underdeveloped and very neoliberal. The fact that Korea belongs to the developing countries cluster on the institutional side of labor market shows that it has labor market regulations stronger than in Anglo-Saxon countries. The fact that the Korea belongs to an extreme cluster with the U.S. on the performance side of labor market shows that Korea’s labor market has the characteristics of neoliberal regime. But Korea is grouped with the U.S. because its employment rate is higher than those of developing countries. In this respect, Korea’s labor market is different from those of developing countries. In sum, Korea’s labor market can be characterized as a (neo)liberal regime with considerable regulations.

근로빈곤층의 빈곤탈출 결정요인 연구

지은정(Ji Eun-Jeong) 한국사회복지학회 2007 한국사회복지학 Vol.59 No.3

본 연구는 내부노동시장 및 외부노동시장과 분절된 근로빈곤노동시장의 경로제약성이 취업과 취업의 질에 누적적인 영향을 미쳐, 장기간 근로빈곤노동시장에 머물게 함으로써 근로빈곤탈출을 저해하는 악순환의 고리가 되는지 분석하였다. 자료는 한국노동패널 3~7차이고, 분석방법은 Markov 이행확률과 이산시간분석을 활용하였다. 분석결과 우리나라 노동시장은 내부노동시장과 외부노동시장 그리고 근로빈곤노동시장의 삼중 구조로 이루어져 있었다. 근로빈곤유형은 최근으로 올수록 취업빈곤층은 계속 감소하는 반면, 비경활 빈곤층은 점점 증가하여 근로빈곤층의 주된 유형이 되었다. 근본적으로 빈곤층에 대한 노동수요가 부족하며, 빈곤층의 취업자체를 저해하는 노동시장의 구조적 장벽이 존재함을 볼 수 있다. 회귀분석에서는 근로빈곤노동시장 참여기간이 길어질수록 근로빈곤 이탈률이 감소하였다. 이는 한번 근로빈곤노동시장에 편입되면 그 굴레를 벗어나지 못하고 근로빈곤노동시장 내에서 폐쇄적으로 이동하여, 다시 빈곤으로 연결되는 악순환을 보여주는 것이다. 따라서 적절한 근로조건을 보장하는 노동수요 활성화정책과, 근본적인 노동시장구조 개혁 및 빈곤층 노동에 대한 부정적 사회인식과 차별완화 정책이 필요하다. This study examines how path dependency of working poor labor market segmented from the primary and the secondary labor market affects employment and quality of employment of working poor. It Further examines how path dependency makes working poor to remain in the labor market and makes it difficult for them to escape from a vicious poverty cycle. Data is based on the 3~7th Korea Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS). Markov's transition probability and discrete-time hazard analysis are used for analysis. This study finds that Korea labor market is divided into three parts; the primary labor market, the secondary labor market and the working poor labor market. The proportion of employed poor has been reduced, but the proportion of non economically-active working poor has been increased and has become the main group among the working poor. This shows that labor demand of working poor is fundamentally lacking and there are structural barriers that block working poor's employment itself. The regression analysis shows that the longer working poor labor market participation is, the lower poverty-exit rate. This is an evidence of vicious poverty cycle that the poor have little chance to exit from working poor labor market, once they step into it. Therefore, the longer their participation in poor labor market, the more likely they would move only within the closed working poor labor market. Consequently, it is necessary to fundamentally reform labor market structure and to alleviate negative perception and discrimination about the poor labor while activating labor demand.